History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volume 5

Sir Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1860 - Europe

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Selected pages

Count St Julien arrives at Paris and signs preliminaries which are dis	4

Universal discontent at the French government	7

Arguments of the Opposition for an immediate peace Speech of Mr Fox 248	9

And of Austria Noble efforts of her people	10

Resumption of hostilities by the Imperialists around Genoa Progress of the siege of Mantua	11

Description of that fortress Page	12

Commencement of the siege by Kray and surrender of the place	13

Operations in the Grisons	14

Brune at length relieves them and the passage is completed	454

Great losses of the Imperialists	455

Bellegarde retires to Caldiero ib 65 Advance of the Republicans up the valley of the Adige	456

Alarming situation of Laudon on the Upper Adige ib 67 Macdonald makes his way into the Italian Tyrol	457

And at length reaches the Upper Adige	458

He escapes by a lateral path to Bassano	459

Bellegarde retreats to Treviso Armistice there	460

An insurrection breaks out in Piedmont	461

Position of the Republicans in front of Genoa 100 101 102	15

Magnanimous conduct of Moreau on Jouberts assuming the command	16

Advance of the French to raise the siege of Tortona Positions of the Allies and French	17

Joubert resolves to retreat on learning the fall of Mantua	18

He is attacked before doing so by Suwarroff Death of Joubert	19

Importance of this success	20

Combined attack of all their forces 106	21

The advance of Melas decides the victory 107	22

The French retreat 108	23

Great loss on both sides 109	24

Moreau continues to maintain himself on the Apennines and the vic torious army is broken up	25

Its dissolution and assassination of the French plenipotentiaries	26

Page 32 Mixed success on the Adige	27

Which leads to no decisive result	28

Serrurier defeated above Verona	29

Countermarches of both parties ib 36 Decisive battle at Magnano	30

Brilliant attack of Kray with the reserve gives the Austrians the victory	31

Its decisive results Disorderly retreat of the French	32

Corfu surrenders to the RussoTurkish fleet	33

Operations in Germany ib 41 Massena falls back on the Alps and takes a defensive position in the Grisons	34

Description of the theatre of war ib 43 General attack upon Massenas line in the Grisons	35

Insurrection of the Swiss in his rear being unsupported it is crushed	36

Massena draws back his right wing in the Italian Alps	37

General attack by the Austrians on the French in the Grisons Luciensteg is carried	38

General retreat of the French behind the lake of Zurich	39

Part of the Austrian left wing is detached into Lombardy	40

The right wing of the French is driven from the St Gothard	41

Massenas position at Zurich He is there unsuccessfully attacked by the Archduke	42

The latter prepares a second attack Massena prevents it by a retreat Dissolution of the Swiss forces in the French service	43

Reflections on the magnitude of the preceding operations in the Alps	44

Arrival of the Russians under Suwarroff on the Mincio	45

Character of these troops and their commander	46

Early history of Suwarroff	47

His campaigns against the Poles and Turks ib 57 His glorious successes at Fokschany and Rimniski	48

His conquest of Poland	49

His character as a general	50

His vast influence with his soldiers	51

His ideas of the principles on which the war should be carried on	52

Plan of the Allies and condition of the French army	53

Moreau retreats behind the Adda ib 64 The passage of the Adda is forced with immense loss to the French	54

Suwarroff enters Milan in triumph	55

Moreau retires to Alessandria and Turin	56

7 Whither he is tardily followed by Suwarroff	57

Check of the Russians under Rosenberg in endeavouring to cross the Po ib 69 Moreau at length retreats to the crest of the Apennines and Turin	59

Suwarroff surprises Turin and the castle of Milan is taken ib 71 Moreau retreats towards Genoa	60

