tie. whan a man feareth suche thinges as be nat to be feared, Timorosi- as also whan he feareth thinges to be feared more than nedeth.a For some thynges there be whiche be necessary and good to be feared, and nat to feare theim it is but rebuke.b Infamie and reproche be of all honest men to be dradde. And nat to feare thynges that be terrible, agayne whiche no powar or witte of man can resiste, is foole hardynesse, and worthy no praise, as erthe quakes, rages of great and sodayne flodes, whiche do bere downe before them mountaynes and great townes, also the horrible fury of sodayne fire, deuourynge all thing that it apprehendeth. Yet a man that is valiaunt, called A valiant in latyne Fortis, shall nat in suche terrible aduentures be resolued into waylinges or desperation. man. · Ὁ δὲ τῷ φοβεῖσθαι ὑπερβάλλων δειλός· καὶ γὰρ ἃ μὴ δεῖ καὶ ὡς οὐ δεῖ, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀκολουθεῖ αὐτῷ· Ελλείπει δὲ καὶ τῷ θαρρεῖν· ἀλλ ̓ ἐν ταῖς λύπαις ὑπερβάλλων μᾶλλον καταφανής ἐστιν. Δύσελπις δή τις ὁ δειλός· πάντα γὰρ φοβεῖται. -Arist. Eth. Nic. lib. iii. cap. 7 (10). Qui vero nimis extimescit, eum timidum ac meticulosum dicimus, qui nec in eo solum peccat, quòd etiam non metuenda pavitat, sed quòd ea, quæ timenda sunt, nequaquam, ut oportet, timeat.'-Pontanus, ubi supra, fo. 59 b. ↳ "Evia yàp (kaкd) кal deî poßeîolai kal kaλóv, td dè μǹ aioxpòv, olov àdožíav.— Eth. Nic. lib. iii. cap. 6 (9). 'Differunt enim inter se, quòd alia honestum est metuere, quæ ni metuantur, turpe ac flagitiosum ducimus. Quid enim improbius quàm infamiam non vereri ?'-Pontanus, ubi supra, fo. 52 b. • Or, according to Aristotle, madness. Εἴη δ' ἄν τις μαινόμενος ἢ ἀνάλγητος, εἰ μηθὲν φοβοῖτο, μήτε σεισμὸν μήτε τὰ κύματα, κάθαπερ φασὶ τοὺς Κελτούς.—Εth. Nic. lib. iii. cap. 7 (10). Pontanus, expanding this idea, says, 'Omnem profecto metum exuisse, hominis est aut parum sanæ mentis, aut prorsus stupidi atque obtorpescentis. Quis enim, nisi demens, atque in furorem actus, aut non rationis modo, sed pæne sensuum ipsorum expers factus, diluviones non horreat, motusque terrarum, atque incendia? Hæc igitur taliaque non metuere, videtur magis non sentientis cujuspiam, aut insani hominis, quàm sensu rationeque benè utentis esse.'-Ubi supra, fo. 59 b. Et viri tamen fortes in mari deprehensi à tempestatibus, non ita erunt consternati, ut humiles dimissique appareant. Tolerabunt itaque procellas, non eo tamen quo nautæ animo, qui cum ferendis tempestatibus sint assucti, et bene sperant se invicem confirmantes, et suum interim munus exsequuntur. Cum illi ut parum assueti atque inexperti, de salute subinde desperent, ac tale mortis genus quàm molestissimè ferunt, cum etiam intelligant nullam in iis se dignam navare But where force constrayneth him to abide, and neither powar or wisedome assayed may suffice to escape, but, will he or no, he must nedes perysshe, there dothe he paciently sustayne dethe, whiche is the ende of all euilles. And lyke as an excellent Phisitioun cureth moste daungerous diseases and dedely woundes, so dothe a man that is valiaunt auaunce · himselfe as inuincible in thinges that do seme moste terrible,b nat unaduisedly, and as it were in a bestely rage, but of a gentill courage, and with premeditation, either by victorie or by dethe, wynnynge honour and perpetuall