land, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the Chicago, Indianapolis, and Louisville railroads (Map: Indiana, D 5). It is the seat of the De Pauw University (q.v.) and has a Carnegie library. The most important manufactures include lumber, lightning rods, flour, kitchen cabinets, handles, and drag-saws. Greencastle was settled in 1822 and was incorporated in 1849. Under a charter revised in 1895 the government is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a municipal council. Pop., 1900, 3661; 1910, 3790.

GREEN COVE SPRINGS. A town and the county seat of Clay Co., Fla., on the St. John's River, 29 miles by rail south of Jacksonville, on the Atlantic Coast Line (Map: Florida, E 2). It is a popular resort, noted for a warm sulphur spring which is frequented because of its medicinal properties, and has a public library and a courthouse. The town is engaged chiefly in growing fruits and vegetables and in lumbering. It has adopted the commission form of government. The water works and electric-light plant are owned by the municipality. Pop., 1900, 929; 1910, 1319.

An

GREENE, ALBERT GOBTON (1802-68). American minor poet, born in Providence, R. I. He graduated at Brown in 1820, was admitted to the bar in 1823, and from 1832 he held the clerkship of the town as well as that of the municipal court of Providence, of which he was chosen judge in 1858. After his health failed in 1867, he removed to Cleveland, where he died. He was actively interested in education, aided in founding the Providence Athenæum, and was president of the Rhode Island Historical Society. He began the important collection of American poetry now in the library of Brown University and known as the Harris collection. He was the author of several popular poems, especially "Old Grimes" and "The Baron's Last Banquet."

GREENE, CHARLES EZRA (1842-1903). An American civil engineer, born in Cambridge, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1862 and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1863, served as quartermaster during the last two years of the Civil War, and was United States assistant engineer from 1870 to 1872, when, for part of a year, he was city engineer of Bangor, Me. In the same year he became connected with the engineering department of the University of Michigan, later being appointed dean, a position which he filled until his death. He was associate editor of the Engineering News in 1876-77. His publications include: Graphical Method for the Analysis of Bridge Trusses (1875); Trusses and Arches: Graphics for Engineers, Architects, and Builders (3 vols., 187679; 3d ed., 1903); Notes on Rankine's Civil Engineering (1891); Structural Mechanics (1897; 2d ed., 1905).

an

GREENE, CHARLES GORDON (1804-86). An American journalist, born at Boscawen, N. H. He assisted his brother, Nathaniel Greene, in editing the Boston Statesman, and then, after short engagements on the Taunton Free Press (1825) and the Boston Spectator (1826), he settled in Philadelphia in 1827, and started the National Palladium, in which the presidential candidacy of Andrew Jackson was vigorously advocated. In 1828 Greene was on the staff of the United States Telegraph in Washington, until after Jackson's election, when he returned to the Boston Statesman, of which he later became the proprietor. He founded the Boston Post in

1831 and conducted it until 1875, served in the Massachusetts Legislature, and was naval officer of Boston from 1853 to 1861.

).

GREENE, CHARLES WARREN (1840An American journalist and author, born at Belchertown, Mass. He graduated at Brown University and received his M.D. from Dartmouth College (1867). He wrote much on natural science for encyclopædias and was an editor of various works. His writings include, in addition to those referred to, Animals: Their Homes and Habits (1886) and Birds: Their Homes and Habits (1886).

GREENE, CHARLES WILSON (1866- ). An American professor of physiology and pharmacology, born in Crawford Co., Ind. He graduated from De Pauw University Normal School in 1889, from Leland Stanford in 1892, and from Johns Hopkins (Ph.D.) in 1898. He taught at De Pauw normal and preparatory schools in 1889-91, and at Stanford between 1891 and 1900, when he became professor of physiology and pharmacology at the University of Missouri. From 1901 to 1911 he also carried on investigations for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. His researches cover the structure and function of phosphorescent organs in the toadfish, the circulatory system of the hagfish, the physiology of the Chinook salmon, and the influence of inorganic salts on the cardiac tissues. He is editor of Kirke's Handbook of Physiology (8th ed., 1914) and is author of Experimental Pharmacology (1905; 3d ed., 1909) and Textbook of Pharmacology (1914).

GREENE, CHRISTOPHER (1737-81). An American soldier, born in Warwick, R. I. He served in the Colonial Legislature of Rhode Island from 1770 to 1772 and in 1775 became a lieutenant of the Kentish Guards, organized in Kent County. He was rapidly promoted, displayed great courage at Bunker Hill, and was captured during General Arnold's attack upon Quebec. He was made colonel in 1776 and in October of the same year was assigned to the command of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River, which he gallantly defended against a Hessian attack in 1777. Late in 1780 he was ordered south to aid Gen. Nathanael Greene and in May, 1781, was killed at his post on the Croton River, Westchester Co., N. Y.

