nary working of the undertaking. Provision was made for a maximum work-week of fifty-six hours in continuous industries, and for the regulation by public authorities of exceptions in the case of those whose work must necessarily be carried on outside the limits laid down for the general working of an establishment or whose work was essentially intermittent. Such regulations might be made only after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned and the rate of pay for overtime could not be less than one and one-quarter times the regular rate. In order to insure against abuse of these exceptions, each government was required to communicate to the International Labor Office a list of processes deemed necessarily continuous, full information in regard to public regulations permitting exceptions and as to agreements between workers' and employers' associations which permitted more than eight hours' work in a day but not more than an average of forty-eight in a week. Certain modifications in the convention were made in the application to Japan, British India and a few other countries.

The convention on the age of admission of children to industrial undertakings fixed the minimum age at fourteen and required every employer to keep a register of all employees under sixteen years of age. Exemption was provided for work done by children in technical schools which were under public supervision and special provisions applied to Japan and India.

The convention regarding the night work of young persons prohibited the employment in industrial undertakings during the night (including the interval between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m.) of persons under the age of eighteen years except in the case of certain continuous industries, where persons over sixteen might be employed. Special provisions were made for coal mines, bakeries, industries in tropical

countries and cases of special emergency. In coal mines, young persons might be employed between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. if there were an interval of fifteen hours, and in no case less than thirteen hours, between the periods of work. In bakeries where night work was prohibited for all workers, the night period might be between 9 p. m. and 4 a. m.

One of the parts of the convention on unemployment provided that members which ratified the convention and which had established systems of unemployment insurance should make arrangements whereby workers belonging to one member and working in the territory of another should be admitted to the same rates of benefit as native workers.

Of the six recommendations passed, one was within the scope of the eighth point on the equitable treatment of aliens. This recommendation suggested that each member of the International Labor Organization should, on condition of reciprocity and upon terms to be agreed between the countries concerned, admit the foreign workers (together with their families) employed within its territory to the benefit of its laws and regulations for the protection of its own workers and to the same right of lawful organization.

A recommendation concerning the protection of women and children against lead poisoning lay within the child-labor clause of the Labor Section, for it provided that women and young persons under eighteen, because of the danger to their physical development, should be excluded from employment in certain processes involving the use of lead and that their employment in processes involving the use of lead compounds should be permitted only under certain conditions.

Another recommendation related to inspection, the ninth point. This proposed that each member of the International Labor Organization that had not already done so should establish as soon as possible not only a system of

efficient factory inspection but also a government service especially charged with safeguarding the health of the workers.

The Conference also adopted conventions concerning the employment of women before and after childbirth and during the night, and recommendations on unemployment, the prevention of anthrax and the application of the Berne Convention of 1906 on the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.

At the second International Labor Conference-the Seamen's Conference-convened at Genoa, June 15, 1920, the child-labor and hours-of-work principles of the Labor Section of the Treaty received attention. The Conference adopted a convention fixing the minimum age for admission of children to employment at sea at fourteen years, the same agreed upon for children in industrial undertakings at the first Conference.

With regard to hours of work in inland navigation and in the fishing industry, the Conference recognized the difficulties arising from the fact that inland waterways are frequently boundaries between two countries. It was proposed in a recommendation, therefore, that an agreement should be entered into by nations having boundary waters so that their regulations should be uniform and should follow the general lines of the labor clauses of the Peace Treaty and the draft conventions adopted at the Conference. In the case of other countries, it was recommended that legislation should be enacted limiting hours of labor as far as possible in the direction of the convention adopted at the Washington Conference.

Another recommendation was to the effect that hours of work in the fishing industry should be limited in the direction of eight in a day and forty-eight in a week in so far as the conditions peculiar to the industry permit, and that

legislation enacted to this end should be framed after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned.

The Conference adopted draft conventions for establishing facilities for finding employment for seamen and concerning unemployment indemnity in case of loss or foundering of the ship. Recommendations concerning unemployment insurance for seamen and the establishment of national seamen's codes were also adopted.

The agenda of the third Conference, held at Geneva, October 25 to November 19, 1921, carried topics within the scope of the child-labor, right of association and weekly-rest principles of the Labor Section. A draft convention relating to the employment of young persons on vessels as trimmers and stokers fixed the minimum age at eighteen except on ships of war, school or training ships or ships not propelled by steam. Young persons of sixteen might be employed in ports where only young persons of less than eighteen were available but the engagement of two such young persons in place of one trimmer or stoker was required. Young persons of sixteen might also be employed on vessels engaged exclusively in the coastal trade of India or Japan, if found physically fit. Shipmasters were required to keep a register of all persons under eighteen employed on their vessels, or a list of them in the articles of agreement. By another convention annual medical examinations were made compulsory for the employment of any children or young persons on vessels, excluding ships of war and those upon which only members of the same family were employed.

Employment in agriculture of young persons under fourteen years of age during hours fixed for school attendance was prohibited in another draft convention. An exception was made in the case of approved work done by children in

technical schools and it was also provided that for purposes of practical vocational instruction the hours of school attendance might be so arranged as to permit the employment of children on light agricultural work (and in particular on light work connected with the harvest), if the annual period of school attendance was not reduced below eight months.

Recommendations were passed regarding night work in agriculture, that each member of the International Labor Organization should so regulate night employment of children under fourteen years as to allow a rest period of at least ten consecutive hours and for young persons between fourteen and eighteen years of at least nine consecutive hours. In a similar recommendation as to women, nine hours of rest, to be consecutive if possible, were specified.

In a draft convention which provided, with certain exceptions, against the use of white lead in painting, the employment of males under eighteen and all females was prohibited in any painting work of an industrial character involving the use of white lead.

The rights of association and combination enjoyed by industrial workers were established for all agricultural wageearners by another draft convention and laws and regulations which provided compensation for personal injury by accidents arising out of or in course of employment were extended to them.

A draft convention was adopted providing for a rest period of at least twenty-four consecutive hours in each week for all workers in industrial undertakings, subject to exceptions to be made by the government after consultation with organizations of employers and workers concerned, which should be reported to the International Labor Office. Where the rest periods were suspended or reduced, compensatory rest was to be provided as far as possible. A recommendation that similar provision should be made for em ployees of commercial establishments was adopted.