Suwarroff spreads over the whole of Piedmont and Lombardy	61

Reflections on these rapid successes of the Allies	62

Errors of the Austrians who coerced Suwarroff	63

Affairs of the Parthenopeian republic and general revolt at Naples	64

Macdonald commences his retreat and retires in safety to Tuscany	65

He enters into communication with Moreau and concerts measures with him	66

His critical situation notwithstanding	68

The Imperialists draw round Coni	74

Advance into Lombardy and capture of Milan	76

Disastrous retreat of Elnitz from the Var	82

Preparations of both parties for battle on the third day	87

Battle of Marengo	88

Moreau retreats on Suwarroff turning against him and Macdonald regains	93

Base conduct of Napoleon to Kellermann	96

2222	100

323	105

25	109

129	110

Operations against the Prince of Reuss in the Tyrol Feldkirch is carried	116

Advantages of peace to France	125

Actions around Coni	153

8888888	159

Causes of the rupture of the Alliance	166

Last illness and death of Suwarroff	171

His last request and funeral	172

Deplorable insignificance of the part which England took in the Con tinental struggle	173

Great results which might have followed a more vigorous warfare at land by England	174

Cause of the rapid fall of the French power in 1799	175

CHAPTER XXIX	176

Extreme difficulties of government since that event	177

Universal dissatisfaction after the new elections ib 4 Restoration of the liberty of the press	179

Formation of a league against the government ib 6 Measures of the Opposition	180

Preparations for a revolution	181

Revolution of the 30th Prairial	182

New ministerial appointments	183

Efforts of the Jacobins to revive the revolutionary spirit which totally fail	184

Forced loan and conscription of 200000 men decreed by the Councils	185

Anarchy of the provinces Cruel law of the hostages	186

Insurrection in Brittany and La Vendée ib 15 Great severity in the collection of the forced loan and success of the mili	187

Increased violence of the Jacobins	188

Fouché is appointed Minister of Police His character and conservative designs	189

He closes the Jacobin Club	190

Violence of the daily press and attack on them by the Directory	191

Their continued vigorous measures against the Jacobins	192

21	193

Arrival of Napoleon at Fréjus and universal enthusiasm which it excited	194

His journey and arrival at Paris	195

His reception there by the Directory and state of their government	196

Previous intrigues of the Directory with Louis XVIII	197

Junction of the malcontents of all parties to support Napoleon ib 27 Profound dissimulation of his conduct	199

His efforts to gain Gohier and Moulins who refuse	200

After much hesitation he at length resolves to join Sièyes	201

Measures resolved on	202

He tries in vain to gain Bernadotte	203

Progress of the conspiracy ib 33 Great banquet in the Hall of the Ancients	204

88	215

Immense impulse given by the changes of the Revolution to the spread	240

CHAPTER XXVIII	242

2222	258

St Cyrs views on	262

of prices	268

Discontented state of the French affiliated Republics	274

His energetic military measures and revival of the military spirit in France	280

Dangerous position of the Republic at this juncture	282

Commencement of the etiquette and splendour of a court	286

stantine in the Byzantine empire	289

Identity of the French and Byzantine police	290

Commencement of his great designs for the architectural embellishment of Paris	292

Suppression of the fête on 21st January elevation of Tronchet and his ideas on religion	293

Correspondence between Napoleon and Louis XVIII	294

General improvement in the prospects of France	296

CHAPTER XXXI	297

Forces of the Imperialists	298

Plan of the Austrians	299

And of the First Consul ib 5 Jealousy of the army of the Rhine of Napoleon	300

Positions of Krays forces in Germany	301

Positions of Moreaus troops	302

First movements of the French general	303

Irresolution of the Austrian generals in consequence	304

Moreau advances against their centre	305

Battle of Engen ib 13 Victory of the French	307

Its great results and retreat of Kray ib 15 Battle of Moeskirch	308

It at length terminates in the defeat of the Imperialists	309

Enormous consumption of human life since the opening of the campaign 91	310

Perilous situation of St Cyr on the following day ib 19 Affair of Biberach and retreat of the Austrians to Ulm	311

Great advantages of that position	312

Kray keeps the field with part of his force	313

Great strength of the intrenched camp	314

Increasing perplexity of Moreau He in vain moves round to Augsburg	315

He next proposes to advance on the left bank of the Danube Imminent risk of the French left	316

