right greuous punisshement. And if he that thus admonestetha be a soueraigne gouernour or prince, if, I saye, he shortely here upon doth ratifie his wordes by expellyng some of them whiche I nowe rehersed from their offices, or otherwyse sharpely correctynge them, and contrarye wise aduaunce higher some good man and whom he hath proued to be diligent in the execution of iustice, undoubtedly he shall inflame the appetite and zele of good ministers, and also suscitate or

This is simply the French word admonester, from whence is derived our 'admonish.' Thus, Palsgrave says, 'I admonysshe, I warne of a thyng, J'admoneste, prim. conj. He that is admonisshed is halfe armed: qui est admonesté est a demy armé.'-L'Esclaircissement, p. 417, ed. 1852. The same form is used by Chaucer in The Tale of Melibeus: And herto accordith seint Paul the apostil in many places; he saith, Ne yeldith nought harm for harm, ne wikked speche for wikked speche; but do wel to him that doth the harm, and blesse him that seith the harm. And in many other places he amonesteth pees and accord.' Again, in The Personnes Tale, And moreover thou schalt love him in word, and in benigne amonestyng and chastising, and conforte him in his annoyes, and praye for him with al thin herte.' Poetical Works, vol. iii. pp. 164, 307, ed. 1866. Froissart, in his account of the capture of Cadsand, A.D. 1337, says: 'Et là étoit messire Guy de Flandre, frère au comte Louis de Flandre, un bon et sûr chevalier, mais bâtard étoit, qui admonestoit et prioit tous les compagnons de bien faire.'--Chron. tom. i. p. 63, ed. Pan. Litt. And Commines, describing the reception of the herald sent by Ed. IV. to Louis XI., in 1475, says that the latter dit audit héraut plusieurs autres belles raisons, pour admonester ledit roy d'Angleterre de prendre appointement avec luy.'—Memoires, p. 97, Pan. Litt. It is worthy of note that the author, in his Dictionary, translates the Latin verb admoneo 'to warne, to exhort.' And so far as the Editor has been able to ascertain, the form in the text is used only by Chaucer and Elyot.

This word which is spelt' sussitate' in another place (see ante, p. 26), is now obsolete, and is, of course, an adaptation of the Latin suscitare, which is quite classical; but in his Dictionary the author translates the latter 'to awake one out of his slepe, to call one to his warke.' Cotgrave translates the French word susciter, 'To suscitate, awake, raise, quicken, kindle, incite, stir up ;' and it is constantly used by French writers in the sense of 'to raise.' Thus La Noue says, 'En attendant qu'il plaise à Dieu de susciter des moyens legitimes d'y remedier.'— Discours Pol. et Mil. p. 77, ed. 1587. Richardson, in his Dictionary, gives no other instances of the use of the form in the text by English writers, but we meet with it in the curious work of that most pedantic writer of the seventeenth century, Sir Thomas Browne: Thus the Sunne, which with us is fruitfull in the generation of frogs, toads, and serpents, to this effect proves impotent in our neighbour Island, wherein as in all other carrying a common aspect, it concurreth but unto predisposed effects, and onely suscitates those formes, whose determinations

raise the courage of all men inclined to vertue, so that there shal neuer lacke men apte and propise to be set in auc

a

are seminall, and proceed from the Idea of themselves.'—Vulg. Err. p. 308, ed. 1646.

