l'affection que

defines it as follows: 'S'il y a quelque several times in Chaucer ; thus, in The loy vrayement naturelle, c'est à dire

Sompnoures Tale : quelque instinct qui se veoye universel

"And therfor pray I God bothe day and night, lement et perpetuellement empreint aux An irous man God send him litil might. bestes et en nous : : :

It is greet harm, and also great pite, l'engendrant porte à son engeance tient

To set an irous man in high degre.'

Poet. Works, vol. ii. p. 269. le second lieu en ce reng.'—Essais, tom. ii. p. 172, ed. 1854.

Again, in The Tale of Melibeus : 'And Instructrice, instructress, a female secoundly, he that is irous and wroth, he teacher.-11. 203. This form of the may not wel deme; and he that may not word would seem to be άπαξ λεγόμενον, wel deme, may nought wel counseile. at least no other instances are to be The thridde is this, that he that is irous found in the Dictionaries.

and wroth, as saith Senec, may not Intelligence, understanding, in the

speke but blameful thinges, and with sense of agreement, or correspondence.

his vicious wordes he stireth other folk -11. 259, 373. Sir Thomas Elyot to anger and to ire.'- Ibid. vol. üi. tell us that this is now used for an p. 152. Again, in The Persones Tale : elegant word' in treaties, &c. And

Speke we now of such cursyng as probably this usage of it was introduced

cometh of irous hert.'— Ibid. p. 317. from France. In this sense Montaigne

Irrecuperable, irreparable.—I. 301. employs it: 'Quand Lelius, en presence

This is simply the French irrecuperable, des consuls romains, lesquels, aprez la

which Cotgrave renders "unrecovercondemnation de Tiberius Gracchus, able, unrepairable, wholly lost, fully pourşuyvoient touts ceulx qui avoient gone.' Grafton, in his history of the esté de son intelligence, veint à s'enquerir

reign of Henry VII., says : • The king de Caius Blossius,' &c.--Essais, tom. i. of Englande, grauely consideryng that p. 268. See also the passage quoted

Britayne was clerely lost, and in maner ante, p. 485. Bacon manifestly uses irrecuperable, beyng nowe adioyned to the word in the same sense when he the crowne of Fraunce by mariage says: 'Factious followers are worse to appointed for commissioners the be liked, which follow not upon affection

Bishop of Excester, and Gyles Lorde to him with whom they range them

Dawbeney, to passe the seas to Calice, selves, but upon discontentment con- to commen with the Lorde Cordes of ceived against some other; whereupon articles of peace to be agreed upon and commonly ensueth that ill intelligence

concluded.' — Chron. p. 894, ed. 1569. that we many times see between great

It is used by Foxe in his story of John personages.'-- Essays, p. 437, ed. 1857.

Philpot : “It is but folly, my lord, for Again, speaking of the Cornish insur- you to reason with him, for he is irre. rection in his Hist. of Hen. VII., he cuperable.'-Actes and Mon. vol. ii, p. says : • Thence they (i.e. the rebels)

1826, ed. 1583. And also by Strype, marched to Wells, where the Lord who prints a letter from Archbishop Audley (with whom their leaders had

Parker to the secretary, ‘Requesting before some secret intelligence), a

him to be an instant means, to have nobleman of an ancient family, but special respects of the country there, to unquiet, and popular and aspiring to the Queens Majesty and her Council: ruin, came in to them, and was by them assuring his Honour that he feared the with great gladness and cries of joy

danger, if it were not speedily looked to, accepted as their general.'— Works,

would be irricuperable.' Life of vol. vi. p. 177. ed. 1858.

Parker, vol. i. p. 291, ed. 1821. Irous, angry, wrathful.-I. 50. This is formed from the French word ireux,

K. which is no longer in use. Palsgrave gives, “Irouse angerfull ; m. ireux, f. Kann, Can, to ki:w, to understand. ircuse s.'-L'Escl. p. 316.

