6. SECURITY OF THE FRONTIERS OF EUROPE.

Not of modern interest.

7. QUOTAS OR ORDINARY REVENUES OF THE UNION. The Revenue of the Union shall consist of the ordinary quotas payable by each Sovereign; this quota shall be settled provisionally, at the rate of three hundred thousand pounds yearly, which shall be paid by the least powerful Sovereign, who shall have but one vote; the others shall pay in proportion to their revenues; the quota shall afterwards be lessened according to the diminution of the requirements of the Union, which would then have finished its buildings, fortifications, magazines, &c. The quota for the Frontiers of Europe, and the quota in case of war, shall be settled, in proportion, by the Senate.

The quota shall be paid by the General Treasurer of each State in equal parts, the first of each month, to the order of the General Treasurer of the Union, and upon the receipt of his clerk, who shall be residing in the capital city of the State. The clerk shall every month pay the salaries of the Ambassador, of the Residents, and of the Judges of the Frontier Chambers in that State.

The Union shall every month calculate the interest of the sums which shall not have been paid regularly to the Clerk of the Treasurer, in order to repay those who shall have made advances to hira.

8. ASIATIC UNION.

The European Union shall endeavour to procure in Asia a Permanent Society, like that of Europe, that peace may be maintained there also; and especially that it may have no cause to fear any Asiatic Sovereign, either as to its tranquillity, or its commerce in Asia.

6. SÛRETÉ DES FRONTIÈRES DE L'EUROPE.

7. CONTINGENS, OU REVENUS ORDINAIRES DE L'UNION. Le Revenu de l'Union sera composé du contingent ordinaire que payera chaque Souverain, le contingent sera réglé par provision, à raison de trois cents mille livres par un monnoye presente de France, ou valeur en autre monnoye que payera le Souverain le moins puissant, qui aura seul une voix, les autres payeront à proportion de leurs revenus; ce contingent sera diminué dans la suite eû égard à la diminution des besoins de l'Union, qui aura alors fait ses bâtimens, ses fortifications, ses magasins, etc. Le contingent pour les Frontières d'Europe, et le contingent en cas de Guerre, seront reglez à proportion par le Sénat.

Le contingent se payera par le Tresorier General de cet Etat, par parties égales, le premier de chaque mois, sur la procuration du Tresorier General de l'Union, et sur la quittance de son Commis, qui résidera dans la Ville Capitale de cet Etat. Ce Commis payera par mois les appointmens de l'Ambassadeur, des Résidens et des Juges des Chambres Frontières.

L'Union reglera par mois les interêts des sommes, qui ne seront pas payées régulièrement au Commis du Trésorier, pour rembourser ceux qui en auront fait les avances.

8. UNION ASiatique.

L'Union Européenne tâchera de procurer en Asie une Societé permanente semblable à celle d'Europe, pour y entretenir la Paix; et surtout pour n'avoir rien à craindre d'aucun Souverain Asiatique, soit pour sa propre tranquilité, soit pour son Commerce en Asie.

H

LEIBNITZ ON THE PROJECT FOR PERMANENT

PEACE.

Born 1646; Died 1716.

Leibnitz is often cited as an advocate of International Arbitration; but he does not say much about an Arbitration Tribunal, and his labours have contributed but little to the progress of the law of nations.

He wrote to the Abbé St. Pierre a letter on his plan, and also a paper entitled "Observations on the Project for Permanent Peace by the Abbé St. Pierre," attached to the letter, in which he explained his ideas on the whole question, without, however, mentioning an Arbitration Tribunal.

He begins by saying: "I have read carefully the Project of Permanent Peace for Europe, which the Abbé de St. Pierre has done me the honour to send me, and I am persuaded that such a proposal, taken as a whole, is feasible, and that its execution would be one of the most useful things in the world. Although my support is not worth much, I have thought that my sense of obligation compels me not to withhold it, but to add some remarks of my own for the satisfaction of an author of such merit, who must have had much force of character and firmness to have dared, and been able, to oppose with success the crowd of prejudices and the taunts of mockery."

