the practice of his profession in Indianapolis, which has ever since been his home. He is said to have had but one criminal case during his whole law experience, his conspicuous bent being in the direction of industrial, transportation and commercial affairs. Large institutions in Indiana and the surrounding states became his clients and he conducted their suits and guided their operations with wise and farseeing judgment. For some time he kept aloof from politics, except to take part in the caucuses and movements of his party in his immediate neighborhood, but in 1888 he took charge of the presidential campaign of his friend, Walter Q. Gresham. At this time Indiana had two candidates for the presidency-Judge Gresham and Gen. Benjamin Harrison, and one of the most strenuously contested state campaigns followed, the result being that the Indiana delegates voted for General Harrison. Judge Gresham in the meantime had secured enough delegates in other states to give him second place when the balloting opened in the republican national convention at Chicago, John Sherman of Ohio leading. James G. Blaine had the next largest following, which was thrown to Harrison to prevent the nomination of Sherman and controlled the nomination. Mr. Fairbanks was an influential participant in every campaign of his party since that time. He was delegate to all of the national conventions since 1896, except those of 1908 and 1916, when he was a candidate for the presidency. He secured the Indiana delegates for McKinley in 1896 and at the latter's personal request was made temporary chairman of the St. Louis convention, at which McKinley was nominated, and delivered what is known as the "keynote" speech of the campaign. In 1892, in a speech before the Indiana state convention, Mr. Fairbanks warned his party and the country against the tendency of both parties toward free silver, and in 1896 he prepared and pushed through the convention of his state one of the first antifree silver platforms adopted in this country. The party leaders attempted to induce him to omit any reference to silver, fearing that an anti-silver plank would defeat the ticket, but he carried it to a decisive victory, recovering the Legislature of his state from the democrats and receiving the election to the United States Senate on

January 20, 1897, by the unanimous vote of the republican members. He took his seat while Major McKinley was being sworn in as President, and always remained a firm supporter of the national administration. In the convention which met in Philadelphia in 1900 he was made chairman of the committee on resolutions which reported the platform on which McKinley was renominated and re-elected by a triumphant majority. In 1902 he was a candidate to succeed himself and carried the Legislature by the largest majority but one in its history and was unanimously re-elected on January 20, 1903. In the Senate he served as chairman of the committee on immigration and on the committees on census, claims, geological survey and public buildings and grounds until 1901, when he was made chairman of the committee on public buildings, and grounds and a member of the committees on the judiciary, Pacific Island and Porto Rico, relations with Canada, immigration and geological survey. In 1903, while continuing as chairman of the committee on public buildings and grounds, his other assignments were changed to the judiciary, foreign relations, Canadian relations, coast and insular survey, geological survey and immigration. His first speech in the Senate was in opposition to Senator Morgan's resolution directing the President to recognize the belligerency of the Cuban insurgents. In 1902 when the French West India Island of Martinque was devastated by the terrible eruption of Mount Pelee he presented a resolution of appropriation for the relief of the sufferers, which was promptly passed by both houses and for which service he received the thanks of the French republic. When the bill that provided for constructing the Panama Canal was under consideration he gave it his earnest support, and offered an amendment which provided for the issuance of bonds to partially defray the expense of the enterprise, thereby, eliminating the danger of having to suspend the work of construction for the want of ready funds and spreading the cost over the future instead of loading the entire burden upon the people of today. Under the protocol of May, 1898, a joint high commission was to be appointed by the United States and Great Britain for settling the Alaska boundary dispute and eleven other matters that had been irritat