It occurs - I. 61, 72, 75; II. 11, 181. This is

6

a

ed. 1842.

the Anglo-Saxon verb 'connan' or 'cun- dustrie he could not compasse : neither nan,' which Somner explains by the was his capacitie so good, but his meequivalent expressions 'Callere, scire, morie was as great in reteining whatnoscere, to know, to perceive, to ken.' soeuer he had atteined. Which well In the Promptorium we find •Conyn or appeared in cannyng the text of the hauyn conynge, Scio,' whence ‘Conynge whole New Testanient of Erasmus or wytty, Sciens,' and 'Cunnynge or translation without booke, in his iour. science, Sciencia.'—P. 90. We find ney going and comming from Rome.'precisely the same form of the word Actes and Mon. vol. ii. p. 1178, ed. 1583. used by Langland in The Vision of And he quotes the following article out Piers Ploughman :

of the Summe of the Scripture : “We

thinke when we beleue that God is God I kan no Frensshe, in feith, But of the fertheste ende of Northfolk.'

and can our creed, that we haue the

fayth that a christian man is bound to And again :

haue, but so doth the deuill beleue.''I kan noght parfitly my pater-noster,

Ibid. p. 1254,

Spenser uses both As the preest it syngeth ;

forms in The Shepheards Calendar:
But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood,
And Randolf, erl of Chestre.'

Seemeth thy flocke thy counsel can,
Vol. i. pp. 91, 101,

So lustlesse bene they, so weake, so wan.' So Chaucer in The Man of Lawes

And again, Prologe :

*Of muses, Hobbinoll, I conne no skill, But natheles certeyn

For they bene daughters of the highest Jove,

And holden scorne of homely shephcards I can right now non other tale seyn, That Chaucer, they he can but lewedly

quill. On metres and on rymyng certeynly,

Poet. Works, vol. i. pp. 20, 47, ed. 1866. Hath seyd hem in such Englisch as he can Of olde tyme, as kuoweth many man.'

And so

does Shakespeare in The Poet. Works, vol. ii. p. 171.

Phænir and Turtle : Sir Thomas More, in his Supplicacion of

* Let the priest in surplice white,

That defunctive music can, Soules, says : “This beggers proctour

Be the death-divining swan, woulde faine shew himself a man of Lest the requiem lack his right.' great experience, and one that had great

Works, vol. viii. p. 468, Dyce's ed. knowledge of the maner and order used

As to the last of the above references in the kinges parlimentes ; but than he

to the text, the phrase is best explained speaketh so sauorlie hereof, that it well

by the following illustrations given by appereth of hys wyse wordes he neyther

Palsgrave : 'I can, I knowe, I wotte. Že canneth anye skill i herof, nor neuer came in the house.'— Workes, vol. i. p. 301,

scay, tu scais, &c. I can no skill. Je ne

mo congnoys or je ne mentens. I can nat ed. 1557. The Earl of Surrey in his

skyll of physike : je ne me congnoys Poems uses it in the same way as

poynt en medicine. I can nat skyll of Elyot:

joynars craft : je ne mentens poynt en 'I know, and can by rote the tale that I would menuyserie.'-L'Esclair. pp. 474, 475.

And ‘I kenne, I knowe, jecongnoys. I But oft the words come forth awry of him that loveth well.'

kenne hym well ynoughe by the laste Works, vol. i. p. 25, ed. 1815.

tyme : je le congnoys bien assés par

laultrefoys.'-Ibid. p. 596. Sir John Maundevile says : “Thei conen Kerue, Keruer, Keruynge, to carve no langage but only hire owne, that no as a sculptor, a sculptor, sculpture.-1. man knowethe but thei: and therefore

43, 48, 139, 140, 183. This is the mowe thei not gon out.'- Voiage & C., English form of the Anglo-Saxon word p. 322, ed. 1727. Foxe, in his Life 'ceorfan.' In the Promptorium we of Cromwell,' tells us that ‘Nothyng find : Kervyn or gravyn, Sculpo,' and was so hard which with witte and in- Kervynge or gravynge, Sculptura.'

tell :