• This word, in the sense of suitable,' is constantly used by our author (see ex. gr. Vol. I. pp. 61, 116, and ante, p. 88); it is simply the French propice, which Cotgrave translates Propitious, gracious, favorable, gentle, tractable, well inclined unto; also apt, meet, fit, proper, convenient for.' Thus Commines, speaking of the preparations of Edward IV. for the invasion of France in 1475, says, ‘Le roy Edouard estant à Douvres, pour son passage, luy envoya ledit duc de Bourgongne bien cinq cens basteaux de Hollande et Zélande, qui sont plats, et bas de bord, et bien propices à porter chevaux, et s'appellent Sertes, et vindrent de Hollande.'—Mém. p. 96, ed. Pan. Lit. In the Hist. de Charles VI., written in the fifteenth century, we read, 'Fut ordonné une feste au soir en l'hostel de la reyne Blanche, à Sainct-Marcel près Paris, d'hommes sauvages enchaisnés, tous velus. Et estoient leurs habillemens propices au corps, velus, faits de lin, ou d'estoupes attachées à poix-raisine, et engraissés aucunement pour mieux reluire.'-P. 378, ed. Pan. Lit. Froissart, speaking of the deputation sent from Flanders in 1345, to excuse the death of James von Artaveld, says, 'ils reconnoissoient bien qu'il leur avoit été moult propice et nécessaire à tous leurs besoins, et avoit régné et gouverné le pays de Flandre bellement et sagement.'-Chron. tom. i. p. 206, ed. Pan. Lit. And the same writer in his account of the nomination of Philip von Artaveld by the lord de Harzelle in 1381, makes the latter say, 'Je en sais un qui point n'y vise, ni n'y pense, que si il s'en vouloit ensoigner, il n'y auroit pas de plus propice ni de meilleur nom' (Ibid. tom. ii. p. 145), which Lord Berners translates, I knowe one, that if he wyll medle therwith, I thynke ther shulde nat be a meter man therfore, nor of a better name.'—Chron. vol. i. p. 635, ed. 1812. And again, in recording a conversation between Peter du Bois and Francis Acreman, referring to the same events, Froissart makes the former say, 'N'avez-vous pas ouï dire comment ceux de Gand occirent et murdrirent jadis ce vaillant et sage homme Jacques d'Artevelle, qui leur avoit fait tant de bien et donné de bon conseils et été en toutes leurs nécessités si propice?'—Ibid. tom. ii. p. 499. In a letter to the King, written about Aug. 7, 1521, Wolsey says, 'And like as Your Grace thinketh the Erle of Essex to be covenable and propice for that rome, so am I of semblable opinion.'-State Papers, vol. i. p. 32. And in another letter dated August 11, 1522, the cardinal writes, In case the Frenche shippes shalbe passed northewardes, bifore their commyng thider, then the wynde being covenable and propice, if they poursued and folowed them into the North Sees, leving 3 or 4 shippes to kepe your passage betwene Dovour and Calais, it is not to be doubted (God willing) but some goodly rencounter shulde be bitwene them.'-Ibid. p. 100. And in another long letter from Amiens in 1527, informing the King of what passed in France, he expresses a hope that suche diligence shalbe used, that the perpetuall peax, keping secrete the determinacion of the said alternatyve, shalbe on Our Ladies day, the Assumpcion, published, confermed, sworne, and ratifyed here in Our Ladyes Churche

toritie. Where the merites of men beinge hidde and unknowen to the soueraigne gouernour, and the negligent ministers or inferior gouernours hauing nat only equal thanke or rewarde but perchaunce moche more than they which be diligent, or wolde be if they moughte haue assistence, there undoubtedly is grieuouse discourage and perill of conscience; for as moche as they omitte often tymes their dueties and offices, reputyng it great foly and madnes to acquire by the executyng of iustice nat only an opinion of

of Amyas, which is a convenient, propice, and mete place for so excellent and high an acte.'—Ibid. p. 250. So Hall, in his account of the Earl of Shrewsbury's expedition in 1452, says, 'The inhabitauntes of Burdeaux, hearing of the erles arriual, sent to him messengers in the darke night, thanking and congratulating him for his thither comming, and also requiryng him to accelerate and spede his iorney towarde their citie, enformyng him that now the time was propice for his purpose.'— Chron. fo. clxiv. b. ed. 1548. And, speaking of Edward IV., he says, 'He edified bulwarkes and buylded fortresses on euery side and parte of his realme, where might be any place propice and mete for an armie to arriue or take lande.'—Ibid.

fo. cxci. b.

I.e. a character, reputation for; a phrase which has been already used, see ante, pp. 163, 284. It answers really in this sense to the French opination, which Cotgrave translates, An opination, opining, opinion-delivering; also opinion, judgement, fancy, imagination, fame, reputation.' It is remarkable that Richardson takes no notice whatever of this use of the word, which, however, is clearly derived from classical usage. Thus Cicero uses the parent word in the following passages: 'Ergo etiam solitario homini, atque in agro vitam agenti, opinio justitiæ necessaria est; eoque etiam magis, quòd, si eam non habebunt, injusti habebuntur.'-De Off. lib. ii. cap. 11. Again, 'P. Rutilii adolescentiam, ad opinionem et innocentiæ et juris scientiæ, P. Mucii commendavit domus.'-Ibid. cap. 13. And Cæsar uses the expression in the following passage: 'Equites Treviri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis . . . domum contenderunt.'-De Bell. Gall. lib. ii. cap. 24. This last passage is thus rendered in the French translation of Estienne Delaigue dict Beauuoys,' published in 1531, ‘Les hommes darmes de Treues desquelz lopinion et renommee touchant leur force est singuliere entre les Gauloys.'-Des Batailles de Gaule, fo. xxi. The word is often used by Shakspeare. Thus, in the First Part of King Henry IV. :

'Stay, and breathe awhile:Thou hast redeem'd thy lost opinion.'

Again in Julius Casar, Metellus says—

'O, let us have him; for his silver hairs

Will purchase us a good opinion,

And buy men's voices to commend our deeds.'

tyrannye amonge the people, and consequently haterede, but also malignitie amonge his equalles and superiours, with a note of ambition.

This reuolued and considered by a circumspecte gouernour, lorde god, howe shortly and with litle difficultie shall he dispose the publike weale that is greued to receyue medicine, wherby it shulde be soone healed and reduced to his perfection.

CHAPTER XXVII.

Of Detraction and the ymage therof made by the paynter Apelles.