ing the two countries, such as the fur seal, Northeastern fisheries, reciprocal mining rights, bonding goods for transit through each other's territory, the Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 restricting armed vessels on the Great Lakes, reciprocity, etc. President McKinley appointed Senator Fairbanks a member and chairman of this commission. The other members of the commission were, Nelson Dingley, John W. Foster, John A. Kasson, Charles J. Faulkner and T. Jefferson Coolidge. Numerous sessions were held both in Quebec and Washington in 1898, 1899, 1901 and 1902. The commission tentatively agreed upon many of the questions in dispute but the British commissioners refused to settle any without an adjustment of the boundary question. They proposed that that subject be submitted to arbitration. Upon such an agreement they would proceed to close definitely the questions which were practically agreed upon. In opposing this proposition Senator Fairbanks observed: "We cannot submit to a foreign arbitrator the determination of the Alaska coast line under the treaty between the United States and Russia of 1867. That coast line was established by the convention of 1825 between Great Britain and Russia. This line has been carefully safeguarded by Russia, and the United States has invariably insisted that it should not be broken. Its integrity was never questioned by Great Britain until after the protocol of May, 1898. Much as we desire to conclude the questions which we have practically determined, we cannot consent to settle them upon the condition that we must abandon to the chance of a European arbitrator a part of the domain of the United States upon which American citizens have actually built their homes and created industries long prior to any suggestion from Great Britain that she had any claim of right thereto." In 1899 President McKinley sent Mr. Fairbanks to Alaska to ascertain any possible facts which might have a bearing upon the interpretation of the boundary dispute. Mr. Fairbanks proposed on behalf of the American commission that a joint tribunal composed of three jurists of repute from each country be vested to determine the boundary, a decision of a majority of the commissioners to be final. Great Britain declined this proposition and the commission adjourned subject to recall.

Subsequently the method of settlement proposed by Mr. Fairbanks was agreed upon by the two countries through direct negotiation and after an elaborate hearing the contention of the United States was sustained, one of the British commissioners, the Lord Chief Justice of England, having concurred in the contention of the American commissioners. In the republican party convention of 1904 Mr. Fairbanks was unanimously nominated vice president as the running mate of Theodore Roosevelt. He was elected by a large plurality and discharged the duties of his office with dignity and a true sense of fairness. In 1908 his name was prominently mentioned for the presidential nomination. After his retirement from office, accompanied by Mrs. Fairbanks, he made a tour of the world. In 1916 he was again nominated for vice president on the ticket with Judge Charles E. Hughes. The election was unusually close, but President Wilson was returned to office.

Mr. Fairbanks was a trustee of Ohio Wesleyan University, De Pauw University and the American University. Ohio Wesleyan conferred upon him the degree LL. D. in 1901. He received the same degree from Baker University (1903), Iowa State University (1903) and Northwestern University (1907). Until a short time before his death he was president of the Methodist Episcopal Hospital of Indiana, the Indiana Forestry Association and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution.

Mr. Fairbanks married in 1874 Cornelia, daughter of Judge P. B. Cole of Marysville, Ohio. She was a graduate of Ohio Wesleyan University, an active worker in the affairs of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution and its president for two terms, 1901-1905; a promoter of the Junior Republic movement and prominent in benevolent activities. She died in 1913.

During the early summer of 1918 the American people followed for several weeks with much anxiety the continued reports of Mr. Fairbanks' illness and decline. He died at his Indianapolis home June 4, 1918. Sober thinking Americans regard his death. the more keenly because he had apparently not yet exhausted his powers and his opportunities for great national usefulness. And such men as Charles W. Fairbanks are needed now and will be needed in the

next few years until the ship of state has regained the quiet harbor of peace. It was his great misfortune and that of the American people generally that he could not live to see the end of the tragic period in the midst of which his death came.

The above paragraphs were written while Mr. Fairbanks was still living. Those who regard his life as one big with achievement and yet incomplete because he died so soon, will often ask themselves the question as to what his attitude and action would be in the subsequent stages of American national affairs. Those questions can never be answered and yet it is peculiarly appropriate to inquire as to his attitude and opinions regarding national and international problems in the months preceding his death.

The best information obtainable on this matter is found in the review of his life written by his former private secretary, George B. Lockwood. Mr. Lockwood wrote:

"During the last two or three troubled years those associated with Mr. Fairbanks know that the greater part of his waking hours were devoted to anxious thought as to national affairs. He regarded with great apprehension the drift of the country toward the brink of war from the beginning of the European struggle. There was no more whole-hearted supporter of the national cause when the participation of the United States in the war became inevitable. He was exceedingly proud of his son Richard who entered the army and was advanced to the post of captain and acting major, through merit and who served in France. Mr. Fairbanks believed that the most important period in our national history, next to the present vital emergency, would be that immediately following the war when the problem of reconstruction would occupy the attention of the whole world. He was a strong advocate of the reduction of armament and the establishment of the policy of internationally enforced arbitration of disputes among nations. His ardor in this cause was made greater by his visits to the capitals of Europe ten years ago. He came home believing that the arming of nations against one another, which he saw on every hand, pointed inevitably toward a general European war.