An

GREENE, DANIEL CROSBY (1843-1913). American Congregational missionary, born at Roxbury, Mass. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1864, served in the Civil War as a private, and in 1869 went to Japan as a missionary under the American Board. He lived at Kobe in 1870-74, at Yokohama in 1874-80, and was professor of Old Testament exegesis at Kyoto in 1881-87. From 1873 to 1880 he served as a member of the Yokohama New Testament translation committee, and in 1908-09 he lectured at Harvard University. He edited The Christian Movement in Japan (2d ed., 1904; 3d ed., 1907), revised Ritter's History of the Protestant Missions in Japan (1898), and is author of Chinese New Testament Prepared for Japanese Readers (1878) and Course of Study for Students of Japanese Language (1903).

He

he was appointed chief engineer of public works in Washington, D. C. General Greene designed the plan for the entire sewerage of that city (1871-73). From 1875 to 1877 he was presi dent of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

of California, in 1895-1904 at the Catholic University in Washington, D. C., and in 1904 became associate in botany at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1893 he was president of the International Congress of Botanists, assembled in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. He wrote: Illustrations of West American Oaks (1889-90); Flora Franciscana (1891); Pittonia (5 vols., 1887-1903); Leaflets of Botanical Observation (2 vols., 190309); Landmarks of Botanical History (1909); "An Autobiography," in Roads to Rome in America (1909); besides numerous contributions to taxonomy in various serial publications. GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON (1850-1921). An American soldier and author, son of Gen. George Sears Greene, born in Providence, R. I. graduated at West Point in 1870. After two years in the artillery service he was transferred to the United States Corps of Engineers (1872) and was assistant astronomer and surveyor on the Northwest boundary survey (1872-76). During the Russo-Turkish War he was military attaché to the United States Legation at St. Petersburg and, after accompanying the Russian army in the field from the Danube (July, 1877) to Constantinople (March, 1878), received from the Emperor the decorations of St. Vladimir and St. Anne for bravery at the battles of the Shipka Pass and Philippopolis. In 1886 he resigned from the army, but during the SpanishAmerican War he served in the Philippines and received the commission of major general after the capture of Manila. He retired again in 1899. In 1903 he became police commissioner of New York City. His publications include a series of works on military campaigns, including The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey (2 vols., 1879); Army Life in Russia (1881); The Mississippi Campaigns of the Civil War (1882); Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the Army of the Revolution (1893); The Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States (1911).

GREENE, GEORGE SEARS (1801-99). An American soldier and civil engineer, father of Gen. Francis V. Greene. He was born in Warwick, R. I., graduated at West Point in 1823, where for several years he was an instructor, and in 1836 resigned from the service to become a civil engineer. He was engaged in the construction and location of railroads in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and Maryland until 1857, when he entered the service of the Croton aqueduct department of New York City. He subsequently built the reservoir in Central Park and the enlargement of High Bridge. In 1862 he reëntered the Union army as colonel of the Sixtieth New York Volunteers, was made a brigadier general soon afterward, commanded his brigade at Cedar Mountain, and led a division at Antietam. At Gettysburg he was stationed on the right wing of the Federal army, and on the night of July 2, 1863, withstood an attack by a superior force of Confederates. In September of the same year (1863) he was transferred to the West, and on October 28, during an engagement near Chattanooga, received a wound which disabled him till January, 1865. He then joined General Sherman's army in North Carolina and took part in the operations leading to General Johnston's surrender. In 1866 he retired from the army and was chief engineer and commissioner of the Croton aque duct department from 1867 until 1871, when

GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1811-83). An American historian, grandson of General Nathanael Greene, born at East Greenwich, R. I. He was educated at Brown University and subsequently spent several years in study and travel in Europe. From 1839 to 1845 he was United States Consul at Rome. He returned to America in 1848 to accept the chair of modern languages at Brown University, which he resigned in 1852 to devote his time to historical writing. In 1872 he became nonresident professor of American history at Cornell University. In addition to two textbooks of botany and a French grammar, he edited The Works of Addi son (6 vols., 1853) and published a number of historical works, of which the most important are: Historical Studies (1850); History and Geography of the Middle Ages (1851); Biographical Studies (1860); Historical View of the American Revolution (1865); Life of Nathanael Greene (3 vols., 1867-71); The German Element in the War of American Independence (1876): Short History of Rhode Island (1877).

GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-86). An American general. He was born Aug. 7, 1742, at Patowomut, Warwick Co., R. I. His father was a leading preacher among the Quakers and educated his son very simply, training him from childhood to work on his farm and at his anchor forge and gristmill. By his own perseverance, however, the son acquired considerable knowledge of ancient and English history, geometry, law, and moral and political science. In 1770 he was chosen a member of the Rhode Island Assembly, was reelected in 1771, 1772, and 1775, and, to the great scandal of his fellow Quakers, was among the first to engage in the military exercises preparatory to resisting the mother country. In 1774 he enlisted as a private in an independent company, the Kentish Guards, and in 1775 was appointed to the command of the Rhode Island contingent sent to the army at Boston, with the rank of brigadier general. He was promoted to be major general on Aug. 9, 1776, and was placed in command of the troops on Long Island. In the affair of Harlem Heights, where he was for the first time under fire, he handled his command with skill and valor. The movements by which the British General Howe tried to turn the flanks of the American army forced Washington to withdraw the greater part of his forces into New Jersey, leaving Greene in command of the remainder near Fort Washington on the Hudson. As the obstruction to navigation had been removed by the British, Greene's position was much exposed, and he was authorized to fall back across the river. The matter was left to his discretion, however, and he deemed it inadvisable to retire at the time. Preparations were made to defend the fort, but it was invested by Howe's forces and was compelled to surrender on Nov. 16, 1776, after a spirited conflict. FORT WASHINGTON.) In the New Jersey campaign of 1776-77 Greene distinguished himself, particularly at Trenton and Princeton. At the battle of Brandywine he was in command of a reserve force; at Germantown he commanded the left wing, and was vigorously pressing the enemy when a panic seized a brigade of militia, which gave way, and the American forces were com

(See

pelled to retire, which they did in good order, General Greene commanding the rear guard. In 1778 he reluctantly consented to act as quartermaster-general at a time when the administration of that department was difficult. His particularly noteworthy service was rendered after he succeeded General Gates on Oct. 30, 1780, in the command of the Army of the South. Congress vested in him authority to raise supplies, appoint officers, and command all the troops raised or to be raised in six States. Gates had just been completely defeated by Cornwallis at the battle of Camden (Aug. 16, 1780), and Greene, upon his arrival in North Carolina in December, 1780, found the army in a wretched state. By dint of great activity he got his troops into better condition and remained for a short time on the defensive. In the meantime the prospects of the Americans had been improved by the decisive victory at King's Mountain (Oct. 7, 1780) and by Morgan's overthrow of Tarleton at Cowpens (Jan. 17, 1781). Nevertheless, Cornwallis forced Greene northward into Virginia; but Greene, being reënforced, reëntered North Carolina and took his stand at Guilford Courthouse. Battle was joined here (March 15, 1781), and, although Greene retired from the fight, he remained in control of much of North Carolina, while Cornwallis found it expedient to move northward into Virginia. Carrying the war into South Carolina, Greene was defeated by Cornwallis' successor, Rawdon, at Hobkirk's Hill (April 25, 1781); but he held his own in a severe battle at Eutaw Springs against Stuart (Sept. 8, 1781) and secured finally the exclusion of the English forces from all of Georgia and the Carolinas except three coast towns. Congress struck and presented to him a medal in honor of this battle, and the Carolinas and Georgia made him valuable grants of land. When peace was restored in 1783, Greene returned to Rhode Island, where he received numerous testimonials of the public admiration. In 1785 he retired with his family to his estate in Georgia, where he died of sunstroke, June 19, 1786. As a soldier, Greene was fitly described by his distinguished opponent Cornwallis as being "as dangerous as Washington, vigilant, enterprising, and full of resource.' He also possessed many of the qualities of a statesman, was well balanced, full of tact, a master of the countless details involved in raising troops in a country not wholly patriotic or friendly to the cause, in impressing Congress with the needs of the army, and in harmonizing the conflicting policies of the new States. Consult: Francis V. Greene, General Nathanael Greene (New York, 1893), in the "Great Commanders Series"; G. W. Greene, The Life of Nathanael Greene (3 vols., ib., 1867-71); and, less favorable to Greene, McCrady, History of South Carolina in the Revolution (ib., 1902).