Objects of the contending generals	317

The passage of the Danube is effected by the French	318

Severe action at Höchstedt	319

Kray is at length compelled to abandon Ulm and reaches Nördlingen ib 30 Moreau occupies Munich	320

Armistice of Parsdorf in Germany	325

Desperate and successful sortie of Massena	331

Which leads to another in which they are defeated and Soult made	339

Formation of the army of reserve by Napoleon	347

Passage of the mountain	353

Page	361

Great levy of troops by the Directory	380

armistice of Alessandria	384

What is the real fortification required in such a case	392

CHAPTER XXXII	399

Napoleons letter proposing peace to the British government	402

Leads to an agreement for a disastrous separation of the Russian	408

Its prodigious consequences and merit of Moreau in gaining	426

But the Imperialists are nevertheless obliged to retire and Moreau pushes	432

Macdonalds army there	437

Description of the road over the Splugen	438

Napoleons design for the passage of that mountain	439

Preparations of Macdonald for crossing the Splugen ib 48 Description of the passage of the Via Mala	440

And of the Splugen mountain	441

Precautions necessary in crossing during winter	442

Extreme difficulties experienced by the French troops in the passage	443

passage of the vanguard ib 53 Increased difficulties and heroism of Macdonald	444

He arrives at Chiavenna on the lake of Como	446

He is placed under the orders of Brune and passes the Col Apriga	447

Attack on the Mont Tonal in which the French are repulsed	448

Positions and forces of the French and Austrians in Italy	449

French forces in Italy	450

First operations of Brune	451

Passage of the Mincio ib 61 Desperate conflict of the troops who had crossed over	453

The Neapolitans invade the Roman states and are totally defeated	462

The contest was plainly hopeless	463

The Queen of Naples flies to St Petersburg to implore the aid of Paul	464

Napoleon willingly yields to his intercession ib 77 Peace between France and Naples concluded at Foligno Feb 9 Its con ditions	465

The French take possession of the whole Neapolitan territories	466

Secret articles of this treaty	467

Siege of Elba ib 81 Its gallant defence by the English garrison	468

Treaty of Lunéville	469

The Emperor signs for the Empire as well as Austria	470

His apology to the electors of Germany ib 85 Extravagant joy at this peace in Paris	471

Reflections on this campaign	472

The real object of the war was already gained by the Allies	473

Evidence of Napoleons implacable hostility to England	474

Increasing and systematic pillage by the Republican armies	475

Symptoms of patriotic and general resistance springing up	476

CHAPTER XXXIII	478

Early usages of war on both elements Gradual change at land	479

Original usages still kept up at sea	480

Common maritime law of Europe as to neutral vessels	481

Principles of that law ib 6 Sir William Scotts exposition of the maritime law	483

This law universally acknowledged in Europe prior to 1780	484

But these rights were sometimes abated by special treaty	486

Origin of resistance to these rights The Armed Neutrality	487

Its principles are subsequently abandoned by the northern powers in their own case	488

Various examples of this abandonment ib 12 But the neutrals suffered severely in the close of the war	490

Excessive violence of the Directory against the United States	491

Napoleon terminates these differences ib 15 Maritime treaty with America	492

Revival of the principles of the Armed Neutrality	493

Lord Whitworth is sent to Copenhagen and enters into an accommodation	494

Growing irritation of the Emperor Paul at the Allies Politic conduct of Napoleon	495

Differences about Malta	496

He is joined by Sweden Denmark and Prussia	497

His warm advances to Napoleon	498

General maritime confederacy signed on Dec 16 1800	500

Its threatening consequences to England ib 25 Measures of retaliation on the part of the British government	501

Diplomatic debates with the neutral powers Argument of England	502

Answer of Prussia and the neutral powers	503

Hanover is invaded by Prussia	505

Meeting of parliament Perilous situation of England ib 30 Arguments on the subject in Parliament by Mr Grey and the Opposition	506

