It was shown by thematic line that certain occupations and Trades BeF LAND INT. DAIL In the interest of wage-earners and the pula, at larry describle to study the relation of a person's trade je veljatie to his health and longevity, the source and syndance of me is at the possible means for their prevent the son of their carious effects. A plozeer stuly was miste by Professor Ramazzini, of Padua, as early as 167 %, and Els nou borraph, was translated into English in 1705, and also into French in 1. In 1810 the Fren L Ge verænt issued a decree relating to "établissements dangereux, insalubres et incommodes," and in 1815 the En Parlament institut a commission to inquire into the condition of factories, etc. In 1921 Mr. C. Tumer Thackrah, of Leeds, 1822 wrote a monograph "On the effects of the arts, tra les, and professions, and of civic states and habits of living on health and longevity." In 1833 at 1865 the English Parliament again appointed commissioners, and in 1859 the "Academie des sciences morales et politiques" of France, and subsequently Bavaria, Prussia, and the German Empire directe similar investigations. Asansult of these efforts and numerous independent investigations, it is known that the character of the occupation influences to a great extent not only the average expectation of life, but also the prevalence of certain diseases. It is known, for example, that bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis are extremely frequent in dusty occupations, and that the sharp angular particles of iron and stone dust are more liable to produce injury of the respiratory passages than coal, flour, grain, and other kinds of dust. It is also known that workers in lead, mercury, arsenic, phosphorus, poisonous dyes, etc., suffer from their injurious effects, and that other occupations, such as mining, railroading, and those which necessitate working with or around moving machinery involve special danger to life and limb. In 1833, 1864, 1867, and 1870, England enacted the so-called "factory laws." France provided a child labor law in 1841 and in 1874 a more satisfactory labor code. Germany and other continentai governments enacted suitable legislation between 1859 and 1886. According to Miss S. S. Whittelsey's "Essay on Massachusetts Labor Iegislation," child labor received attention in Massachusetts as early d. 1836. The first law as regards safety and sanitation was enacted in that State in 1877, since which time all the States and Territories have enacted some form of le bon r factory laws. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF WAGE-EARNERS. The statistics of the morbidity and mortality of various occupations, while far from satisfactory, and subject to more or less erroneous conclusions, nevertheless indicate that persons habitually engaged in hard work are more frequently subject to disease and present a higher mortality than persons more favorably situated, and this is especially true of factory employees, because their work is generally more monotonous, fatiguing, and performed under less favorable surroundings, and they are too often also badly nourished and badly housed. Among the occupations usually classed as inimical to health are bleachers, bookbinders, brass founders, compositors, coppersmiths, electrotypers, stonecutters, gas-works employees, white-lead workers, match workers, persons employed in the manufacture of explosives, firemen, potters, file makers, and operatives in rubber factories. The following table from the reports of the Twelfth Census shows the death rates per 1,000 employees for leading causes and for all causes in certain occupations in 1900: DEATH RATE PER 1,000 EMPLOYEES IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS IN REGISTRATION STATES IN 1900, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF DEATH. The filming table from the report of the registrar-general of Flag: Wales shows the comparative mortality of occupations in E Sar: Was, 1890-1892. The average mortality of all on between 25 and 65 years of age was placed at sky of occupied males was 953 and of the unoccu ་ནས་་ཕ TY OF OCCUPATIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1890 TO 1892. explanation for the excessive mortality in some of the ...will be found in subsequent pages; the high rates in ...kopers, and hotel servants are believed to be due to the ..cool. to Rauchberg (a) the average number per 1,000 members Na Sick Benefit Society" taken sick during a period of 423 per annum distributed as follows: eet of industrial diseases and industrial accidents is everyng more and more importance and our knowledge should on accurate data. In England, where reports of certain are compulsory, it is possible to secure, for example, reto the number of cases of lead poisoning. The same afforded by the statistics of the "German Industrial Intutes," which furnish not only the number of deaths s causes, but also the number of cases treated, together period and the duration of the disease. Similar facts onken und Invalidencasse in Wien, 1886. |