Boston, Mass. He was graduated from Harvard in 1871, and studied law in the office of Ropes & Gray, Boston, Mass., at the Harvard law school, and in the office of James B. Richardson. In 1879 he was married in Brooklyn, N. Y., to Jeanie C. Bynner, sister of Edwin Lassetter Bynner, the novelist. Mr. Ernst was prominently mentioned for judge of the probate court in 1893; was a member of the lower house of the legislature, 1883-84, and helped to frame the first civil service law passed in Massachusetts. He published translations: The Widow Lerouge (1873), and the Clique of Gold (1874), and wrote plays: A Christmas Supper (1873), The Double Wedding (1875), and Our Friends (1876), all produced at the Boston Museum; and law-books, including Law of Married Women (1897).

ERNST, Oswald Herbert, soldier, was born near Cincinnati, Ohio, June 27, 1842; son of Andrew Henry and Sarah Henrietta (Otis) Ernst. His grandfather was a burgomaster in Germany, and was forced by the oppression of Napoleon to emigrate. He came to America in 1812 and set

tled in Ohio. Oswald attended Harvard college, 1858-59, and entered the U.S. military academy in July, 1860, graduating in 1864, and by reason of his merit was made 1st lieutenant in the corps of engineers, June 13, 1864. He was assigned to the army of the Tennessee as assistant engineer and was assistant professor of engineering at the U.S. military academy in October, 1864, and assistant engineer in constructing forts on the Pacific coast, 1864-68. He was promoted captain in March, 1867. He commanded an engineer company at Willet's Point, N.Y., 1868-71, and in December, 1870, as a member of the United States eclipse expedition, observed the eclipse of the sun from Spain. He was instructor of military engineering, signalling and telegraphy at West Point, 1871-78, at the same time being architect of the academy buildings then erecting. He was employed on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers surveys and improvements, 1878-86. He was promoted to the rank of major in May, 1882, and after 1886 was employed on river and harbor improvements in Texas, on public buildings in Washington, D.C., and as aide-de-camp to President Harrison, 1889-93. He was appointed superintendent of the Military academy with the ex-officio

rank of colonel of engineers, March 31, 1893, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel in March, 1895. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on May 26, 1898, and in June, 1898, was ordered to Chickamauga, and assigned to the command of the 1st brigade, 1st division, 1st army corps. In July he conducted his brigade to Porto Rico, and took an active part in the short campaign which followed. He was in immediate command of the troops in the affair of Coamo, August 9, in which with a loss of but seven wounded he inflicted upon the enemy a loss of nine killed, thirty wounded and one hundred and sixty-seven prisoners. In December, 1898, he was made inspector-general of the Island of Cuba with station at Havana. He is the author of: Manual of Practical Military Engineering (1873), and of various cyclopædia articles on military subjects.

ERRETT, Isaac, editor, was born in New York city, Jan. 2, 1820. He was a younger brother of Russell Errett, representative in congress. He was educated in the public schools of Pittsburg, Pa., and in 1840 became a preacher of the Christian church, holding pastorates in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Chicago, Ill. He was corresponding secretary of the Ohio Christian missionary society, 1851-54, and subsequently its president. He was also corresponding secretary and president of the American Christian missionary society, and president of the foreign society. In 1866 he established the Christian Standard at Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1868 removed with his paper to Alliance, Ohio. He was president of Alliance college until 1869, when he resigned and removed to Cincinnati where he published his paper until his death. Besides many pamphlets he is the author of: Debate on Spiritualism with Joel Tiffany (1855); A Brief View of Missions (1857); Walks about Jerusalem (1871); Talks to Bereans (1872); Letters to Young Christians (1875); Evenings with the Bible (2 vols., 1884-87); and Life cf George Flower. He received the degree of LL.D. from Butler university in 1886. He died at Terrace Park, near Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 19, 1888.

ERRETT, Russell, representative, was born in New York city, Nov. 10, 1817. By the death of his father in 1824, he was forced to depend upon himself for a living. In 1829 he removed to Pittsburg, Pa., served an apprenticeship to a baker; was a journeyman in Alabama and Kentucky for several years, then returned to Pitts burg and taught school. He was clerk to the mayor, and editor of the Pittsburg Sun, 1842-45; editor of the Washington, Pa., Patriot, 1845-52, and of the Pittsburg Gazette, 1852-65. He was paymaster in the U.S. army, 1861-65. He was in the state senate as clerk, 1860-61, and again 187276, and as senator, 1867. He was assessor of internal revenue, 1869-73; was a Republican rep.