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GREENE, NATHANIEL (1797-1877). American journalist, brother of Charles Gordon Greene. He was born in Boscawen, N. H., became an apprentice in the office of the New Hampshire Patriot in 1809, and in 1812 edited the Concord Gazette. After conducting several other local papers he founded in 1821 the Boston Statesman, a prominent Democratic organ. was for 15 years postmaster of Boston and published several translations: Sforzosi's History of Italy (1836); Tales from the German (1837); Tales from the German, Italian, and French (1843); Improvisations and Translations (1852). GREENE, ROBERT (c.1560-92). An English

He

poet and dramatist, born at Norwich. He was placed at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1579. He then traveled in Spain and Italy. On his return he reëntered the university and took the degree of M.A. at Clare Hall in 1583. He was also incorporated at Oxford in 1588. Soon after leaving Cambridge he proceeded to London, where he supported himself by his pen. He died of a debauch, Sept. 3, 1592. As a dramatist, Greene was one of the precursors of Shakespeare. Of his five plays, the best known is The Honorable Historie of frier Bacon (performed in 1594 and perhaps earlier). In this play a story of necromancy is fused with a tender idyl. The romance Pandosto (1588) contributed incidents to Shakespeare's Winter's Tale. Menaphon (1589), containing much beautiful verse, is one of the best of the Elizabethan romances. Greene wrote many pamphlets, of which A Groatsworth of Wit Bought with a Million of Repentance (published just after his death, 1592) was immensely popular for 50 years. It contains the first undoubted allusion to Shakespeare after he came to London. Though Greene's life was dissipated, his writings are singularly pure. Consult: Plays and Poems, ed. by Dyce (London, 1831); Complete Works, ed. by Grosart for the "Huth Library" (15 vols., ib., 1881-86); by J. C. Collins (2 vols., Oxford, 1905); and by T. H. Dickinson (London, 1909).

GREENE, SAMUEL DANA (1840-84). An American naval officer, born in Cumberland, Md. In 1859 he graduated at the United States Naval Academy as a midshipman and two years later became a lieutenant. During the battle between. the Monitor and the Merrimac, March 9, 1862, he had charge of the Monitor's guns and commanded the Union vessel after the disabling of Lieutenant Worden (q.v.). He served throughout the war on various vessels, was assistant professor of mathematics at the Naval Academy from 1866 to 1868 and of astronomy from 1871 to 1875, was promoted to be commander in 1872, and acted as assistant superintendent of the institution from 1878 to 1882.

GREENE, SARAH PRATT MCLEAN. See

MCLEAN.

GREENE, WILLIAM BATCHELDER (1819-78). An American author, son of Nathaniel Greene (1797-1877). He was born in Haverhill, Mass., studied at West Point, and served in the Florida War. He was connected with the Brook Farm movement, graduated at the Harvard Divinity School in 1845, and became a Unitarian clergyman. In the Civil War he was colonel and then brigadier general of volunteers, but resigned in 1862. Among his works are: The Sovereignty of the People (1863); Transcendentalism (1870); Theory of the Calculus (1870); Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic, and Financial Fragments (1875).

GREENE, WILLIAM CORNELL (1851-1911). An American capitalist, born in Westchester Co., N. Y. He became a government contractor in Colorado and then went into ranching in Arizona. Eight copper mines, located by him in the State of Sonora, Mexico, brought him a fortune. Several mining and cattle companies were organized by him, and in 1892 he headed a syndicate of four men to purchase for ranch purposes a tract of 7,500,000 acres in Sonora; but at this time, when the Greene holdings amounted to $100,000,000, of which Greene himself owned more than a half, a systematic attack by John

W. Gates and others, followed by the panic of 1907, caused the loss of most of his power and much of his property.

GREEN EARTH.

A name frequently applied to the mineral glauconite (q.v.). The name is also applied to pulverulent varieties of the minerals chrysocolla and malachite, especially when they are used in their natural condition as pigments. Another name for these earths is mountain green.

GREEN EBONY. The wood of Jacaranda ovalifolia, a tree of the Bignonia family, which is exported in considerable quantity from South America. It yields olive-green, brown, and yellow colors in dyeing, but is also employed to some extent by turners and carpenters. The wood is hard and of an olive-green color. The tree has showy, panicled flowers. Brya ebenus, a West Indian leguminous tree, furnishes a fine quality of green ebony. The name is also applied to the wood of other trees that has a greenish color. See EBONY.

GREENE'S METʼAMOR’PHOSIS. See AL

CIDA.

GREEN FIELD. A city and the county seat of Hancock Co., Ind., 21 miles east of Indianapolis, on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad (Map: Indiana, F 5). It has a public library and a fine high-school building. The city is surrounded by a farming district, and manufactures fruit jars, bottles, foundry products, and bricks. Greenfield, incorporated as a city in 1876, is governed under the original charter, which provides for a mayor, elected every four years, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates its water works and electric-light plant. Greenfield is the birthplace of James Whitcomb Riley. Pop., 1900, 4489; 1910, 4448.

