found in that part of the Report on the Use of Sources (published under the auspices of the New England History Teachers' Association) in which there is a critical estimate of about one hundred of the principal sources of American history. The various" source books" also usually contain finding-lists and suggestions. Pains have been taken to make the references to pieces herein printed so explicit that the books from which they are excerpted may be readily found.

3. Use of Sources

N No. 1 above, the educative value of source material has already

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been considered, but some suggestions may be made as to the best method of applying such material to the use of schools. Upon this subject, practical introductions written by secondary and normal teachers will be found in the Source-Book of American History, prepared by Albert Bushnell Hart. The same question is also discussed in the Report of the Committee of Seven, pp. 101-110.

The teacher may employ such a volume as this for his preparation, by carefully going over the chapters in connection with the text-book used by the class. In many cases the extract is sufficient to give a fair idea of the writer, of his point of view, and of the incidents which he witnessed; in other cases the extract may be extended by using the full work from which it has been taken. The purpose, in both cases, is that the teacher's mind may be full of a mass of illustrative incident and additional detail, which may be used to freshen the class-room work and to leave a clear impression in the minds of the pupils.

School pupils may find aid in this collection of sources by doing topical work which will lead them to appropriate parts of the selections; or by reading specified pieces in connection with their daily lessons; or by reading in class as an exercise some of the many pieces which have a distinct literary merit. It is of course not expected that from such a collection as this any pupil will derive all his knowledge of American history.

Older students may absorb the larger part of a collection of extracts; for, while many writers and many fields of history can be brought within the compass of such a book, the extracts are intended to be typical of a large body of material. For example, there will be found below accounts of social conditions in New England (No. 11), in the middle

states (Nos. 15-17), and in the South (No. 13). There are quotations from public speeches (No. 121), from diaries (Nos. 19, 79), from debates in conventions (No. 75), and from the debates of Congress (No. 189). Wherever any historical student is dealing with a great field he must sometimes accept the principle ex pede Herculem. Once under way, mature students will be led from the less to the greater: they will seek to extend their knowledge of the writers so briefly represented; they will make themselves masters of a part of the literature here hinted.

The general reader may find this book useful by reading it in connection with some approved narrative which will give him a proper perspective. Channing's Students' History of the United States, McLaughlin's History of the American People, or some of the other recent brief histories, will take but a few hours to read, and will furnish a mordant to fix in the mind the relations to each other of the extracts in this volume.

The libraries are glad to have readers interested in the body of literature which was created for the delectation of Americans; and perhaps this volume may create a little run upon some of the forgotten yet inspiring writers of a century ago.

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4. Cautions as to Sources

HE intelligent teacher or student or writer will scarcely need to be told that he must keep his eyes open in dealing with original materials. In such a collection as this, a part of the danger is, or ought to be, eliminated by careful editing; and series of extracts ought in general to include only writers of tried veracity and weight, so that the question of truthful intention need not come in. It has not been intended to include forgers or liars except upon due notice of their untrustworthiness; but of course we are not looking for a statement of historical fact in Brackenridge's satire on the objectors to the constitution (No. 70), or in Major Jack Downing's revelations from the presidential kitchen (No. 160). Since it is the object of this work rather to establish tendencies than to detail facts, it has not been thought necessary to compare the minutiae of narratives or to point out small errors. The care of the scientific student must be to be sure that he has an accurate text; that it was written by the man whose name it bears; that he had the opportunity to know whereof he wrote; and that he had the intention of speaking the truth. The attention of pupils may well be called to such criteria of historical facts; but no

sensible teacher will raise difficult controverted questions, or attempt to reconcile widely differing narratives, with school-children. Some things must be taken on faith, and yet it is a service to make clear to the child's mind that faith without discrimination and vigilance may lead to error.

5. Classification of Extracts in this Volume

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OME aid may be given to the student or reader of this volume by suggesting the various kinds of material from which a choice has been made; for the attempt is to show not only how the events of American history follow each other, but also what sort of people recorded them for posterity.

Perhaps the most important sources are the official records of public bodies — Congresses, conventions, legislatures, and courts and the reports of public officers; and also unofficial accounts of what went on in official bodies. Of this character are the following: proceedings of the Congress of the Confederation (Nos. 43, 54, 60, 68); a county convention (No. 55); Federal Convention (Nos. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67) ; state ratifying conventions (Nos. 71, 72, 73, 74, 75); Congress of the United States (Nos. 77, 78, 79, 80, 97, 103, 113, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 131, 150, 159, 161, 181, 184, 189); diplomatic despatches (Nos. 95, 96, 99, 108, 120, 149, 188); presidents' messages (Nos. 106, 147, 162); executive reports (Nos. 107, 180); Louisiana inhabitants (No. 114); military and naval reports (Nos. 119, 124); New York legislature (No. 132); Supreme Court of the United States (No. 133); Virginia constitutional convention (No. 169).

On the period of this volume there is a wealth of writings of public men, many of them in formal collections of speeches and correspondence. From this very important source come extracts from the following men : Thomas Jefferson (Nos. 10, 85, 106, 111, 135); Benjamin Franklin (Nos. 12, 29); Samuel Adams (Nos. 30, 48); James Madison (Nos. 40, 65, 66, 120); John Adams (Nos. 53, 83, 91); Alexander Hamilton (Nos. 54, 72, 82, 86); George Washington (No. 57); John Jay, (No. 59); James Monroe (Nos. 74, 147); Henry Clay (Nos. 125, 148, 187); John Quincy Adams (Nos. 128, 143, 184); John Randolph (No. 130); John C. Calhoun (Nos. 131, 161, 188); Daniel Webster (No. 159); Andrew Jackson (No. 162).