"Mr. Fairbanks always believed that the

Spanish-American war could have been avoided if the people and congress had not been too insistent upon war, and that Spain would have peacefully withdrawn from the western hemisphere if given an opportunity to retire without too much loss of face.

"His Americanism was undivided; his prejudice against foreign factionalism of any kind in the United States intense. He did not confine his opposition to hyphenated citizenship to German Americanism, but believed that prominent propaganda in behalf of any European nation or against any nation with which we are at peace was unpatriotic. He resented the crusade against Americans of German stock merely because of their descent, in case their loyalty was as unquestioned as that of their neighbors of any other European strain. No American

could be more bitterly opposed than was Mr. Fairbanks to the type of Government Prussia has proved itself to be in the present war. His hope of good from the present war was a treaty of peace which will make unnecessary vast expenditures for military and naval purposes, first of all because he believed that a failure to end this system in Europe would make necessary its adoption in the United States as a means of self preservation."

From the wealth of tributes that poured forth from the press and distinguished men of the country at the time of his death, one of the most impartial and dignified was that written by former President Taft, with whose words this sketch may properly conclude.

"Charles Warren Fairbanks was an able, industrious, effective, patriotic and high-minded public servant. Few men knew more of the practical workings of the Government of the United States. For years he served on the judiciary and the foreign relations committees of the senate. He was one of the working men on both. Some men in congress neglect committee work and seek reputation by the more spectacular method of set speeches on the floor. The real discussion and the careful statesmanlike framing of messages takes place in committee. Here Mr. Fairbanks applied himself most actively and rendered distinguished service.

"A successful practitioner at the bar, Mr. Fairbanks had entered politics independent

in means. No breath of suspicion was associated with his fair name. One of his warm friendships was for Major McKinley. When the latter ran for the presidency and after he became President he counted on the aid and advice of Mr. Fairbanks and he had them in rich measure.

"Mr. Fairbanks was a dignified, impartial and courteous presiding officer of the senate as vice president and his friends were on both sides of the chamber. He aspired to the presidency and he was right in doing so, for his experience, his ability and his public spirit would have enabled him to discharge its duties most acceptably and well. Few men could have been better prepared. He was a party man and a loyal republican. He was a wise counselor in party matters and a real leader. No one called on him for disinterested party service in vain.

"He was better loved and respected in his own state and city than anywhere else because he was personally better known there. He was said to be cold. This was most unjust. He was genial, kindly, hospitable and human as his friends and neighbors knew. Since Mr. Fairbanks' retirement and my own I came to know him well and to value highly his very exceptional qualities as a public spirited citizen and as a man. I greatly mourn his death.'

JOHN H. HOLLIDAY. While many important activities serve to link the name John H. Holliday with the broader life of Indiana, including his present position as head of one of its largest financial organizations, his biggest service was no doubt the founding of the Indianapolis News, over whose editorial management he presided for twenty-three years. While his active connection with the News was severed a quarter of a century ago, much of the vitality which he imparted to its business conduct and the tone and character he gave to its editorial columns still remain. Among the many newspaper men who worked for the News when it was under the direction of Mr. Holliday all have a deep appreciation of the ideals he stood for and maintained and his influence as a great newspaper man. John H. Holliday made the News a paper of intellectual dignity, as well as a power in the political life of the state and a molder of public

opinion and an advocate of righteous

causes.

His constant loyalty to Indianapolis and Indiana has been that of a native son. John Hampden Holliday was born at Indianapolis, May 31, 1846, a son of Rev. William A. and Lucia (Shaw) Holliday. His paternal grandfather, Samuel Holliday, came to Indiana Territory in 1816, and by his labors assisted in making Indiana the habitation and home of civilized men. Rev. William A. Holliday was born in Harrison County, Kentucky, in 1803, and was for many years an able minister of the Presbyterian Church. He was a graduate of Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and of the Princeton Theological Seminary. In 1833 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis and later served other churches. For a number of years he was engaged in educational work, being a professor in Hanover College when compelled by sickness to give up his activity. He died in Indianapolis in 1866, at the age of sixtythree. His wife, Lucia Shaw, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1805, and died there in 1881, at the age of seventyfive. One of their sons, William A., Jr., followed the example of his father and became a prominent minister. A daughter, Miss Grettie Y., has been for many years a laborer in the missionary fields of Persia.

