Karim, Muhammad Enayet, Bangladesh Ambassador to the United States, May-August, 1972; thereafter Foreign Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Karim, S. A., Foreign Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh until August 1972 Kaul, Triloki Nath, Foreign Secretary of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs from February 1969 Keating, Kenneth B., Ambassador to India, May 1969-July 1972 Kellogg, Francis L., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Refugee and Migration Affairs from January 1971; also Chairman of the Interagency Committee on Pakistani Refugee Relief Kennedy, Richard T., member of the National Security Council staff, January 1970-January 1972 Khan, General Abdul Hamid, Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Khan, Abdul Monem, Governor of East Pakistan until March 1969 Khan, Lieutenant General Tikka, Martial Law Administrator and Governor of East Pakistan, February-September 1971; Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from March 1972 Kissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Laingen, L. Bruce, Deputy Chief of Mission in Afghanistan until July 1971; thereafter Country Director for Pakistan and Afghanistan, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of State Laird, Melvin R., Secretary of Defense, January 1969–January 1973 Lewis, Samuel W., Deputy Chief of Mission in Afghanistan Lord, Winston, member of the National Security Council staff Luppi, Hobart, Consul General in Karachi, Pakistan MacDonald, Donald G., Assistant Administrator for Near East and South Asia, Agency for International Development Malek, Frederick, Special Assistant to the President with responsibility for personnel operations Malik, A.M., Special Assistant to President Yahya for Displaced Persons and Relief and Rehabilitation Operations in East Pakistan, July-September 1971; thereafter Governor of East Pakistan Malik, H.R., Chairman of the East Pakistan Agriculture Development Corporation, 1971 Malikyar, Abdullah, Afghan Ambassador to the United States Manekshaw, General Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji, Chief of Staff of the Indian Army McNamara, Robert S., President, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) Meyer, Armin H., Special Consultant in the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of State, from April 1972 Mitchell, John, Attorney General, January 1969-February 1972 Moorer, Admiral Thomas H., USN, Chief of Naval Operations until July 1970; thereafter Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Naas, Charles, Political Counselor at the Embassy in Afghanistan Neumann, Robert G., Ambassador to Afghanistan Newberry, Daniel O., Deputy Chief of Mission in Afghanistan from October 1972 Noyes, James H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Nutter, G. Warren, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Oehlert, Benjamin H., Jr., Ambassador to Pakistan until June 1969 Packard, David, Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 1969 Peterson, Peter G., Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs, and Executive Director of the Council for International Economic Policy, 1971-January 1972; Secretary of Commerce, January 1972-January 1973 Pickard, Sir Cyril, British High Commissioner in Pakistan Qaiyum, Qazi Zahirul, member of the Pakistan National Assembly, Awami League representative Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, (Mujib) President of the Awami League; Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Bangladesh from January 1972 Ram, Jagjivan, Indian Minister of Defense from June 1970 Rasgotra, Maharajakrishna, Minister for Political Affairs of the Indian Embassy in the United States Raza, Major General Nawabzada Agha Mohammad, Pakistani Ambassador to the United States, November 1971-April 1972 Rees, C. Herbert, Director of the Office of South Asian Affairs, Bureau for Near East and South Asia, Agency for International Development Richardson, Elliot L., Under Secretary of State until June 1970 Rockwell, Stuart W., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Rogers, William P., Secretary of State, January 1969-September 1973 Rush, Kenneth, Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany, July 1969-February 1972, Deputy Secretary of Defense, February 1972–January 1973 Samad, Abdus, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Sarabi, Abdul Wahed, Afghan Minister of Planning Saunders, Harold H., member of the National Security Council staff Scali, John, Special Consultant to the President, January 1971–January 1973 Schlesinger, James R., Assistant Director, Bureau of the Budget, 1969; Acting Deputy Director, 1969-1970; Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget, 1970-1971; thereafter, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission Schneider, David T., Country Director for India, Ceylon, Nepal, and the Maldive Islands, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of State, from August 1969 Selden, Armistead, I., Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Seraj, Dr. Majid, Afghan Minister of Public Health Shafiq, Mohammad Moussa, Afghan Foreign Minister, July 1971-December 1972; thereafter also Prime Minister Shakespeare, Frank, Director, United States Information Agency, February 1969–February 1973 Shultz, George P., Secretary of Labor, January 1969–June 1970; first Director of the Office of Management and Budget, June 1970-May 1972 Singh, Dinesh, Minister of External Affairs of India, February 1969-June 1970 1972 Singh, Swaran, Indian Minister of Defense until June 1970; thereafter, Minister of External Affairs Sisco, Joseph J., Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs until February 1969; thereafter, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs; also Chairman of the NSC Interdepartmental Group for the Near East and South Asia Sober, Sidney, Director of the Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, member of the National Security Council staff, 1969-1972 Spain, James W., Director of the Office of Pakistan and Afghanistan Affairs, Bureau of Spengler, William F., Country Director for Pakistan and Afghanistan, Bureau of Near Stans, Maurice, Secretary of Commerce, January 1969–January 1972 Stone, Galen L., Chargé d'Affaires in India from August 1969 Sultan Khan, Mohammad, Foreign Secretary of the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan until April 1972, thereafter Ambassador to the United States Timmons, William, Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs, January 1969-February 1970; thereafter, Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs Thant, U, Secretary-General of the United Nations until December 1971 Van Hollen, Christopher, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Wali, Major General Sardar Abdul, Commander of the Central Forces of Afghanistan Weinberger, Caspar W., Deputy Director, Office of Management and Budget, July 1970-May 1972; Director, May 1972-January 1973 Williams, Maurice J., Deputy Administrator, Agency for International Development; Chairman of Interdepartmental Working Group on East Pakistan Disaster Relief Yaftali, Abdullah, Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan until July 1971 Young, David, Jr., member of the National Security Council staff from January 1970 Yusuf, S. M., Foreign Secretary of the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan until April 1972 Zahir, Abdul, Afghan Prime Minister, June 1971-December 1972 Zahir, Mohammad, King of Afghanistan Ziegler, Ronald L., Press Secretary to the President, January 1969–January 1973 South Asia Crisis, 1971 1. Editorial Note According to Henry Kissinger, "When the Nixon administration took office, our policy objective on the subcontinent was, quite simply, to avoid adding another complication to our agenda." (Kissinger, White House Years, page 848) As events developed in South Asia, that proved to be an increasingly difficult objective to achieve. A political crisis developed in Pakistan out of Bengali demands for autonomy for East Pakistan, demands which were highlighted by the results of a general election in December 1970. The subsequent crisis, which roiled the subcontinent in conflict from March to December 1971, led to warfare between India and Pakistan, and eventuated in the transition of the east wing of Pakistan into the new nation of Bangladesh. The United States, which was using Pakistan at the time as a conduit in conducting secret negotiations with China, intervened in the crisis to try to prevent fighting between India and Pakistan. When fighting developed, the Nixon administration "tilted" toward Pakistan. The background to the crisis in Pakistan, and the developing tensions between the United States and India are documented in a companion Internet publication, Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969-1972. This publication also documents such bilateral issues as economic and military assistance as well as the aftermath of the crisis. In 1972 the Nixon administration had to weigh the timing of recognition of the new government in Dacca, a decision that bore on relations with Pakistan, and reestablish a working relationship with India, as the dominant power on the subcontinent. Separate internet publications document relations with Afghanistan and with Bangladesh. 1 |