Alleged injustice of the pretensions of England	507

And their inexpediency ib 33 Arguments in reply by Mr Pitt	508

Rights of England conceded by existing treaties	509

Inexpedience of succumbing before the coalition	510

Mr Pitt resigns in consequence of the Catholic claims	511

But this was only the ostensible ground of his resignation	512

Vigorous measures of his successors to prosecute the war	515

Prosperous state of Great Britain at this period	517

Advancement of its agriculture c	518

Naval forces of the confederacy	519

The British fleet sails from the Downs	520

Description of the Sound	521

Gay scene which the Sound usually presents	522

Splendid appearance of the British fleet as it approached the Straits	523

Undaunted spirit of the Danes ib 48 Passage of the Sound by the English fleet	524

Preparations of the Danes	525

Nelsons plan of attack	526

Preparations on both sides for the battle	528

Great difficulty experienced by the pilots ib 53 Battle of Copenhagen Great danger of the British fleet	530

Coolness and determination of Nelson who disobeys orders and continues the action	531

Heroic deeds on both sides	532

Nelsons proposal for an armistice	534

Which the Danes agree to	535

Melancholy appearance of the Danes after the battle	536

Impressive scene at Copenhagen on Good Friday	537

Loss on either side and armistice agreed on for fourteen weeks	538

Hanover overrun by Prussia	539

Designs of Paul and Napoleon against British India ib 63 Death of Paul Cause of that event	540

General irritation against the Czar	542

Symptoms of insanity in his conduct	543

Conspiracy among the nobles for his dethronement	544

its particulars	545

His mixture of good and bad qualities	547

His character	548

His early pacific and popular measures	550

Nelson sails for Cronstadt His conciliatory measures there	551

Peace with Russia and abandonment of the principles of the armed neu trality	552

Napoleons indignation at it	553

Dissolution of the naval confederacy	554

Reflections on these events	555

Glorious conduct of the British government at this crisis	556

CHAPTER XXXIV	557

Mourad Bey issues from the desert and is defeated	560

Advance of the Turkish force Defeat of a detachment at the mouth of the Nile	561

Convention of ElArish ib 6 The British government had previously prohibited such a convention and hostilities are in consequence renewed	562

Position of the two armies	563

Terrible charge of the Turks and its defeat	566

Desperate situation of the garrison at Cairo	567

Storm and massacre at Boulak and defeat of the Turks in every quarter ib 13 Improved condition of the French army	568

Assassination of Kleber	569

Designs of Kleber when he fell	570

Menou takes the command	571

Preparations for the English expedition and magnificent conception of the attack	572

Formation of the English expedition Forces of the French	573

The whole contest falls on Abercrombys corps	574

Sir Ralph resolves to make the attack alone	575

Arrival of the expedition on the coast of Egypt and landing of the troops	576

Severe action on the sandhills	577

Effects of this first success	578

Cautious measures of the English general ib 25 Bloody encounter with the French vanguard	579

Ultimate success but great loss of the British	580

Description of the ground now taken up by the British army	581

Interesting recollections connected with the spot ib 30 Battle of Alexandria Repulse of the French on the right	583

Rampon restores the combat on the right Desperate conflict between the Highlanders and Invincibles	584

Defeat of the French ib 33 Wound and death of Sir Ralph Abercromby	585

Immense moral consequences of this victory	586

Its first effects are not very decisive Surrender of Damietta	587

indecisive measures of Menou	588

General Hutchinson advances toward Cairo and takes Ramanieh	589

General Belliard is defeated near Cairo	590

Cairo is invested and its garrison capitulates	591

Advance of Sir David Bairds division from the Red Sea	592

Their march from Cosseir to Thebes across the desert ib 42 General Hutchinson moves against Menou at Alexandria	594

Progress of the siege and surrender of Menou	595

Results of this campaign	596

Sir David Baird with half the army is left in Egypt	597

Attempted treachery of the Turks	598

Change in the government of Egypt which falls to the Turks	599

Extravagant rejoicings in Constantinople and London at these events	600

Great naval exertions of Napoleon to preserve Egypt	601

Third unsuccessful attempt of Napoleon for the relief of Egypt	602

Naval action in the bay of Algesiraz	603

In which the British are worsted	604

Great rejoicings in France at this event	605

The British squadron sets sail from Gibraltar	606

Second battle of Algesiraz and terrible catastrophe in the Spanish fleet ib 56 Defeat of the French	608