GREENFIELD. A town and the county seat of Franklin Co., Mass., 56 miles by rail west of Fitchburg, on the Connecticut and Deerfield rivers, and at the junction of two divisions of the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, B 2). It has manufactures of taps and dies, cutlery, machinists' tools, machinery, silverware, jewelry, agricultural implements, woodenware, paper boxes, bricks, cement building blocks, and children's carriages. The town has an extensive park system, the county hospital, and a public library. The government is administered by annual town meetings. Greenfield was settled in 1686, but remained a part of Deerfield until 1753. During Shays's Rebellion a body of insurrectionary troops was quartered here. Pop., 1900, 7927; 1910, 10,427; 1914 (U. S. est.), 11,492; 1920, 15,462. Consult Holland, History of Western Massachusetts (Springfield, 1855), and Thompson, History of Greenfield (1904).

GREENFIELD. A village in Highland Co., Ohio, 74 miles east-northeast of Cincinnati, on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern and the Detroit, Toledo, and Ironton railroads, and on Paint Creek (Map: Ohio, D 7). It has manufactories of sweat collar pads for horses, show cases, oil cans and other cans, and woodenware novelties. Settled about 1802, it is governed under a charter of 1850 by a mayor and a city council. The village contains a fine high-school building. Pop.. 1900, 3979; 1910, 4228.

GREEN FINCH', or GREEN LIN'NET. 1. A familiar European finch (Chloris chloris), common in Great Britain. It is of a prevailing green tint, mingled with gray and brown. Its song is not very sweet, but in confinement it

readily imitates the songs of other birds and in consequence is a favorite cage bird. 2. in the Rio Grande valley the name "greenfinch" is given to a totally different bird (Arremonops rufivirgatus), allied to the chewink (q.v.). This bird, also called Texas sparrow, is about 61⁄2 inches long, olive green in color, with rufous markings on the head and yellow on the wing. See GROSBEAK.

GREENFISH. 1. A Southern name for the

bluefish (q.v.). 2. The pollack (q.v.), called also green cod and gray cod.

In

GREEN FROG, or SPRING FROG. One of the most familiar and widespread of North American frogs (Rana clamitans), occurring in all kinds of waters throughout the eastern United States and Canada. The male is about 3 inches long, the female 1⁄2 inch longer. color it is brilliant green on the head and shoulders, above, passing into brownish olive posteriorly; below, white, the throat citron yellow; sides and thighs blotched or barred. The ear drum of the male is very large, one-fourth greater than the large eye; in the female it is smaller. This frog is aquatic and does not gather in large companies. Its only notes are an occasional "chug" and a sharp ery, uttered as it leaps into the water. It can make very long leaps and is a rapid and skillful swimmer. For a very full account of the life of this frog, consult Dickerson, The Frog Book (New York, 1906).

GREEN HALGE, FREDERICK THOMAS (184296). An American politician, born in Clitheroe, England. He was early brought to America by his parents, studied for about three years at Harvard, and, when his father failed in business, in 1863, went to Newbern, N. C., where he entered the Commissary Department of the Federal army. Soon afterward, having contracted a fever, he returned North. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1865. After he had occupied a number of minor political offices, he was elected mayor of Lowell in 1879, being reelected in 1881. In 1884 he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives; in 1888 he was sent as a Republican to Congress, where he took a prominent part in the debates on the Free Coinage Bill, the McKinley Tariff Bill, and the Force Bill; and from 1894 until his death he was Governor of Massachusetts. Consult Nesmith. The Life and Works of Frederick Thomas Greenhalge (Boston, 1897), and a sketch in Lodge, A Fighting Frigate and Other Essays and Addresses (New York, 1902).

GREEN HEART', or BEREERU (Vectandra rodiới). A valuable timber tree of the family Lauracea, a native of northern South America, which also yields a medicinal bark. The timber is commonly called greenheart; the bark is better known as bebeeru (otherwise beebeery, bibiru, bibiri, etc., and sipiri or sipeira); and the alkaloid to which it chiefly owes its properties is called bebeerine. The tree grows chiefly in British Guiana and in the greatest perfection on the low hills immediately behind the alluvial lands; it rises with an erect, slightly tapering trunk to a height of 40 or 50 feet without a branch, attaining a height of 80 or 90 feet in all and a diameter of 3, or even 4, feet. The leaves are thick, oblong-elliptical, and shining; the flowers, yellowish white, in axillary clusters: the fruit, which is about the size of a small apple, contains a single seed, about as large as a walnut. The fruit is intensely bitter, but con