P. 273. Palsgrave has “I kerve as a oure synnes and clense us fro al wickidkerver dothe an ymage. Je taille, prim. nesse.' - The New Test. p. 232, ed. conj., and je menuise, prim. conj. This Baber, 1810. And Sir John Maundechayer is well kerved : ceste chaire cest vile says, 'And for suche auctoritees, bien taillée, or bien menuysée.'-L'Es- thei seyn that only to God schalle a clair. p. 598.

form of the word man knouleche his defautes, zeldynge is constantly used by Chaucer, as in him self gylty, and cryenge him mercy, The Knightes Tale:

and behotynge to him to amende him In all the lond ther nas no craftys man,

self.' --- Voiage &c. p. 145, ed. 1727. That geometry or arsmetrike can,

Chaucer, in The Tale of Melibeus, says, Ne portreyour, ne kerver of ymages,

• For we considere and knowleche wel That Theseus ne yaf hem mete and wages that we have offended and greved my The theatre for to maken and devyse.

lord Melibe out of resoun and out of But yit had I forgeten to devyse

mesure.'-Poet. Works, vol. iii. p. 190. The nobil kervyng, and the purtretures, Bishop Fisher, referring to the parable The schap, the contynaunce of the figures, That weren in these oratories thre.'

of the Prodigal Son, says, 'He made Poet. Works, vol. ii. p. 59.

couenaunt with hym seife shortly to de

parte from thens, to go agayne to his Again in The House of Fame :

fader, knowlegynge his faut and mys. ‘Hyt nedeth noght yow more to tellen,

lyuynge, askynge forgyuenes, and more To make yow to longe duellen,

ouer pray his fader to take hym onely Of these yates floriss hinges,

as his seruaunt.' - Seuen Penyteneyall Ne of compasses, ne of kervynges, Ne how they hat in masoneries,

Psalmes, (Dom. exaud. post.) ed. 1509. As corbetz ful of imageries.'

Sir Thos. More, speaking of Dr. Barnes's Ibid, vol. v. p. 249.

book, says, “When the bokes, that he Tyndall, in his exposition upon 1 John brought furth before him, and his igno

cyteth and alledgeth in his boke wer iv. says : Blind reason sayth God is a kerued post and will be serued with a

raunceshewed him, himselfe did in diuers

thinges confesse hys ouersighte, and candle. But Scripture sayth God is loue and wil be serued with loue.'

clerely knowledged that he hadde mysseWorkes, p. 417, ed. 1573.

taken and wronge understanden the places.'

'-Workes, vol. i. p. 343, ed. 1557. Knotte, a flower bed.-II. 443 and

We find the word in use in the same sense note, 445. Knowlege, verb, to acknowledge. - II.

nearly a century after Elyot wrote, for

Bacon, in his Advertisement touching 140, 362. In the Promptorium we find • Knowlechyn or ben a-knowe, be con

an Holy War, says, “The prophet

Hosea, in the person of God, saith of the streynynge, Fateor. Knowlechyn or ben a-knowe wylfully, Confiteor,' and

Jews : “They have reigned, but not by • Knowlechynge or beynge a-knowe,

me; they have set a signory over them. Fassio, confessio.'-P. 280. Palsgrave

selves, but I knew nothing of it." gives, I knowledge hym my faulte, or I

Which place proveth plainly, that there knowledge my faute to hym. Je lui re

are governments which God doth not

For though they be ordained congnoys ma faulte and je confesse, prim. conj. If thou knowledge this

by his secret providence, yet they are faulte to him, I knowe well he wyll

not knowledged by his revealed will.— forgyve the : se tu luy en recongnoys ta

Works, vol. vii. p. 31, ed. 1859. faulte, or se tu luy confesses ta faulte, je scay bien quil te pardonnera or quil te la

L. pardonnera.'-L'Esclair. p. 600. The verb used in this sense is very common Laude, subst. praise. - I. 58. From. with the early writers. Thus Wiclif in the Latin word "laus,' whence also was his translation of 1 John chap. i., has derived the French los. Cotgrave trans. *If we knowlechen oure synnes, he is lates the latter, 'Laud, praise, comseithful and iust that he forgyve to us mendation.' It is used by Gower:

avow.