THERE is moche conuersant amonge men in authoritie a vice very ugly and monstruouse, who under the pleasaunt

And in The Two Noble Kinsmen, Emilia says—

'How their lives

Might breed the ruin of my name's opinion!'

Bacon used the word in the same way as our author when he wrote, 'The opinion of plenty is amongst the causes of want.'-Works, vol. ii. p. 98, ed. 1825.

I.e. associated with. Cotgrave translates the French converser avec, 'To converse, or be much conversant, associate or keep much company with; to haunt, frequent, resort often unto.' So in the A. V., 'There was not a word of all that Moses commanded which Joshua read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women and the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them.’— Joshua viii. 35; a phrase which represents the Latin 'qui inter eos morabantur' of the Vulgate. Again in the Latin Version: 'Nec quicquam periit omni tempore quo fuimus cum eis in agris,' (1 Sam. xxv. 15), is rendered Neither missed we anything as long as we were conversant with them when we were in the fields.' In the French Bible of 1530, however, we find the exact parallel: 'iamais riens ne fut perdu tout le temps que nous auons conuerse auec eulx au desert.' Bacon says, 'It hath been observed, that old men who have loved young company, and been conversant continually with them, have been of long life. '—Works, vol. iv. p. 505, ed. 1826. And again, But for the wisdom of business, wherein man's life is most conversant, there be no books of it, except some few scattered advertisements.'-Ibid. vol. ii. p. 259. Pliny uses the Latin word, 'conversari,' in the same way for 'to haunt;' thus he says of the eagle: 'Conversatur autem in montibus.'—Nat. Hist. lib. x. cap. 3.

habite of frendshippe and good counsaile with a breeth pestilenciall infecteth the wittes of them that nothinge mistrusteth; this monstre is called in englysshe Detraction, in latine Calumnia, whose propertie I will nowe declare. If a man, beinge determined to equitie, hauynge the eyen and eares of his mynde set onely on the trouthe and the publike

:

I.e. guise, dress. From the French habit, which is, itself, derived from the Lat. 'habitus.' Thus Cicero, in the Verrine Orations, says, 'Erant ænea prætereà duo signa virginali habitu atque vestitu... Canephoræ ipsæ vocabantur.'-Lib. iv. cap. 3. Froissart in his account of the coronation of Chas. VI. of France in 1380, says, 'Et là séoit le jeune roi, en habit royal, en une chaire élevée moult haut' (Chron. tom. ii. p. 117), which Lord Berners translates, 'And there the yonge kynge was in habyte ryall, in a chayre lypt up on high.'—Chron. vol. i. p. 606. The word is constantly used by Chaucer; thus, in The Romaunt of the Rose But natheles, I wole not blame Religious folk, ne hem diffame, in what habit that ever they go.' Again, ‘Abit ne makith neithir monk ne frere.'—Poet. Works, vol. vi. pp. 187, 189. It occurs also in the Statutes of the Realm at this period; thus, by 24 Henry VIII. cap. 13, it is 'Provyded alwais that this Acte nor any thing therin conteyned be hurtfull or prejudiciall to any spirituall or temporall personne in and for the wearing any ornamentes of the Churche used for executyng dyvyne service or for wearing their Amicis, Mantels, Habittes, or Garmentes of Religion, or other thinges which they be used or bounde unto by their romes or promocions or Religions.' The Promptorium has 'Abyte i clothynge-Habitus.' Which itself is derived from the French detraction, which Cotgrave translates, 'Detraction, slander, backbiting, depravation, discrediting, mis-report of, private disgracing or disparaging, slanderous speeches, reproachfull tearmes given of one behind his back.' The Promptorium has 'Detraccyon or bagbytynge (bakbytynge), Detraccio, obloquium.' In the work called Le Ménagier de Paris, which was written at the end of the fourteenth century, we find the following definition of this vice: 'La quarte branche d'envie si est détraction : c'est à dire, quant une personne dit mal et parle en derrière et dit ce qu'il scet de lui et ce qu'il ne scet pas, et qu'il contreuve et pense comment il pourra dire chose par quoy il pourra nuire et grever celluy de qui il parle, et quant il oit mal dire de cellui, il aide à son povoir de le accroistre et exaulcer, et de ce parle moult griefment quant il voit son point, pour ce qu'il scet qu'il ne le peut en nulle manière plus dommagier, et scet qu'il ne lui peut restituer sa bonne renommée qu'il luy oste, et ainsi lui mesmes se met à mort.'-Tom. i. p. 37, ed. 1846. The word is used by Chaucer in The Persones Tale: Salamon saith, that flaterie is worse than detraccioun; for som tyme detraccioun makith an hawteyn man be the more humble, for he dredith detraccioun, but certes flaterie makith a man to enhaunsen his hert and his countenaunce.'—Poet. Works, vol. iii., p. 316. And again in The Romaunt of the Rose: 'With tonge woundyng, as feloun, thurgh venemous detraccioun.'— Ibid. vol. vi. p. 168, ed. 1866.