memory, the iuste rewarde of their vertue. Of this maner of valiaunce was Horatius Cocles, an auncient Romayne, of whose example I haue all redy written in the firste boke, where I commended the feate of swymming.a Pirrhus, whome Anniball estemed to be the seconde of the moste valiaunt capitaines, assaulting a stronge King Pirfortresse in Sicile, called Erice, he firste of all rhus the other scaled the walles, where he behaued him hardye. operam posse. At quo animo fuit Ajax in tantâ illâ tempestate nautarumque consternatione ne minimum quidem à se ipso recessit.'-Pont. ubi supra, fo. 55. • Περὶ ποῖα οὖν τῶν φοβερῶν ὁ ἀνδρεῖος ; ἢ περὶ τὰ μέγιστα ; οὐθεὶς γὰρ ὑπομε νετικώτερος τῶν δεινῶν. Φοβερώτατον δ ̓ ὁ θάνατος· πέρας γάρ, καὶ οὐδέν ἔτι τῷ τεθνεῶτι δοκεῖ οὔτ ̓ ἀγαθὸν οὔτε κακὸν εἶναι.—Arist. Εth. Nic. lib. iii. cap. 6 (9). An fortasse, ut excellentis est medici gravissimos morbos lætalesque plagas sanare, sic etiam fortis est viri in iis versari, seque invictum præstare, quæ maximè omnium formidibilia videantur? Si quidem fortitudinis materia et quidam quasi campus sunt difficillima quæque pericula atque illa maximè quæ mortem videantur allatura, quâ nihil sit omnino terribilius.'--Pontanus, ubi supra, fo. 53. e 'Quocirca fortis vir, quique planè dicendus est vir, ex morte quæ quidem futura sit multo pulcherrima, decus illud adipisci contendet, cujus est quàm maximè studiosus, quo ut potiatur, difficillima quæque pericula sponte adibit, in quibus pervincendis, aut si hoc minus contigerit, in oppetendâ morte, laudemque et decus collocatum intelligit.'-Pontanus, ubi supra, fo. 53 b. See Vol. I. p. 178. • Τοῦ δ ̓ Ερυκος ὀχυρωτάτου τῶν χωρίων ὄντος καὶ πολλοὺς ἀμυνομένους ἔχοντος ἔγνω βιάζεσθαι πρὸς τὰ τείχη. Καὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς γενομένης ἑτοίμης, ἐνεδύσατο τὴν πανοπλίαν καὶ προσελθὼν ηὔξατο τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ ποιήσειν ἀγῶνα καὶ θυσίαν ἀριστεῖον, ἂν τοῦ γένους καὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἄξιον ἀγωνιστὴν αὐτὸν ἀποδείξῃ τοῖς Σικελίαν οἰκοῦσιν Ελλησι· τῇ δὲ σάλπιγγι σημήνας καὶ τοῖς βέλεσι τοὺς βαρβάρους ἀνασκεδάσας καὶ τὰς κλίμακας προσαγαγὼν πρῶτος ἐπέβη τοῦ τείχους. ̓Αντιστάντων δὲ πολλῶν ἀμυνό so valiauntly, that suche as resisted, some he slewe, and other by his maiestie and fierce countenaunce he dyd put to discomforte. And finally, before any of his armye, entred the walles, and there alone sustayned the hole bronte of his enemyes, until his people whiche were without, at the laste myssinge him, stered partely with shame that they had so loste hym, partely with his couragious example, toke good harte, and inforced them selfes in suche wise that they clymed the walles and came to the socour of Pirrhus, and by his prowesse so wanne the garyson. What valiaunt harte was in the romayne, Mutius Sceuola, that whan Porcena, kynge of Ethruscanes had by great powar constrayned the romaynes to kepe them within their citie, Sceuola takinge on him the habite of a begger, with a sworde hydde preuely under his garment, went to the enemyes campe, where he beinge taken for a beggar, was nothinge mistrusted. And whan he had espied the kinges pauillyon he drewe hym thyther, where he founde dyuers noble men sittynge. But for as moche as he certaynly knewe nat whiche of