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why shulde we therfore neglecte them? sens the affaires there reported no thynge concerneth us, we beynge therof no parteners, ne therby onely may receyue any damage. But if by redynge the sage counsayle of Nestor, the subtile persuasions of Ulisses, the compendious grauitie of Menelaus, the imperial maiestye of Agamemnon, the prowesse of Achilles, and valiaunt courage of Hector, we may apprehende any thinge wherby our wittes may be amended and our personages be more apte to serue our publike weale and our

Bruges, par nous tenir drus et forts ensemble, que on ne nous puist ouvrir. Si faites ainsi, et chacun porte son bâton tout droit devant lui, et vous entrelacez de vos bras, parquoi on ne puist entrer dedans vous ; . . . ainsi s'ébahiront nos ennemis.' -Chron. tom. ii. p. 249, ed. Pan. Lit. This is rendered by Lord Berners as follows: Sirs, whan we come to the batayle, lette us thynke on oure enemyes, howe they were disconfyted at the batayle of Bruges, by reason that we helde oureselfe close toguyder; let us beware that we opyn nat: euery man beare his weapen ryght before hym, and enterlase your staues ouer your armes, one within another, wherby they shall nat entre upon us and thus we shall abasshe our

enemyes.'-Chron. vol. i. p. 736, ed. 1812.

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For other instances of the use of this word see antè, pp. 16, 212. None of the Dictionaries notice the fact that it is derived immediately from the French. Yet Palsgrave has Compendyouse, shorte as man is in his speakyng or writyng. m. compendieux, f. compendieuse.' M. Littré indeed cites an example of this last form from Christine de Pisan, a writer of the 14th century, but a reference to the original shows that the quotation is scarcely accurate, and that comprendieuse and not compendieuse was written by the accomplished biographer of Charles the Fifth.

I.e. bodies; a sense in which the author has previously employed it, in Vol. I. pp. 172, 195. This of course is simply the French word Anglicised. Cotgrave translates personnage, 'A personage, body, person.' And Baret, in his Alvearie, has, 'Of goodly personage, Heros spectabilis, Ovid. Speciosa persona, Ulp. Fœmina spectatissima, Cic.' Monstrelet in his account of the year 1411, says 'Le Duc de Bourgongne estant à Ponthoise, un certain iour vint deuers ledit Duc un homme assez puissant de personnage, lequel entra dedans sa chambre sur intention de meurdrir ledit Duc.'-Chron. tom. i. fo. 123 b. ed. 1572. And so Commines says, ‘Des deux princes, il advient souvent que l'un a le personnage plus honneste et plus agréable aux gens que l'autre.'-Mem. p. 49, ed. Pan. Lit. Hall in his report of the message sent by Louis XI. to Ed. IV., in 1475, puts into the mouth of the herald the following speech: 'The kyng, my master, hath alwaies had feruent desire to haue a perfecte peace, a sure unitie, and a fraternall concord, betwene your noble persone and your Realme, and his honourable personage and his dominions.'-Chron. fo. ccxxix. ed. 1548.

prince; what forcetha it us though Homere write leasinges? I suppose no man thinketh that Esope wrate gospelles, yet who doughteth but that in his fables the foxe, the hare, and the wolfe, though they neuer spake, do teache many good wysedomes? whiche beinge well consydered, men, (if they haue nat auowed to repugneb agayne reason), shall confesse

