who were greatly embittered against England in consequence of his malicious reports to the home government. In 1679 the king erected New Hampshire into a separate royal province. Edward Cranfield, a tyrannical man, became the governor (1682), but his New Hamp shire a royal conduct drove the people into insurrection. province. He was obliged to fly to the West Indies (1685), and in the same year New Hampshire was reunited to Massachusetts.

Massachusetts purchases Maine.

In 1665 the royal commissioners detached Maine from Massachusetts; but three years later (1668) that commonwealth calmly took it back again. Gorges was inclined to make trouble, and agents of Massachusetts quietly purchased his claim (1677) for £1,250. The skilful manœuvre excited the displeasure of the king, who had intended himself to buy out the claims of Gorges, in order to erect Maine into a proprietary province for his reputed son, the Duke of Monmouth. The company of Massachusetts Bay now governed Maine under the Gorges charter as lord proprietor, and did not make it a part of the Massachusetts colony.

72. Revocation of the Charters (1679–1687).

charter an

nulled.

It was two years later (1679) before Charles was ready again to make a movement upon Massachusetts. The Massa- He demanded that Maine should be delivered chusetts up to the Crown, on repayment of the purchase money, and also that all other complaints should at once be satisfied. The General Court gave an evasive answer, and adopted its usual method of sending over agents to ward off hostilities by a policy of delay. But in 1684 the blow came: a writ of quo warranto was issued against the simple trading charter under which Massachusetts had so long been permitted

1679-1688.]

Arrival of

The Rule of Andros.

175

to grow and prosper; the charter was held to be annulled, and the colony now became a royal possession. With the death of Charles II. (1685), James II. came to the English throne. As a Roman Catholic, and imbued with a taste for absolute power, the Andros. colonies had little favor to expect from him. In 1686, as a step towards abolishing the American charters, James sent over Sir Edmund Andros as governor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, and Maine; he brought authority to ignore all local political machinery and to govern the country through a council, the president of which was Joseph Dudley, the unpopular Tory son of the stern old Puritan who had been Winthrop's lieutenant. The charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut were demanded for annulment (1686). The former colony was, as usual, obedient, and yielded up her charter; Connecticut failed to respond to the demand of Andros, and he went to Hartford (October, 1687) and ordered the charter to be produced. The document is alleged to have been concealed from him in the hollow trunk of a large tree, known ever after as the " charter oak;" nevertheless Andros arbitrarily declared the colony annexed to the other New England colonies which he governed.

rule.

The following year (1688) Andros was also made governor of New York and the Jerseys, his jurisdiction now His despotic extending from Delaware Bay to the confines of New France, with his seat of government at Boston. The government of Andros was despotic, and fell heavily on a people who had up to this time been accustomed to their own way. Episcopal services were held in the principal towns, and Congregational churches were frequently seized upon for the purpose; the writ of habeas corpus was suspended; a censorship of the press was established, with Dudley as censor; excessive registry fees were charged; arbitrary taxes were levied ; land grants

made under former administrations were annulled; private property was unsafe from governmental interference; common lands were enclosed and divided among the friends of Andros; the General Court was abolished, and most popular rights were ignored. Dudley tersely described the situation (1687) on the trial of the Rev. John Wise, of Ipswich, for heading a movement in that town to resent taxation without representation: "Mr. Wise, you have no more privileges left you than not to be sold for slaves."

73. Restoration of the Charters (1689-1692).

In April, 1689, news came of the Revolution in England, the flight of the arrogant James, and the accession Andros of the Prince of Orange. The example of deposed. revolt was promptly followed in Boston, where Andros and Dudley were deposed. Elsewhere in the Northern colonies the representatives of the tyrant extortioners were driven out. The Protestant sovereigns, William and Mary, were proclaimed amid great popular rejoicings.

New England under William and

The old charters were restored for the time. In September, 1691, Plymouth and the newly acquired territory of Acadia were united to Massachusetts under a new charter, which had been secured from Mary. the king chiefly through the agency of the Rev. Increase Mather, of Boston, now influential in colonial politics, as were also other members of the Mather family. In May following (1692) this new charter for Massachusetts was received at Boston. It was not as liberal as had been hoped. The people were allowed their representative assembly as before, but the governor was to be appointed by the Crown; the religious qualification for suffrage was abolished, a small property qualification (an estate of £40 value, or a freehold worth £2 a year) being substituted; laws passed by the General

1689-1700.] Re-Constitution of New England.

177

Court were subject to veto by the king, a provision fraught with danger to the colonists. Thus Massachusetts became a Crown charter colony, a position not uncomfortable so long as the executive and the legisla ture could agree. The first royal governor, Sir William Phipps (1692-1695), proved to be popular, generous, and well-meaning. He had a romantic history, but was of slender capacity, and owed his appointment to the favor of his pastor, Increase Mather.

Connecticut and Rhode Island received their charters back; New Hampshire was governed by its new proprietor, Samuel Allen, but without a charter; Maine continued under Massachusetts, the Bay Colony now extending from Rhode Island to New Brunswick, except for the short intervening strip of New Hampshire coast.

It was fortunate for American liberty that the scheme of a consolidation of the New England colonies was put forward by the Stuarts too late for accomplishment. It was also fortunate that Massachusetts was flanked by and often competed with by her neighbors, Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, who were protected against her by a jealous government in England, and that the Dutch cut off her ambitious territorial aspirations to the west. In the separate colonial life was sown the spirit of local patriotism which is now embodied in the American States. In New England, as in the South, there was a leading, but never a dominant, colony; the smaller colonies shared the experiences of the larger, but were freer from calamitous changes, and enjoyed in some respects governments which were more immediately under the control of the people.

The end of the century saw all the New England colonies established on what seemed a permanent basis of loyalty to the Crown and of local independence.

CHAPTER VIII.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1700.

74. References.

Same as Chapter VI., § 47; also Foster's

Bibliographies. Reference Lists, iii. 26-28.

Historical Maps.- No. 3, this volume. Also citations at head of Chapter VI.

General Accounts. - Doyle's English Colonies, iii. 377-404; Lodge's Colonies, pp. 406-475 passim; Palfrey's Compendious History of New England, iii. 1-18; Higginson's Larger History of the United States, pp. 192-215; Weeden's Economic and Social History of New England.

Special Histories. - Bliss's Colonial Times on Buzzard's Bay; Brooks Adams's Emancipation of Massachusetts; Hallowell's Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, and Pioneer Quakers; Baird's Huguenot Emigration to America, ii. 148-337; J. R. Lowell's New England Two Centuries Ago (in Among my Books); Moore's History of Slavery in Massachusetts; also, articles on Slavery in New England, in Proceedings of American Antiquarian Society, iv. 167, 191. On the witchcraft delusion, see Upham's Salem Witchcraft; Bryant and Gay, ii. 450-471; Bancroft (final ed.), ii. 58-67; Hildreth, ii. 145-167. On the physical characteristics of New England, consult Whitney's United States, pp. 34-42, 142, 149; Palfrey, i. 19-26. Concerning educational affairs in New England, read Boone's Education in the United States, pp. 14-30, 37-53. Upon medical practice, see Holmes's Medical Profession in Massachusetts (Lowell Institute Lectures, 1869, p. 257). See historical references in Bishop's History of American Manufactures. In publications of the American Statistical Association, new series, No. 1, consult Swain's article on the Distribution of Water Power in the United States.

Contemporary Accounts.

Same as Chapter VI., § 47.