them was the kynge, he at the laste perceyuinge one to be in more ryche apparayle thanne any of the other, and supposinge hym to be Porcena, he, or any man espyed hym, stepte to the sayde lorde, and with his sworde gaue hym suche a stroke that he immediatly dyed. But Sceuola beynge taken, for as moche as he mought nat escape suche a multitude, he boldly confessed that his hande erred, and that his intent was to haue slayne kynge Porcena. Wherewith the kynge (as reason was) all chaufed, commaunded a great fire furthwith to be made, wherein Sceuola shulde haue ben brenned, but he nothing abasshed, said to the kynge, Thynke nat, Porcena, that μενος τοὺς μὲν ἐξέωσε τοῦ τείχους ἐπ ̓ ἀμφοτερα καὶ κατέβαλε, πλείστους δὲ περὶ αὑτὸν τῷ ξίφει χρώμενος ἐσώρευσε νεκρούς. Επαθε δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδὲν, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσιδεῖν δεινὸς ἐφάνη τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ τὸν Ομηρον ἔδειξεν ὀρθῶς καὶ μετὰ ἐμπειρίας ἀποφαίνοντα τῶν ἀρετῶν μόνην τὴν ἀνδρείαν φορὰς πολλάκις ἐνθουσιώδεις καὶ μανικὰς φερο μένην. Αλούσης δὲ τῆς πόλεως ἔθυσέ τε τῷ θεῷ μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ θέας ἀγώνων Tаνтоdалŵν паpéoxe.-Plut. Pyrrhus, 22. by my dethe onely thou maiste escape the handes of the Romaynes, for there be in the citie CCC yonge men, suche as I am, that be prepared to slee the by one meanes or other, and to thaccomplysshement therof be also determined to suffre all tourmentes, wherof thou shalt haue of me an experience in thy syght. And incontinently he went to the fire, whiche was made for to brenne him, and with a glad countenaunce dyd put his hande in to the flame, and there helde it of a longe tyme without chaungynge of any countenaunce, untill his said hande was brenned unto asshes. In lyke wise he wolde haue put his other hande in to the fire, if he had nat ben withdrawen by Porcena, who, wondryng at the valiaunt courage of Sceuola, licenced hym to retourne unto the citie. But whan he considered that by the wordes of Sceuola so great a nombre of yonge men of semblable prowesse were confederate to his distruction, so that, or all they coulde be apprehended, his lyfe shulde be all waye in ieopardye, he, dispairynge of winnynge the citie of Rome, raised his siege and departed." • Ην ἀνὴρ εἰς πᾶσαν ἀρετὴν ἀγαθὸς, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἄριστος· ἐπιβουλεύων δὲ τὸν Πορσίναν ἀνελεῖν παρεισῆλθεν εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον Τυῤῥηνίδα φορῶν ἐσθῆτα καὶ φωνῇ χρώμενος ὁμοίᾳ. Περιελθὼν δὲ τὸ βῆμα τοῦ βασιλέως καθεζομένου καὶ σαφῶς μὲν αὐτὸν οὐκ εἰδὼς, ἐρέσθαι δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ δεδιὼς, ὃν ᾠήθη μάλιστα τῶν συγκαθεζομέ νων ἐκεῖνον εἶναι, σπασάμενος τὸ ξίφος ἀπέκτεινεν. Ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ συλληφθεὶς ἀνεκρινετο· καί τινος ἐσχαρίδος πῦρ ἐχούσης, μέλλοντι τῷ Πορσίνᾳ θύειν κεκομισμένης, ὑπερσχὼν τὴν δεξιὰν χεῖρα καιομένης τῆς σαρκὸς εἰστήκει πρὸς τὸν Πορσίναν ἀποβλέπων ἰταμῷ καὶ ἀτρέπτῳ τῷ προσώπῳ, μέχρις οὗ θαυμάσας ἀφῆκεν αὐτὸν, καὶ τὸ ξίφος ἀποδιδοὺς ὤρεξεν ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος· ὁ δὲ τὴν εὐώνυμον προτείνας ἐδέξατο. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φασὶν αὐτῷ γενέσθαι τὸν Σκαίολαν ἐπίκλησιν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ Λαιόν. Ἔφη δὲ τὸν φόβον τοῦ Πορσίνα νενικηκὼς, ἡττᾶσθαι τῆς ἀρετῆς, καὶ χάριτι μηνύειν, ἃ πρὸς ἀνάγκην οὐκ ἂν ἐξηγόρευσε. · Τριακόσιοι γὰρ Ῥωμαίων, ἔφη, τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμοὶ γνώμην ἔχοντες ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ σου πλανῶνται καιρὸν ἐπιτηροῦντες· ἐγὼ δὲ κλήρῳ λαχὼν καὶ προεπιχειρήσας οὐκ ἄχθομαι τῇ τύχῃ διαμαρτὼν ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ καὶ φίλου μᾶλλον ἢ πολεμίου Ῥωμαίοις εἶναι πρέποντος. Ταῦθ ̓ ὁ Πορσίνας ἀκούσας ἐπίστευσε καὶ πρὸς τὰς διαλύσεις ἥδιον ἔσχεν, οὐ τοσοῦτό, μοι δοκεῖ, φόβῳ τῶν τριακοσίων, ὅσον ἀγασθεὶς καὶ θαυμάσας τὸ φρόνημα καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων. -Plut. Poplicola, 17. CHAPTER IX. In what actes Fortitude is, and of the consyderations therto belongynge. BUT all though I haue nowe rehersed sondry examples to the commendation of Fortitude concernynge actes marciall, yet by the waye I wolde haue it remembred that the praise is proprely to be referred unto the vertue," that is to saye, to enterprise thynges dredefull, either for the publike weale or for wynning of perpetuall honour, or els for exchuynge reproche or dishonoure. Where unto be annexed these considerations, what importaunce the enterprise is, and wherfore it is done, with the tyme and oportunitie whan it aught to be done. For (as Tulli saieth) to entre in batayle and to fight unaduisedly, it is a thing wylde and a maner of beestes, but thou shalt fight valiauntly whan tyme requireth, and also necessitie. And all way dethe is to be preferred before seruitude or any dishonestie. And therfore the actes of Anniball • The author seems to allude to the following passage in Aristotle : Quolwrai δ' αὕτῃ μάλιστα τῇ πρότερον εἰρημένῃ, ὅτι δι' ἀρετὴν γίνεται· δι' αἰδὼ γὰρ καὶ διὰ καλοῦ ὄρεξιν (τιμῆς γὰρ καὶ φυγὴν ὀνείδους, αἰσχροῦ ὄντος. Πρῶτον μὲν ἡ πολιτική· μάλιστα γὰρ ἔοικε· δοκοῦσι γὰρ ὑπομένειν τοὺς κινδύνους οἱ πολῖται διὰ τὰ ἐκ τῶν νόμων ἐπιτίμια καὶ τὰ ὀνείδη καὶ διὰ τὰς τιμάς.—Eth. Nic. lib. iii. cap. 8 (11). 'Quique item, ut par est, et metuit et confidit agitque pro dignitate, atque ut ratio recta præcipit, is est quem quærimus fortem, cujus tolerantia atque perpessio, actio item atque agressio suscepta est honesti et pulchri gratiâ quando ut magistro placet Aristoteli actionis cujusque finis est ad habitum referendus. Et viro forti fortitudo ipsa honestum ac pulchrum est, aut quia secus quidem atque aliter se habere atque agere turpe esset ac decorosum.'-Pontanus, Opera, tom. i. fo. 58 b. Idem quoque asperis atque periculosis rebus tolerandis adhibitus est delectus. Siquidem et temporis et loci ratio habenda est, retinendus etiam modus, nec toleranda sunt quæ forti viro aut parum convenerint, aut certe omnino dedecuerint.''Quid autem vel inconsideratius vel improbius quàm ea velle aggredi quæ nullâ sint ratione aggredienda? Quid magis incompositum, quàm nec temporis nec loci rationem habere? Aut quid immoderatius, quàm à mensurâ ordineque recedere? Cum primis autem videndum est, quàm id, quod aggredi paramus, justum sit.'-Pontanus, ubi supra, fo. 57 b. 58. • Temerè autem in acie versari, et manu cum hoste confligere, immane quiddam et belluarum simile est. Sed cum tempus necessitasque postulat, decertan |