The members of the Senate, Dr. Paul and Dr. Schultz, were prevented by absence from affixing their signatures. The above copy agrees with the original. [Seal of the Court.] (Signed) SCHMIDT. RISCH, Clerk of the Second Criminal Senate of the Imperial High Court. BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES* War and Treaty Legislation. By J. W. Scobell Armstrong. London: Hutchinson & Company, 1921. pp. xix, 489. 28s. net. The legislation of Germany, Austria and Great Britain directed at the private enterprises of enemy nationals is conveniently compiled (in English) in this volume. The volume is divided into four parts, three covering the legislation of each of the three countries mentioned and a fourth covering treaties and treaty legislation. Each part is introduced by a brief explanatory survey of the legislation following, which enables the reader to obtain a general view of the history and nature of the laws treated. These introductions are the bright spots in the volume so far as the lay reader is concerned, for the remainder of the work is a careful reprint of the laws, decrees, orders, licenses, etc., of the three countries affecting enemy property during and after the war. Here in convenient form is an opportunity for comparative study of this kind of legislation which went much further in the late war than in any war of recent times. A comparison with the attitude of belligerents in previous wars, the growth of nationality in the definition of enemy property and enemy enterprises and activities, the effect upon foreign investments of the precedent of controlling, seizing and disposing of enemy property and businesses, and even the proverbial consequence of a bad example, may all be studied in the laws printed in this little volume. Great Britain initiated the legislation aimed to "cut the roots of enemy commercial enterprises" not only at home but in neutral countries. She was followed in this course by Germany on the principle of retaliation, and subsequently though less vigorously and more reluctantly by Austria and Hungary, and lastly by the United States in a gingerly fashion. The part on treaties and treaty legislation brings together the British Acts relating to the termination of war prior to the treaties of peace, and also data on the legislation and orders of Great Britain, Germany and Austria under the treaties of peace. The clearing office legislation and procedure is particularly interesting and instructive, as, so far as the writer knows, this is the first instance of the establishment of international machinery for the settlement of prewar debts between nationals of former belligerent countries. The appendices are copious and interesting. They contain tables of general licenses, dates of commencement of war, prewar rates of exchange as defined in the treaties of peace, the German Nationality Law of 1913, *The JOURNAL assumes no responsibility for the views expressed in signed or unsigned book reviews or notes. post-Armistice licenses for the resumption of trade, orders relating to industrial property, arrangements for the settlement of prewar debts, rules of procedure of the Anglo-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, the German reparations law, etc. It is not derogatory to the work to say it is largely a compilation, for without the studious, painstaking research among documents, to which this volume is a testimonial, we in America would not have easy access to this body of valuable material and we should be grateful for this convenience. L. H. WOOLSEY. Traité de droit international public. By Paul Fauchille. Tome II, Guerre et Neutralité. Paris: Librairie Arthur Rousseau, 1921. pp. xi, 1095. 35 francs. In 1894 appeared the first edition of M. Henry Bonfils' Manuel de droit international public. Because of the author's death, the subsequent editions were edited by M. Paul Fauchille. The second edition appeared in 1898, and showed the condition of international law just before the first of the Hague conferences. The preface to the seventh edition bore date June 30, 1914; and thus it happened that the seventh edition of the Manuel must have value forever as a picture of international law just before the outbreak of the World War-a pathetic picture of a hopeful science that was soon to be strained and twisted and insulted. And now comes, in place of the Manuel, M. Fauchille's Traité, in two volumes, carefully explaining on the title page that it is in a sense an eighth edition of the Manuel, rewritten and brought to date. The first volume, dealing with peace, has not yet arrived; but the second volume, dealing with war and neutrality, shows at a glance the propriety of replacing the modest designation of Manuel with the more appropriate designation of Traité and of assigning to the present work the name of M. Fauchille; for omissions and additions and rearrangements are countless, the space now given to war and neutrality is three times the space given to those subjects in the first edition by M. Bonfils, and the treatment includes discussions not expected in a handbook. Yet much more important than the changes in title and in method is the fact that this earliest edition of M. Fauchille's Traité will have permanent value as a faithful picture of international law as it has been left by the World War. The Traité is not warped by national prejudices. M. Fauchille points out, as occasion arises, departures from earlier doctrine by the several belligerents, and his spirit is moderate and judicial. The text abounds in events of the World War, and in comments showing that it is now difficult to affirm what former doctrines of international law are to be recognized as having been altered through new inventions or new practices. In his last ten pages, M. Fauchille gives the generalization that in the World War the practices of the belligerents included a reversion to the barbarous conception of war as a contest not between