plement for all vessels of the navy which could still be made available for all war purposes would require an addition to the present authorized force of eighteen thousand men. Meanwhile, the necessity is becoming more definite as time goes on because of the vessels under construction which must shortly be provided with crews. Although repeatedly urged, Congress has neglected to observe the principle that the personnel of the fleet should be in proportion to the tonnage, and should increase automatically with each increase in the building program.

"We also need a naval reserve. As our battleships grow too old to be included in the active fleet they should be placed in reserve, with a sufficient crew to keep them in condition in time of peace. With a naval reserve to supply full crews, those ships would form a strong reinforcement to the fleet, but it is folly to have vessels in reserve without a reserve personnel. The necessity for combined training of the combined fleet must not be forgotten. As an engine must be tried out, no matter how well constructed, so a fleet well constructed must have its units tried out before it can work smoothly, in the hands of the fleet commander.

"But we cannot put the blame entirely on Congress. The country as a whole has ignored the needs of a larger navy. And until it gets aroused we cannot expect Congress to respond. The war in Europe brings matters home as never before. A strong and sufficient fleet must be used to prevent war and not to make war. But should our hand be forced by undue pressure the fleet will serve to preserve our land from the dire evils of aggression. Let us not fail to demand the equipment and development of a fleet so efficient and so formidable that it will be an assurance against any attack." (Loud applause.)

Toastmaster Frothingham. "Gentlemen. I am sure we are all very grateful to Mr. Meyer, and I am sure that we all hope, as he does, that this country will learn from our mistakes in the past how much it has lost by not having a sufficient army and navy for defense. We do not pretend to want an army and navy for aggression, and we don't want one. But if we have an army and navy, as we ought to have one, for defense, we want that army and that navy to be sufficient. Consequently I agree with the resolution that has been proposed by Congressman Gardner, of this State.

"I think we ought to know and have a right to know whether our forces are sufficient in case we are attacked. We are not going to get into trouble with any country. After this cruel war is over, after the devastation and great loss of men, only two of the Nations will by any possibility, to my mind, have any navy left to attack us if they want to. But if we have a navy let us not make any pretense about it, but let us have it as good and as efficient as possible.

"Whoever started the war abroad, gentlemen, this country did not. We only owe allegiance to one country, and that is the United States of America. We owe allegiance to only one flag, and that the Stars and Stripes."

Thursday Evening, November 5

SINGERS AT CITY CLUB

A large and appreciative audience, members of the Club, greeted the artists of the Boston Theatre Opera Company, who provided the regular weekly entertainment in the Auditorium of the Club House last night, more than seven hundred members, many of whom could not find seats, applauding the several numbers.

Not one of the artists was permitted to retire without responding to several encores.

David Silva opened with Verdi's "Povero Cor;" Miss Cara Sapin gave Ponchielli's "Voice di donna," aria from "La Gioconda;" Signor Umberto Saccahetti, Flotow's "M'appari," aria from "Martha;" Mme. Johanna Kristoffy, the "Vissi d'arte" from "La Tosca;" Signor Milo Picco, the "Largo al Factotum" from "The Barber of Seville;" Miss Alice Gentle, the famous "Habanera" from "Carmen;" Signor Guido Ciccolini, the "Che gelida manina," aria from "La Boheme;" and the famous quartet from "Rigoletto," was sung by Mmes. Kristoffy and Gentle and Signors Sacchetti and Picco.

John Craig Kelley was the accompanist.

A dinner was tendered the management of the company and the singers previous to the entertainment, more than 150 members attending. W. T. A. Fitzgerald presided. Manager Leahy, H. Staples Potter, Charles L. Burrill, State Treasurer-elect, and Theodore C. Williams spoke encouragingly and promised support of the enterprise.

Thursday Evening, November 12

LECTURE ON NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

On the evening of November 12th, an illustrated lecture on Napoleon was given by Mr. B. R. Baumgardt. Vice-President Fitzgerald introduced as presiding officer a member of the Club, Col. H. L. Hawthorne, U. S. A., who said:

"It is but natural that officers of the army should look upon Napoleon with deep respect and even regard, as he was a man whose deeds as a warrior have been our source, almost our only source, of the highest expression of military science. But the military student in the enthusiastic wonder at his genius is nevertheless not a stranger to other phases of his many-sided mind. From the Siege of Toulon in 1793, which I regard as the beginning of Napoleon's career, until his final downfall in 1815, a period of twenty-two years, Napoleon was actually in the field only about six years, although not continuous. But it is of those six years of campaign and battle, we think and marvel, rather than of the sixteen other years which he gave to the development, the organization, and the enlightenment of a great nation. To most of us Napoleon means the warrior, the inspired strategist, the lightning-like tactician, through the haze of our school or college memories arise perhaps the names of

Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, and the retreat from Moscow. Some of us may recall Hohenlinden, Auerstadt, and Lutgen; all of us Waterloo and St. Helena. But of Napoleon the man, of Napoleon the law-giver, the encourager and promoter of commerce, of agriculture, of the progress and prosperity of the French, most of us are but vaguely informed. The personal character of Napoleon, up to recent times, has been written by unfriendly hands, but of his real place in the development of Europe we are learning in more exact terms every day.

"The gentleman whom I have the honor to present to you will, I have no doubt, illuminate eloquently much in the career of Napoleon which now seems vague and uncertain, and I am sure that he will help us to a clearer, fairer, saner view of that wonderful man.”

The lecture by Mr. Baumgardt was illuminating as well as illustrated, and it pleased the audience gathered in the Auditorium, for, while not dealing with the present war, it shed light upon all war considered as strategy, and as a transformer of nations and destroyer of dynasties.