Attack of Napoleon on Portugal Treaty with Spain for this purpose	609

Napoleons real object in this attack	610

The Portuguese apply to England for aid which is refused	611

The Portuguese make no resistance and peace is concluded	612

Which the First Consul refuses to ratify and a French army invades Portugal	613

Peace concluded by enormous pecuniary spoliation and Napoleon offers Hanover to Prussia which is declined	614

Preparations for the invasion of England	615

Apprehensions of the British government	616

Attack on the flotilla at Boulogne by Nelson	617

Which is defeated	618

First proposal for the introduction of steam into naval operations	619

Its probable effect on future naval wars ib 69 Negotiations for peace between France and England	620

First proposals of England which are refused	621

Napoleons views in the negotiation ib 72 Preliminaries signed at London	622

AUGUST 1799OCTOBER 1801	623

But the peace is severely stigmatised in England by many Arguments used against it in the country	624

Arguments urged in support of it by the administration	625

Peace between France and Turkey	627

And with Bavaria America and the lesser powers ib 78 Important treaty between France and Russia	628

Debates in parliament on the peace Arguments against it as degrading to England	629

It gives no security against French aggression	630

The alleged inveteracy of Napoleon against Great Britain	631

Alleged impossibility of peace being maintained	632

Successes gained during the war urged as arguments against the peace	633

Answer made by the government and Mr Pitt Gains of the kingdom by the peace	634

The original objects of the war had become unattainable	635

Necessity thence accruing for a change of object	636

The true amount of the gains of France by the war stated and those of Great Britain by the peace	637

Desirableness of peace on any terms consistent with honour	638

Fidelity and generosity of Great Britain toward her allies	639

Definitive treaty signed at Amiens	640

Reflections on the peace which appears to have been expedient	641

Advantages of the peace	642

Progress of the military and naval forces on both sides	644

Comparative increase in revenue of France and England ib 96 Public debts of the two countries	645

Exports and imports of both	646

Reflections on the immense efforts made by England during the war	647

Compared with the niggardly exertions at its commencement	648

Disastrous effects of this parsimonious spirit in the outset	649

Great part of this prosperity was owing to the paper currency	650

Vast increase of the paper currency during the war	651

Glorious state and character of England at the conclusion of the contest	653

APPENDIX	655

Other editions - View all

History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution ..., Volume 5
Sir Archibald Alison
Full view - 1860

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Archibald Alison
No preview available - 2018

History of Europe From the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789, to ...
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Common terms and phrases

Adige Airolo Alessandria Allies Alps Apennines Arch arms army arrived artillery assailed attack Aulic Council Austrians Bagrathion battalions battle battle of Novi Bellegarde blockade campaign capitulation cavalry centre Championnet CHAP columns combat command commenced conquest corps Council danger decisive defeat despatched detached Directory disasters division enemy flank forces fortresses France French frontier garrison Genoa Glarus Grisons Hotze hundred Imperial Imperialists intrenchments Italy Jacobins Korsakoff Kray lake lake of Zurich Lecourbe left wing Limmat Lombardy loss Macdonald Mantua Massena Melas ment military Montrichard Moreau mountains Naples Napoleon Novi occupied orders pieces of cannon plain position posts prisoners rear reinforcements Republic Republicans retired retreat Revolution Rhine right wing Russian side siege Sièyes soldiers soon speedily St Cyr St Gothard success summit Suwarroff Switzerland tion Tortona Trebbia troops Turin utmost Valais valley victory vigour whole XXIX XXVIII XXXI Zurich

Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volume 5 History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Sir Archibald Alison
Author	Sir Archibald Alison
Edition	10
Publisher	W. Blackwood, 1860
Original from	the University of Wisconsin - Madison
Digitized	8 Oct 2008

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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