• This peculiar phrase, already used by the author (see pp. 143, 252 antè), will be best explained by the following passages from Palsgrave's work so often referred to. 'I force, I care for a thyng, or take thought for it. Jay cure, jay en cure, auoyr cure, and jay soing. I force nat for the, for thou lovest me nat: je nay cure de toy or je nay soyng de toy, car tu ne maymes poynt. I force, I regarde or estyme a thynge, Je tiens compte. I force nat for hym a halpenny, je ne tiens compte de luy pas une maille. I force nat, I care nat for a thing. Il ne men chault, conjugate in "I care not." And je ne tiens compte de and je ne donne riens de. I force nat for the, il ne men chault de toy, je ne tiens compte de toy, je ne donne riens de toy. L'Esclaircissement, p. 555. Cotgrave translates the phrase Je ne fais point force de cela, I care not for, I force not of, I am not moved by, that thing.' The expression, 'it forceth not,' is evidently derived from the French phrase: non force = cela n'importe. Thus in the Mémoires du Maréchal de Vieilleville by M. Carloix we read "Non force," dist Monsieur de Vielleville, "nous avons du temps assez.”—Tom. ii. p. 400, ed. 1757. Neither Latham nor Todd in their editions of Johnson's Dictionary attempt to explain the idiom or refer to the passage in the text. It may, however, be well illustrated by the following examples. Erasmus in his Paraphrases had said, 'Non enim refert quàm diu vixeris, sed quàm bene.' Tom. i. p. 198, ed. 1541. And this is translated by Nicholas Udall, 'For it little forceth how long a man liue, but how wel and vertuously.'-Tom. i. fo. cxlv. b. ed. 1551. Camden, in his Wise Speeches, makes William the Conqueror say, 'I force not of such fooleries.'—Remains, p. 317, ed. 1674. Shakespeare uses the phrase in Love's Labour's Lost, 'Peace, peace, forbear; Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear.'-Reed's ed. vol. vii. p. 174. And again in the Rape of Lucrece, For me, I force not argument a straw, Since that my case is past the help of law.'-Camb. ed. vol. ix. p. 520. The expressions 'No fors' 'what force' are frequently employed by Chaucer; thus in Troylus and Cryseyde we read 'What fors were it though al the town bihelde ?'—Poet. Works, vol. iv. p. 168.

This word of which we have already had examples (see Vol. I. pp. 7, 138) is derived from the Latin word through the French, and is now obsolete except in the participial form. The author in his Dict. translates the verb Repugno to 'repugne or say contrary, to resyste.' Cotgrave translates the French Repugner 'To repugne, crosse, thwart, impugne, resist, withstand, contradict, gainsay, disagree from, be opposite unto.' So the French writer Le Noue, in his Discours Politiques et Militaires, published in 1587, says of the clergy, 'Quand donques ils tienent quelcun qui repugne à leurs opinions, et les pique des aiguillons de l'Escriture, ils vous lui baillent incontinent un syllogisme à soudre.'-P. 121. Palsgrave

with Quintilian that fewe and unethe one may be founde of auncient writars whiche shall nat bringe to the redars some thinge commodious;a and specially they that do write maters historicall, the lesson wherof is as it were the mirrour of mannes life, expressinge actually, and (as it were at the eye) the beaultie of vertue, and the deformitie and lothelynes of vice. Wherfore Lactantius sayeth, Thou muste Lactantius nedes perysshe if thou knowe nat what is to thy life li. iii. profitable, that thou maiste seke for it, and what is daungerous, that thou mayste flee and exchue it. Whiche I dare affirme may come soonest to passe by redynge of histories, and retayninge them in continuell remembraunce

wyll never re

has 'I repugne, I gayne say a thing, Je repugne, prim. conj. pugne agaynst hym whyle I lyve. Jamays ne repugneray contre lui tant que je viue.'-L'Esclaircissement, p. 687. Again, Calvin in his Institutes uses the word in the same sense, Mais touchant ce qu'ils semblent aduis contrepoiser en une mesme balance les bonnes oeuures et mauuaises, pour estimer la justice ou l'iniustice de l'homme, en cela ie suis contreint de leur repugner.'-P. 366, ed. 1560. See Vol. I. p. 131.

6 Man is the subject of every history; and to know him well, we must see him and consider, as history alone can present him to us, in every age, in every country, in every state, in life, and in death. History therefore of all kinds, of civilized and uncivilized, of ancient and modern nations, in short, all history that descends to a sufficient detail of human actions and characters, is useful to bring us acquainted with our species, nay with ourselves.'-Ld. Bolingbroke, Letters on Hist., vol. i. p. 170, ed. 1752.

The author has already used the adjective, see ante, p. 185. Sherwood in his Eng.-French Dict., has 'Loathly, à regret,' but not this form of the substantive. Chaucer also uses the adjective in The Wyf of Bathes Tale, Thou art so lothly, and so old also.'-Poet. Works, vol. ii. p. 239, ed. 1866. And so does Shakespeare, who also has the substantive 'lothness.' Bishop Hall, who lived in the last quarter of the 16th century, in one of his sermons, says, Surely, the more ill savour and loathliness we can find in our bosom sins, the nearer we come to the purity of that Holy One of Israel, our Blessed Redeemer.'-Works, vol. v. p. 540, ed. 1808. In the Promptorium we find 'Lothly, abhominabilis.