Prior to the lecture, at a dinner in honor of the Lecturer, held in the dining-room, Vice-President Fitzgerald introduced Colonel Hawthorne as toastmaster, and Mr. Patrick O'Loughlin, Mr. Alfred R. Shrigley, Mr. J. Mitchel Galvin, and Mr. H. Staples Potter spoke. Mr. O'Loughlin paid tribute to Mr. John Redmond, M. P.

Friday Evening, November 20

COLLEGE NIGHT

Following the banquet tendered to the presidents of New England colleges, Vice-President James W. Rollins introduced the toastmaster of the evening as follows:

"To our distinguished guests and the college men present, the City Club extends a cordial greeting. This old room and this Club has had many distinguished gatherings, but as I look to-night over this gathering, in my opinion there has never been a better one.

"When I was asked to preside at this meeting at a very late hour to-day, I told the Committee I had great fears. But the Committee said not to worry about it, that I was to start the ball a going and then turn it over to the toastmaster, one of our distinguished Club members. I present Hon. Samuel J. Elder, toastmaster of the

evening."

Mr. Elder said. "I find myself, as you do, in unusual surroundings. There was a time in my brief career when I used to stand up in the presence of an instructor or a professor, and once in a great while in the presence of a college president. I usually was required to sit down almost as soon as I stood up. Now I find myself in the presence of presidents or representatives of sixteen colleges, and I confess I want to sit down now.

"I am not going to detain you from the words that will be

spoken. I was at first very much at sea as to why this meeting of college presidents should be assigned for the night before the Harvard-Yale game, and also before the Dartmouth-Syracuse game, and before the Wesleyan game, and before that game of the State of Maine. I thought perhaps it was a new departure in football; that it was either adopted to separate persons vitally interested in the subject from the field of glory or disaster, or else was an attempt to bring them heartily into accord each with the other; but I learned afterwards that this meeting was to be the close of the council of New England college presidents who had assembled here as guests of the Boston University. I don't see why they should assign their annual meeting for the day before the football game, but they know better than we do about it.

"Some one has said that the modern college is like a modern battleship. In the old days that I knew about, and some gentlemen here knew about, it was the fine old ship, with its foresail, mainsail, mizzensail, topsails, topgallant sails, and all the rest. But nowadays the great man in the sailing of the ship is the man below the deck. And so with our modern colleges. With the old curriculum retained, and with too much regard for the old discipline, they have not left a place for the dynamos and the engines and the wireless, and all the paraphernalia that is required to fit men for their modern life. Now I don't know anything about all of this, and I know of no reason why I should attempt to speak of it. I have the great pleasure of introducing to you the President of Dartmouth College, Mr. Nichols."

President Nichols of Dartmouth College

"Mr. Toastmaster, Mr. Vice-President, Fellow Guests, and Gentlemen of the Club. I, too, rise in this presence with a good deal of trepidation. The gathering seems to be heavily loaded on the side of the academic.

"Speaking as a physicist, which I used to be, and still love to be called, and using the word in the technical sense in which the physicist always uses it, I should say that the inter-academic density of this company was extraordinary.

"A good many years ago I was directed by a friend to an unostentatious hostelry in a back street in Paris. The name of this place was the 'Hotel of the Universe and Portugal.' I felt sorry for the exclusion of Portugal from a just share in the joys of the universe. There is something in our topic to-night, 'The Community and the College,' likewise unintentional, which gives me the same pain.

"Scripturally speaking, I should lift up my voice and weep if I felt that the college was separated from the common joys of the community. The colleges, and our endowed colleges are the ones of which I am particularly thinking, are truly public service corporations, and I hate to add, lest some one of the New Thought may

feel antagonistic to the new college when it is presented to him. in that light, that our colleges are selling the service which they render at anywhere from one-half to one-fifth of its actual cost.

"We are rendering, or trying to render, a public service, a community service. Yet, we usually have to think very carefully about the limits of the community, if we are to tell the whole truth, because a number of our New England colleges have a community, a constituency which is as wide as the nation itself, and also may claim a place in the nation if not in the sun.

"Let us look at ourselves then in the light of a public service corporation selling a service at a very greatly reduced cost, to the community, a service which, by the way, is not an immediate service. I think if a service in our colleges were to be estimated by looking over the immediate usefulness of a graduate class, that our service would not be wholly appreciated. It is rather in the nature of a delayed dividend that comes to the community in the somewhat later life of those who leave college doors.

"Now, without paying any attention to what the colleges think they are doing, or to what they are trying to do, leave that one side; let us see what they actually have been doing and are doing.

"The word 'college' and the word 'university' have become sadly tangled in our minds as to the kind of service that either or both should render. In order to make the problem a little more definite, I am going to use the word 'college' purely in the sense of the college of liberal arts and sciences as distinguished from those branches of university which are distinctly professional, where the training is aimed at an absolute definite goal.

"Perhaps our goal in the college is somewhat more definite than it is easy for us to compress into any definition which we might give. Yet, let us simply take the service, as we take everything now, in the light of the results.

"I am going to ask you to think statistically, although I am going to present no statistical figures. We must attack everything now statistically, and in human affairs if we would get anywhere near the truth we must start our thoughts from individuals.

"We must remember that in asking what the colleges have actually done and what they are doing in the light of results, we must consider that probably not more than one man in a hundred in the country to-day is a college man, is a man who has had this service from the colleges. If we look over the professions, it has been increasingly borne in upon us in later years that the best lawyers in the younger group are the lawyers who have had a college training before they have had a legal training. Their specific professional training has been based upon the foundation of a college training. If we look at the rising young engineers, we find the same thing is true. If we look at the rising young physicians, we find in very large part that they are the physicians whose professional training has been placed