resentative in the 45th, 46th and 47th congresses, 1877-83, and U.S. pension agent at Pittsburg, 1883-87. He died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 7, 1891. ERSKINE, John, jurist, was born at Strabane, Tyrone, Ireland, Sept. 13, 1813. He was taken in 1821 to America, where he was educated, with the exception of the years 1827-32, when he attended school in his native country. He removed to Florida in 1842, and after teaching school for four years he was admitted to the bar in 1846. He removed to Atlanta, Ga., in 1855, and in 1865 was appointed by President Johnson, U.S. district judge for the district of Georgia. In April, 1882, when the state was divided he was made judge of the southern district, and retired in December, 1883, being succeeded by Judge Emory Speer. He died in Atlanta, Ga., Jan. 27, 1895.

ERVIN, James, representative, was born in Williamsburg district, S.C., Oct. 17, 1778. He was graduated from Brown university in 1797, was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1800, and practised law at Pee Dee, S.C. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1800–04; solicitor of the northern district of the state, 1804-16, and a representative in the 15th and 16th congresses, 1817-21. He died near Darlington Courthouse, S.C., July 7, 1841.

ERVING. George William, diplomatist, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1768; son of George and Lucy (Winslow) Erving. He was educated at Oxford, and then returned to his native country. He was appointed U.S. consul at London, England, and in 1804 was sent to Spain as chargé d' affaires, where he remained until 1808. He was U.S. special minister to Denmark in 1811-12, and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain, 1814-19. He translated: The Alphabet of the Primitive Language of Spain, and A Philosophical Examination of the Antiquity and Civilization of the Basque People (1829). He died in New York city, July 22, 1850.

ESHER, John Jaeob, clergyman, was born in Strasburg, Alsace, Dec. 11, 1823. His parents came to the United States in 1830, and settled near Warren, Pa, In 1836 they removed to Illinois. John Jacob was licensed to preach in the Evangelical church in 1845, became presiding elder of Wisconsin in 1819, was a founder of Northwestern college, edited some of the church publications, in 1863 was elected bishop, and was reëlected for two successive terms. He visited foreign countries for missionary work. He wrote an account of his travels, a treatise on systematic theology and a catechism. He died in Chicago, April 16, 1901.

ESLING, Charles Henry Augustine, author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 21, 1845; son of Joseph Jeremiah and Mary A. (Holahan) Esling: grandson of Nicholas 2d, and a direct

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descendant in the sixth generation of John George Esling, a native of the Rhenish Palatinate, who settled in Philadelphia in 1740. the maternal side he descended from Cornelius Holahan of Mount Cuba on the Red Clay, Delaware, an early settler of that state, and from Henry Way of Dorchester, Mass., who came to America with Gov. John Winthrop in 1630. He was educated at St. Joseph's college, Philadelphia; Georgetown university, D.C., and at the law department of the University of Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar in 1869, and besides practising law, lectured and travelled extensively in European counties. He represented the Primate and Catholic laity of the United States, at the Golden Episcopal jubilee of Pope Pius IX., 1877. He is the author of: Melodies of Mood and Tense; Poems (1894). He translated from the Italian: The Life of St. Germaine Cousin, The Shepherdess of Pibrac; and from the French, a volume of legendary tales. He also contributed many original articles and poems to periodical literature.

ESPY, James Pollard, meteorologist, was born in Westmoreland county, Pa., May 9, 1785; son of James Espy and grandson of George and Jean (Taylor) Espy, emigrants from Ireland about 1729. He was christened James. He was taken by his parents to Kentucky at a very early age, and in 1808 was graduated from Transylvania university, Lexington. He then studied law and taught school in Xenia, Ohio. He was for several years principal of the Cumberland, Md., academy, and while there was married to Margaret Pollard, whose maiden name he assumed. In 1817 he went to Philadelphia, Pa., as instructor in classics and mathematics in the Franklin institute, and there conducted researches and experiments in meteorology. He was elected chairman of the committee on meteorology of the Franklin institute, and lectured there and elsewhere. He resigned his position as teacher to devote himself to the science of meteorology. He contributed to the Journal of the Franklin institute a series of papers on the subject, which attracted the attention of scientists in America and Europe. In 1836 he was awarded by the American philosophical society the Magellanic premium for an anonymous memoir. In 1840 he was invited by the British association to submit his theory of storms, and in September delivered an exhaustive paper before that body. Shortly afterward he lectured before the French academy of sciences, and his communication was referred to a committee of three of the most eminent scientists in that body. The committee complimented Mr. Espy on his research, and suggested that he be placed by the United States government in a position to continue his work.