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Itaque pereundum est, nisi scias, quæ ad vitam sunt utilia, ut appetas, quæ periculosa, ut fugias et vites.'-Lib. iii. cap. 5.

• 'We are not only passengers or sojourners in this world, but we are absolute strangers at the first steps we make in it. Our guides are often ignorant, often unfaithful. By this map of the country which history spreads before us, we may learn, if we please, to guide ourselves. In our journey through it, we are

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CHAPTER XXVI.

The Experience or practise necessary in the persone of a gouernour of a publike weale.

THE other experience whiche is in our propre persones and is of some men called practise, is of no small moment or

beset on every side. We are besieged sometimes, even in our strongest holds. Terrors and temptations, conducted by the passions of other men, assault us; and our own passions, that correspond with these, betray us. History is a collection of the journals of those who have travelled through the same country, and been exposed to the same accidents; and their good and their ill success are equally instructive.'-Ld. Bolingbroke, Letters on Hist., vol. i. p. 171.

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Palsgrave translates the English word 'Experyence, experience, s.f. practique, s.f. experiment, s. m.' It is not improbable that Sir Thomas Elyot may have had in his mind the following definition given by Gower in the Confessio Amantis, which was published for the first time in 1493:

'Practike stont upon thre thynges,
Towarde the gouernance of kynges;
Wherof the fyrste Etike is named,
The whose science stant proclamed
To teche of vertue thilke rule,

Howe that a kynge hymselfe shall rule,
Of his morall condicion

With worthie disposicion;

Of good liuyng in his persone,

Whiche is the chiefe of his corone.

It maketh a kynge also to lerne
Howe he his bodie shall gouerne,

Howe he shall wake, how he shall slepe,

How that he shall his hele kepe

In meate, in drynke, in clothyng eke.
There is no wysedome for to seke,
As for the reule of his persone,
The whiche that this science all one

Ne techeth, as by weie of kynde,
That there is nothyng lefte behynde.
That other thynge, whiche to Practike
Belongeth, is Economike;

Whiche techeth thilke honestee,

Through whiche a kynge, in his degree,
His wife and childe shall reule and gie;

efficacie in the acquiringe of sapience, in so moche that it semeth that no operation or affaire may be perfecte, nor no science or arte may be complete, except experience be there unto added, whereby knowlege is ratified, and (as I mought saye) consolidate.

It is written that the great kynge Alexander on a tyme beinge (as it hapned) unoccupyed, came to the shoppe of Apelles, the excellent paynter, and standyng by hym whyles he paynted, the kynge raisoned with hym of lines, adumbrations, proportions, or other like thinges pertainyng to imagery, whiche the paynter a litle whyles sufferynge, at the last said to the kynge with the countenance all smylyng, Seest thou, noble prince, howe the boye that gryndeth my colours dothe

So forth with all the companie

Whiche in his housholde shall abide,
And his estate on euery side

In suche manere for to lede,

That he his housholde ne mislede.

Practike hath yet the thirde apprise,

Whiche techeth howe and in what wise

Through his purueid ordinance

A kynge shall set in gouernance

His realme, and that is Policie,

Whiche longeth unto regalie,

In tyme of werre, in time of pees ;

To worship and to good encrees

Of clerke, of knight, and of marchant,
And so forth all the remenant

Of all the common people aboute.'

Fo. cl. b. ed. 1554.

In the author's Dictionary he gives the Latin word adumbratio; and translates it 'portrayture.' And also the verb adumbro 'to make or giue shadow, to represente or expresse as peynters doo, that do shadowe ymages in playne tables, to make them shewe imboced or rounde.' Cotgrave has another form, obombration, which he translates An obumbration, obscurement, shadow or shadowing.' Bacon in his Natural History, in a passage characteristically full of words derived from the Latin, says' To make some adumbration of what we mean, the interior is rather an impulsion or contusion of the air, than an elision or section of the same.'-Works, vol. iv. p. 104, ed. 1826.

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