To the same category belong the extracts from the writings of the

following minor public men: Joseph Jones (No. 37); John Armstrong (No. 38); Jacob Read (No. 39); Alexander Martin (No. 44); Nathan Dane (No. 46); Benjamin Lincoln (No. 58); George Mason (No. 62); William Pierce (No. 63); Robert Yates (No. 64) ; Luther Martin (No. 67); Richard Henry Lee (No. 68); John Lansing (No. 73); W. Maclay (Nos. 77, 79); Fisher Ames (No. 97); C. Pinckney (No. 103); Granger and Edwards (No. 107); Giles (No. 121); Story (No. 122); Josiah Quincy (No. 123); Caleb Cushing (No. 129); Macon (No. 150); M'Kenney (No. 158); Birney (No. 177); Slade (No. 181); Houston (No. 185); Benton (No. 189).

From the official records, or from their own writings, come pieces from the following foreign statesmen: Thomas Pownall (Nos. 26, 84); Otto, French minister (Nos. 45, 56); Lord Sydney (No. 47); Lord Sheffield (No. 49); Charles III of Spain (No. 51); Duke of Dorset (No. 52); Lafayette (No. 93); Citizen Genet (No. 95); Lucien Bonaparte (No. 112); allied sovereigns (No. 142); Callava (No. 144); Alexander I of Russia (No. 145).

Next in importance come the diaries and private correspondence, often the most trustworthy and entertaining of reading. Writers of this class are: Lucinda Lee (No. 13); Rachel Huntington (No. 17); Philip Fithian (No. 19); John May (No. 32); Rufus Putnam (No. 33); Libbey and Wingate (No. 76); Maclay (Nos. 77, 79); various office-seekers (No. 81); Nathaniel Ames (No. 104); Allbright (No. 109); Bainbridge (No. 124); Gleig (No. 127); J. Q. Adams (Nos. 128, 143); Latrobe (No. 165); S. F. B. Morse (No. 168); Walsh (No. 179); Cochran (No. 183).

Less reliable for dates and exact details, but valuable for the impression made by events on the mind of the onlooker, are the writers of reminiscence. Of these the following are cited in this volume: Samuel Breck (No. 16); Elkanah Watson (No. 21); Alexander Graydon (No. 25); Peter Cartwright (No. 140); Josiah Quincy (No. 151); Frederick Douglass (No. 170).

Essayists and writers on political conditions are the following: Franklin (Nos. 12, 29); Tench Coxe (No. 22); William Winterbotham (Nos. 23, 89); Samuel Adams (Nos. 30, 48); Jedidiah Morse (No. 41); "Tom" Paine (Nos. 42, 50); James Winthrop (No. 69); "Veritas" (No. 94); Stephen (No. 118); Warden (No. 134); William Jay (No. 171); W. L. Garrison (No. 174); Dew (No. 175); Leavitt (No. 182); Channing (No. 186).

Political and social satirists are: John Trumbull (No. 27); Benjamin Franklin (No. 29): H. H. Brackenridge (No. 70); National Gazette (No. 87); Prichard (No. 88); "Porcupine" (No. 101); Nathaniel Ames (No. 104); Washington Irving (No. 110); Sydney Smith (No. 152); "Jack Downing" (No. 160).

For social conditions, no authority is better than that of the intelligent and impartial traveller. Foreign travellers are represented as follows: St. John de Crèvecœur (No. 11); Brissot de Warville (Nos. 14, 15, 20); E. A. Kendall (No. 18); Michaux (No. 24); Chastellux (No. 28); Basil Hall (No. 116); Sutcliff (No. 117); Gleig (No. 127); Shirreff (No. 141); Bullock (No. 146); Mrs. Trollope (No. 155); Tocqueville (Nos. 156, 163); Raumer (No. 157); Lyell (Nos. 164, 173); Fanny Kemble (No. 166); Dickens (No. 167).

American travellers and observers are: Thomas Jefferson (No. 10); Watson (No. 21); Cooper (No. 31); May (No. 32); Rufus Putnam (No. 33); Pope (No. 34); Imlay (No. 35); Lewis and Clark (No. 115); H. M. Brackenridge (No. 137); Birkbeck (No. 138); Heckewelder (No. 139); Timothy Dwight (No. 153).

Extracts are made from the following verse writers: John Trumbull (No. 27); Freneau (No. 36); Timothy Dwight (No. 61); Royall Tyler (No. 90); Anonymous (No. 92); Thomas Paine (No. 98); Joseph Hopkinson (No. 100); Francis Scott Key (No. 126); James Gates Percival (No. 154); John Pierpont (No. 172); John Greenleaf Whittier (No. 178).

The following women are represented: Lucinda Lee (No. 13); Rachel Huntington (No. 17); Abigail Adams (No. 102); Mrs. Trollope (No. 155); Fanny Kemble (No. 166).

The newspapers cited are the National Gazette (No. 87); Country Porcupine (No. 101); Columbian Centinel (No. 105); Niles' Register (No. 136); Liberator (No. 174); New York Commercial Advertiser (No. 176).

6. Reprints and Collections

HE principal collections of sources on the period 1783-1845 are as follows:

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H. W. Caldwell, Source Extracts. 1. A Survey of American History. 2. Great American Legislators. 3. American Territorial Development: Expansion. Chicago, 1900. 1 and 3 together, American History: Unification, Expansion. Chicago, 1900.