Mr. Espy also presented to the British association a paper on "Four Fluctuations of the Barometer" which was later elaborated in his "Philosophy of Storms." He believed that storms could be induced by fires large enough to cause the currents of atmosphere to ascend, and made repeated and fruitless petitions to congress and to the Pennsylvania legislature for appropriations by which he could practically demonstrate his theory. In 1843 he established a system of weather reports in the war department, which later developed into the signal service system. He was for several years a regent of the Smithsonian institution, and on the occasion of his death, Prof. Alexander Dallas Bache pronounced his eulogy, and the board of regents passed memorial resolutions. He was popularly known as "The Old Storm King," His published writings consist of numerous lectures and essays; contributions to scientific periodicals; reports to the Smithsonian institution, to the surgeon-general of the army, to congress, and to the secretary of the navy; and The Philosophy of Storms (1841). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1860.

ESTE, George Peabody, lawyer, was born in Nashua, N.H., April 24, 1829. He was educated at Dartmouth, was admitted to the bar and established an office in Toledo, Ohio, in partnership with Morrison R. Waite. He was county solicitor in 1860, but at the opening of the civil war he enlisted as a private in the Union army at which time he changed the spelling of his name from Estey. In 1862 he had reached the rank of colonel of the 14th Ohio infantry, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, Dec. 9, 1864, and was raised to the full rank June 26, 1865. He resigned Dec. 4, 1865, and practised law in Washington, D.C. He died in New York city, Feb. 6, 1881.

ESTES, Dana, publisher, was born in Gorham, Maine, March 4, 1840; son of Joseph and Maria (Edwards) Estes, and a descendant through Joseph, Robert, Samuel, Henry and Benjamin, from Richard (son of Robert Estes of Dover, England), who landed in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 1684, and settled at Piscataqua, Oct. 11, 1684. Dana was educated in the public schools, and was a clerk in a general store in Augusta, Maine, 1855-59. He engaged in the book business with Henry D. Degen & Son in Boston, 185961. He served in the Union army from April, 1861, until the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 31, 1862, when his only brother, Albert S. Estes, was killed, and where he was disabled from further service. He re-entered the book business as a clerk in 1864, and in 1866 became a member of the firm of Degen, Estes & Co. He was subsequently connected with the house of Lee & Shepard, until 1872, when he became a partner in the firm of Estes & Lauriat, which was succeeded by

Dana Estes & Co., of which he was the head in 1898. He was elected a member of the American association for the advancement of science; of the American archæological institute and of various social and literary clubs. He received the degree of A.M. from Bowdoin college in 1898. He was married April 11, 1867, to Louise S., daughter of Peter and Mary (Filgate) Reid of England, and their sons, Frederick Reid, Dana Jr., and Philip Sydney, became interested in the publishing business. Mr. Estes' second wife, to whom he was married Nov. 10, 1884, was Grace D., daughter of Samuel E. and Charlotte Haven (Ladd) Coues of Portsmouth, N.H. He edited Half-Hour Recreations in Popular Science, and compiled several volumes of juvenile and standard poetry.

ESTES, Lewis Alden, educator, was born at Durham, Maine, Dec. 11, 1815; son of Thomas and Bettie (Alden) Estes, and a descendant of John and Priscilla Alden. He was prepared for college at Maine Wesleyan seminary and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1844. In 1846 he became principal of a school under the control of the Society of Friends in Richmond, Ind., afterward known as Earlham college, and remained in that position until 1863. He then taught school at Westfield, Ind., until 1870, when he was elected president of Wilmington college, Ohio. He resigned in 1876 to engage in other business. He was married first, Feb. 24, 1848, to Huldah Case, daughter of the Rev. Nathan C. Hoag, who died Aug. 6, 1875; and second, to Esther Owen Brown. He died at Westfield, Ind., Nov. 10, 1891.

ESTES, Ludovic, educator, was born at Richmond, Ind., March 4, 1849; son of Prof. Lewis Alden and Huldah Case (Hoag) Estes. He attended Earlham college, Ind., and was graduated from Haverford college in 1869, in which institution he held the chair of mathematics and Latin for the three years following, relinquishing the position on account of a serious accident. After partially regaining his health he entered the employ of the Pennsylvania railway company as civil engineer, stationed at Pittsburg. Illness compelled him to resign this position in 1875, and until 1885 he taught in the Friends academy at Spiceland, Ind. He then entered the graduate department of the University of Michigan and in 1887 received the degree of Ph.D. He remained at the university as instructor in mathematics, 1887-88, and in September, 1888, became professor of mathematics, physics and astronomy in the University of North Dakota. He was married in 1882 to Belle, daughter of Robert and Zurilda Chambers of New Castle, Ind. He published several monographs, and left unpublished College Trigonometry (1898). He died in Grand Forks, N.D., March 11, 1898.