Then, after referring to the Nouveau Cynée and the Tribunal of the Society of Sovereigns, designed by the Landgrave of HesseRheinfels, and after expressing his preference for the greater authority of Henry's scheme, as already quoted (see page 34), he continues :

:

"There have been times when the Popes had partially formed

G. G. LEIBNITZ SUR LE PROJET D'UNE PAIX
PERPÉTUELLE.

Né en 1646; mort en 1716.

Leibnitz est cité souvent comme un avocat d'arbitrage international; mais il ne dit pas beaucoup d'un tribunal arbitral, et ses travaux ont peu contribué au progrès du droit des gens.

Il écrit à l'abbé de St.-Pierre une lettre sur son projet, et aussi un Mémoire intitulé "Observations sur le projet d'une Paix perpétuelle de M. l'abbé de St.-Pierre," attaché à cette lettre, dans lequel il a exposé ses idées sur la question entière, sans mention d'un tribunal d'arbitrage.

Il commence :-"Le Projet de Paix perpétuelle pour l'Europe, que M. l'abbé de St. Pierre m'a fait l'honneur de m'envoyer . . . je l'ai lu avec attention, et je suis persuadé qu'un tel Projet en gros est faisable, et que son exécution seroit une des plus utiles choses du monde. Quoique mon suffrage ne soit d'aucun poids, j'ai pourtant cru que la reconnoissance m'obligeoit de ne le point dissimuler, et d'y joindre quelques remarques pour le contentement d'un Auteur de ce mérite, qui doit avoir beaucoup de réputation et de fermeté, pour avoir osé, et pu s'opposer avec succès à la foule des prévenus et au déchaînement des railleurs."

Ensuite, après des allusions au Nouveau Cynée et au Tribunal de la Société des Souverains de M. le Landgrave Ernest de HesseRhinfels, et après l'expression de sa préférence pour l'autorité de Henri IV, comme cité ci-dessus (p. 35) il continue :—

"Il y y a eu des tems où les Papes avoient formé à demi quelque

something approaching it by the authority of Religion and the Universal Church," e.g., Popes Gregory IV., Nicolas I., Gregory VII., and Urban II., whom he instances. "We see that the Popes passed for the spiritual chiefs, and the Emperors or Kings of the Romans for the temporal chiefs, as our Golden Bull says, of the Universal Church or Christian Society, and the Emperors should be, as it were, the born generals of it. It was like a law of nations between the Latin Christians for several centuries, and the jurisconsults reasoned on that basis. We see examples of it in my CODEX JURIS GENTIUM DIPLOMATICUS, and some reflections at the beginning in my Preface."

The rest of the pamphlet is a comment on the scheme, as promised. His Letter is written in a courteous, familiar style, but has nothing of weight in it.

In 1693 Leibnitz published his collection of treaties and other diplomatic documents under the above title; and in the preface he treats of the principles of international law. But his proposal in that is the same. He says:

"Before the schism of last century I see that it had long been accepted universally (and with good reason) that there should be understood to be a united state of Christian peoples, whose heads should be the Pontifex Maximus in religious matters, and in temporal matters the Emperor of the Romans, who also seemed to have retained as much of the law of the old Roman monarchy as was necessary for the common good of Christianity, while preserving the rights of kings and the liberty of princes. . . . And nothing was more common than for kings, in treaties, to submit themselves to the censure and correction of the Pope, as in the Peace of Bretigny . . . But as human affairs, even the best, are inclined to become corrupt, the Popes began to extend the limits of their authority too much, and to use their power too freely." In the preface of his work "Jurisprudentia," or " Cæsarini Furstenerii (his nom de plume) Tractatus de Jure Suprematus," etc. (Leibnitii Opera Omnia, vol. IV. 330), he explains these ideas more fully, and says (inter alia): "Thus I think that the Cæsarian rank or dignity is a little loftier than is commonly considered ; that Cæsar