John H. Holliday attended the common schools of Indianapolis during the decade of the '50s, spent four years in Northwestern Christian University, now Butler University, and in 1864 graduated A. B. from Hanover College at Hanover, Indiana, Hanover College conferred upon him the Master of Arts degree in 1867, and for a number of years he has been one of the college trustees.

Just before his graduation he was in the ranks of the One Hundred and ThirtySeventh Indiana Infantry and spent four months with that organization in Middle Tennessee. It was a hundred days regiment, and on the expiration of his term he re-enlisted for three years in the Seventieth Infantry, but was rejected by the examining surgeon.

Newspaper work was Mr. Holliday's first love.. In 1866 he was a member of the editorial staff of the Indianapolis Gazette and later worked for the Indianapolis

Herald, the Indianapolis Sentinel, and was local correspondent for the New York Herald, the Journal and the Republican of Chicago, and the Cincinnati Gazette.

Mr. Holliday founded the Indianapolis News in 1869. It was the first permanent afternoon paper and has a specially enviable distinction in being the first two-cent paper established west of the City of Pittsburg. As Mr. Dunn in the History of Greater Indianapolis said: "It's plain makeup, condensed form, and refusal to print advertisments as editorial matter soon made it popular. It was well edited. Mr. Holliday's editorials were plain, pithy and to the point as a rule. His one failing was in not realizing how important and valuable a paper he had established. One element of the success of the News was employing the best writers available in every department. The News could alThe News could always boast of being well written and well edited, and that has been a large factor in its success.

Mr. Holliday continued as editor and principal owner of the News until 1892, when impaired health compelled his retirement. Many newspaper men graduate from their profession into business and politics, but with few exceptions newspaper life exercises a strong hold upon its devotees even when they become engaged in other fields. It was perhaps for this It was perhaps for this reason that Mr. Holliday, in 1899, resigned his position with the Union Trust Company and became associated with William J. Richards in establishing the Indianapolis Press. He was editor of the Press throughout its brief existence, until 1901, when the Press was consolidated with the Indianapolis News.

In May, 1893, Mr. Holliday effected the organization of the Union Trust Company of Indianapolis. It was incorporated with a capital of $600,000, and with its present imposing financial strength it stands also as a monument to the lifework of Mr. Holliday. He was the first president of the company, continued as a director while

he was associated with the Press, and in June, 1901, resumed his responsibilities as administrative head. In 1916 he became chairman of the board.

Mr. Holliday is a director in a number of financial and industrial organizations in Indiana. He is a director of the McCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago,

trustee of the Presbyterian Synod of Indiana, member of the Board of State Charities, president of the Indianapolis Charity Organization Society, a former president of the Board of Trade, and is one of the oldest members of the First Presbyterian Church and has served as ruling elder many years. He is a member of Thomas Post, Grand Army of the Republic, Commercial Club, University Club, Indianapolis Literary Club, the Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kamma Delta fraternity, and has attained the Supreme Honorary thirty-third degree in the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite Masonry. In 1916 Wabash College conferred on him the honorary degree of LL. D.

November 4, 1875, Mr. Holliday married Evaline M. Rieman, of Baltimore, Maryland. She was born at Baltimore, daughter of Alexander and Evaline (Macfarlane) Rieman. Her father was a Baltimore merchant. The seven children of Mr. and Mrs. Holliday are: Alexander Rieman, a civil engineer and contractor, widely known for his work in railroad and bridge construction and in electric power production; Mrs. Lucia Macbeth; Mrs. Evelyn M. Patterson; Lieutenant John H., Jr., a mechanical engineer who died in the United States service; Mary E., who has been engaged in Young Women's Christian Association service abroad since 1917; Mrs. Elizabeth C. Hitz; and Mrs. Katharine H. Daniels.

THOMAS RILEY MARSHALL. Of few of the men upon whom the State of Indiana as a whole has conferred distinguished public honors could the record be stated so briefly as in the case of Thomas Riley Marshall. He was governor of Indiana from 1909 to 1913, and left that office to become vice president of the United States. These are the only elective offices he has held throughout the forty odd years since his admission to the Indiana bar. The most vaulting ambition has seldom been gratified with such distinctive honors as have fallen to the lot of this quiet, gentle mannered, dignified and able Indiana lawyer.

He is in every sense an Indianan, "to the manner born." His own career is an honorable reflection upon the good blood of his ancestors. His mother was a direct descendant of the famous Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland, the last surviving