ESTILL, John Holbrook, editor, was born in Charleston, S.C., Oct. 28, 1840; son of William and Ann Eliza (Lloyd) Estill. His ancestors of this name were French Huguenots who settled in New Jersey, then a part of the New Netherlands, in 1650. He removed with his father to Savannah, Ga., in 1851 and received his education in the schools of that city. He entered a printing office at an early age, and passed through all the grades of the business. He published the Savannah Evening Express in 1859, and served in the Confederate army, 1861-65. When the war closed he began work as a journeyman printer, secured control of the Savannah Morning News and was its editor and proprietor from 1867, making it the representative newspaper of southern Georgia. He was made president of the Bethesda orphan home, founded by the Rev. George Whitefield in 1740, and lieutenant-colonel on the staffs of several governors of Georgia. He became identified as president or director with nearly every financial and industrial institution in Savannah. He represented Georgia in the Democratic national committee of 1892.

ETHERIDGE, Emerson, representative, was born in Currituck, N.C., Sept. 28, 1819; son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Harvey) Etheridge; grandson of James Etheridge and of Thomas Harvey, and a descendant of Willis Etheridge who was prominent in North Carolina in the Revolution of 1775. He acquired his education in the common schools of North Carolina, and removed to Tennessee in 1833. He was admitted to the bar in 1840 and practised in Dresden, Tenn. He was a representative in the state legislature in 1845-47; a Whig representative in the 33d, 34th and 36th congresses, 1853-57 and 1859-61, and was defeated for the 35th congress. He was clerk of the U.S. house of representatives, 1861-63, and was a state senator, 1869-70. He was candidate for governor of Tennessee in 1867. He was surveyor of customs at Memphis, Tenn., 1891–94. He died in Dresden, Tenn., 1902.

ETTWEIN, John, Moravian bishop, was born in Wurtemburg, June 29, 1721. He immigrated to America in 1754, as a missionary from the church of the United Brethren (Moravians) to found settlements in the new world. He successfully extended his work from Bethlehem, Penn., and on June 25, 1784, was consecrated to the episcopacy and was given charge over the American churches. He acquainted himself with the language of the Delaware Indians. He travelled on foot and horseback thousands of miles and visited eleven of the thirteen colonies, preaching in the open air, in barns, courthouses and churches. In the time of the American Revolution he ministered to the sick and wounded soldiers and established a hospital at Bethlehem. He founded,

in 1787, the "Society for propagating the gospel among the heathen" which became the supporter of the extensive missions of the Moravian church. He was presiding bishop for seventeen years, and died in Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 2, 1802.

EUSTIS, Abraham, soldier, was born in Petersburg, Va., March 28, 1786 He was a grandson of Dr. Benjamin Eustis of Boston, Mass., and nephew of Dr. William Eustis, U.S. minister to the Netherlands. He was graduated at Harvard in 1804, studied law with his relative Isaac Parker, chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts and began practice at the Boston bar in 1807. He was commissioned captain in the U.S. army in 1808 and was assigned to the artillery service. In 1809 he received promotion as major. He commanded a regiment in the capture of York, Canada, in 1813, and for meritorious services there was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 4th artillery in 1822, was brevetted brigadier-general in 1834, and was made colonel of the 1st U.S. artillery in 1834. He died in Portland, Maine, June 27, 1843.

EUSTIS, George, jurist, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 20, 1796; son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Gray) Eustis; nephew of Gov. William Eustis, and grandson of Dr. Benjamin Fustis. He was fitted for college at Boston Latin school, was graduated at Harvard in 1815, and became private secretary to his uncle, then U.S. minister to the Hague. While thus employed he studied law. On returning to America in 1817 he removed to New Orleans, was admitted to the Louisiana bar in 1822, and was a representative in the state legislature for several successive terms. He was secretary of state of Louisiana; commissioner of the board of currency; attorneygeneral; a member of the constitutional convention of 1845, and a justice and chief justice of the supreme court, resigning the latter position in 1852. He was married in 1825 to Clarissa Allain of Louisiana. He received from Harvard the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1849. He died in New Orleans. La., Dec. 22, 1858.