states but between individuals, an enlargement of the doctrines of contraband and of blockade, and a disregard of the rights of neutrals. He does not affirm that international law has been changed, but he does infer that in the respects named, and also in the use of barbarous scientific inventions, future wars will disregard former doctrines unless the rules are made clear and unless there is further international organization and unless there is an actual and active wish on the part of individuals to do international justice-a wish based largely upon a perception of the relation which the welfare of each country sustains toward the welfare of all other countries. What has happened to international law since 1894 may be easily discovered by comparing M. Bonfils' Manuel with M. Fauchille's Traité. On angary the first edition of the Manuel had hardly more than a dozen lines. The seventh edition was word for word the same, with the addition of one citation. There was no intimation of the importance to be achieved by the topic in some future war. The Traité gives five pages, covering both the old and the new applications of angary; and then it goes into the novel question whether angary is applicable in the air. Likewise, aerial warfare, necessarily lacking in the first edition of the Manuel, and covering only eleven pages in the seventh edition, covers thirty-five pages in the Traité. Similar specifications might be given regarding submarine warfare, contraband, blockade, prize, the Hague conferences, the Declaration of London, and countless other topics. Such comparisons, whether meant to show the relation between the contributions of M. Bonfils and of M. Fauchille or to discover the changes in international doctrine and practice, are facilitated by M. Fauchille's plan of retaining, so far as practicable, the numbers assigned to the paragraphs in the first edition of the Manuel. The Traité resembles the Manuel in giving ample bibliographies, and also in presenting briefly the views of very many authors. Indeed, besides being a systematic presentation of international law, it is a work of reference throwing open to the investigator vast stores of learning. EUGENE WAMBAUGH. Leading American Treaties. By Charles E. Hill, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922. pp. 399. This volume of fifteen chapters, partly based on a course of lectures given by President Angell at the University of Michigan, presents the "historical setting and chief provisions of fifteen leading American treaties": Treaties of 1778 (France), 1783 (England), 1794 (England), 1800 (France), 1803 (France), 1814 (England), 1818 (England), 1819 (Spain), 1842 (England), 1848 (Mexico), 1854 and 1858 (Japan), 1867 (Russia), 1871 (England), 1898 (Spain) and the various Panama canal treaties (of 1850 with England, 1901 with England, 1903 with Colombia, and 1903 with Panama). Appended to each chapter is a brief selected bibliography. The treaties chosen were well selected, and may be regarded as central landmarks in the study of American diplomatic history. The French treaty of alliance made the United States a party in determining the balance of power in Europe (19). The treaty of independence of 1783 was of incalculable value in giving to America a period of rest during the period of European war which began in 1793. Jay's treaty is justified by its result in saving the United States from British and Indians at a critical period. The treaty of 1800 was successful in ending "hostilities which if continued would have made the future annexation of Louisiana improbable". In the treaty of Ghent, although it failed to settle the causes of the war, "the United States had to yield only one point which she had hoped to secure" (indemnity for captures of American ships and goods under the orders in council). The short convention of 1818 with Great Britian, the negotiations of which were doubtless hastened by the critical situation with Spain in regard to Florida, is regarded by the author as "one of the most important to which the United States has become a party". The WebsterAshburton treaty was the happy result of friendly negotiations of fair minded and well chosen diplomats to reach a just conclusion on a series of issues of paramount importance, some of which "had led more than once to open hostilities locally and had threatened to involve the countries in war". The author states that Webster's declaration on one point-the American principle of protecting crews of American vessels from imprisonment—although omitted from the treaty, "became just as binding upon Great Britian as any separate article in the treaty could possibly have made it". In the number of issues involved, and in the number of questions of long standing dispute settled, he states that "the treaty of Washington (1871) ranks easily as one of the most important in American history"; and, by its enunciation of the principles of international law relating to obligation of neutrals, he says it took rank as "one of the first in the world's history". In connection with the treaty of peace following the Spanish American War, the author states that the international situation as to Cuba in 1823 and American interests therein was the chief factor which inspired the Monroe Doctrine (pp. 316-317). The last chapter is the longest in the book. It reviews the evolution of the early interest in the canal, the origin and purpose of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, the evolution of the American policy of a canal under exclusively American control and the negotiation of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty with England, the Hay-Concha draft treaty and the Hay-Herran treaty with Colombia, and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty with the newly established state of Panama, and the later negotiations with Colombia to remove distrust of the United States and to establish friendly relations between Colom |