EUSTIS, George, representative, was born in New Orleans, La., Sept. 28, 1828; son of George and Clarissa (Allain) Eustis. He was educated at Jefferson college, La., and at Harvard law school. He practised law in New Orleans, and was a representative in the 34th and 35th congresses, 1855-59. When the Confederate government was formed he was made secretary of the Confederate States legation at Paris and remained abroad after the close of the civil war. During the Franco-Prussian war he greatly aided the U.S. legation in Paris in maintaining diplomatic relations with the contending powers. He died in Cannes, France, March 15, 1872.

EUSTIS, Henry Lawrence, military engineer, was born in Fort Independence, Boston harbor, Mass., Feb. 1, 1819; son of Col. Abraham Eustis, U.S.A. He was graduated at Harvard in 1838, and at the U.S. military academy in 1842. He was assistant to the U.S. engineer-in-chief, Washington, D.C., in 1842, and aided in harbor defence construction in Boston, 1843-45, and Newport harbor, 1845-47. He was assistant professor of engineering at the U.S. military academy, 184749; resigned from the army in the latter year and was professor of engineering in Lawrence scientific school of Harvard college, 1849-85. He was dean of the Lawrence scientific school, 1862-85. He joined the volunteer army in 1861 as colonel of the 10th Massachusetts infantry, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 12, 1863, for services which included Williamsport, Fredericksburg, Marye's Heights, Salem, and Gettysburg. Owing to impaired health he resigned his commission June 27, 1864, after taking part in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, and resumed his college duties. He was a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences, and received his A.M. degree from Harvard in 1850. He died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 11, 1885.

EUSTIS, James Biddle, senator, was born in New Orleans, La., Aug. 27, 1834; son of Chief Justice George and Clarissa (Allain) Eustis; grand son of Jacob and Elizabeth (May) Eustis; great grandson of Dr. Benjamin Eustis of Boston, Mass.,

and grandnephew of Dr. William Eustis, secretary of war in President Madison's cabinet, 1809-13. He was liberally educated in his native city and was graduated in law at Harvard college in 1854. He practised at the New Orleans bar from 1856 to the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, when he joined the Confederate army as judge-advocate on the staff of General Magruder. In 1862 he was transferred to the staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and served under that officer until his surrender in 1865. Returning to New Orleans he resumed the practice of law and was a representative in the state legislature, 1872-74, and a state senator, 1874-77. Prior to 1872 he was elected to the state legislature but was not seated. He took part in the reconstruction of the state, visiting President Johnson at Washington as a member

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of a committee sent to represent the interests of the white residents of the state, asking for protection from "carpet-baggers and ignorant blacks then in political power through the operation of military rule. The legislature of the state in January, 1876, elected him a U.S. senator to fill the term to which P.B. S. Pinchback claimed to have been elected in 1873, but had been refused the seat. At this election the Republican party was represented by only three legislators, the remainder claiming that no vacancy existed and therefore refusing to act. The matter was not decided in the U.S. senate until Dec. 10, 1877, when Mr. Eustis was accorded the vacant seat and served to the close of the term, March 3, 1879. He was then elected to the professorship of civil law in the University of Louisiana, serv ing until 1884 when he was again elected a U.S. senator. At the close of his second term, March 3, 1891, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D.C. He severely and openly criticised President Cleveland's first administration, but supported him in the campaigns of 1888 and 1892; and when Mr. Cleveland was elected in 1892 he appointed Mr. Eustis U.S. ambassador to France. The most noteworthy diplomatic act of his ambassadorship, was the obtaining of a pardon and release in February, 1896, for John L. Waller, ex-U.S. consul, sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, as an act of comity on the part of the French government toward that of the United States. On returning to America in 1897 he established himself in the practice of law in New York city, making his summer home at Newport, R.I., where he died Sept. 9, 1899.

EUSTIS, William, statesman, was born in Cambridge, Mass., June 10, 1753; son of Dr. Benjamin Eustis. He studied at the Boston Latin school, was graduated at Harvard in 1772, and then entered the office of Dr. Joseph Warren as a student of medicine and surgery. He was with the doctor in the battle of Bunker Hill, was near the gallant soldier when he fell, and began his practice as a surgeon on that field. In 1776 he was appointed hospital surgeon in charge of the Colonel Robinson house opposite West Point, N. Y. He was promoted senior surgeon and continued in that service till the end of the war. He then practised in Boston and accompanied the expedition sent out to suppress Shays's rebellion, as surgeon, 1786-87. He was a representative in the state legislature of Massachusetts, 1788-94. He represented his district in the 7th and 8th congresses, 1801-05, and in 1809 President Madison entrusted to him the portfolio of war. Be. fore leaving Boston for Washington, he was married to Caroline, daughter of John Langdon, governor of New Hampshire, and they made their bridal tour in a coach, the journey to Wash

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