thus continually kept absolutely full without possibility of a higher pressure than that at which the valve is set, and which corresponds with the temperature the pipes are intended to develop. Formation of steam is impossible, as is also the stoppage of the circulation through air locking. Amongst the advantages offered by such a system of ap

tubes, bent in tiers one over the other, and disposed in the interior of a furnace, the temperature of which tubes steadily increases throughout their length, a considerable economy of fuel can be secured by careful disposition of the tubes and construction of the furnace ; for it is manifest that the temperature of the escaping smoke need only be slightly in excess of that of the return

Further,

piratus, the following may be mentioned :-Ease of Application.-In consequence of the superior quality and small diameter of the tubes, and the facility with which they can be bent, the apparatus is equally applicable to old or new constructions, for it can be introduced without disturbance to existing arrangements, and does not necessarily entail the construction of trenches or channels for connection mains, an inconvenience in other systems often debarring their employment. The expenses, therefore, accessory to its introduction are very trifling, and as the circulation does not depend on the tubes being laid at a slope, the apparatus is not unsightly. Simplicity of Management.-The action of the apparatus being that of the simple circulation of liquid, induced by lighting the furnace fire, all the difficulties arising from condensation, air stoppage, and the consequent necessity for attention to valves and air-cocks, are avoided. The management is, indeed, so simple that it can be left to the care of any ordinary house servant. Durability.-The whole apparatus, when erected, is tested by hydraulic means to a pressure of 130 atmospheres, and since the valve is regulated to blow off at six atmospheres, it is manifest that leaks are of rare occurrence. in consequence of the unusual character of the material employed, viz., wrought iron, breakage is impossible, even in the event of the greatest violence. Hence, the cost of maintenance, often such a heavy item, and so difficult to estimate in the case of other systems, such as steam, castiron hot-water pipe, or hot-air apparatus, is in the case of this system practically nil; instances have been known where apparatuses have been in use over fifteen years without entailing the least expense for repair. Heating Capacity. The apparatus working under a valve, the phenomena of ebullition are avoided, and the heating surfaces can, by regulating the valve accordingly, be raised to very high temperatures without the formation of steam. The system is therefore peculiarly applicable for drying closets and stoves for manufacturing purposes where great heat is required, and where the ordinary system of hot-air flues is inexpedient, both on account of danger from fire and damage from noxious vapours. But since laws of hygiene forbid the employment of overheated metal surfaces for the ordinary purposes of heating, the apparatus is in such cases constructed so that the surfaces cannot exceed a mean temperature of 237° F., with the result, that while in every way obedient to those laws, the greatest possible effect is obtained from the tubes, and one considerably in excess of that obtained from other systems of circulating apparatus. Economy of Fuel and Rapidity of Heating. Since in this system the ordinary boiler is replaced by a series of

pipes, or about 190° F.; whereas in the ordinary boiler, where perfectly free circulation is possible, and the temperature of the water is practically the same throughout, the heat of the flow-pipe governs that of the chimney. As the practical result, it may be mentioned that about 90 per cent. of the calorific power of the fuel consumed is actually taken up and distributed by the heating surfaces of such an apparatus; this is against 40 per cent. to 70 per cent. in the case of hot-water and steam boilers. Compared with cast-iron hot-water apparatus, another notable source of economy is obtained from the remarkably small amount of fuel necessary to raise the apparatus to its effective working point, the proportion between the two being as 1:8. This is in consequence of the difference in the weight of the materials used in each system for equivalent purposes.

Incongelability and Absence of Deposit.-It was formerly necessary to maintain fires during excessive cold, to prevent the water in the pipes from freezing; this was naturally inconvenient where otherwise no fire was required, and was subject to occasional failures. This inconvenience has, however, lately been entirely overcomethe pure water formerly used being now replaced by a patent non-freezing solution, perfectly inoffensive to the materials of the apparatus. The solution, once in the tubes, serves for an indefinite period without losing its effectiveness, since it neither decomposes, precipitates, nor evaporates under the action either of heat or cold.

Messrs. Bacon have special systems of ventilation which are applicable to buildings of various kinds, and they are prepared to make schemes suitable for any building either old or new. In large buildings a fan worked by a gas engine is generally used to extract the vitiated air, the fresh air being warmed before entering the rooms by passing over the hot pipes. This system has been largely adopted on the continent with great success.

The exhibit of Mr. Jas. Keith, of London, Edinburgh, and Arbroath, who, as a gas, hydraulic, and water engineer, is universally known, is one of the important collections in the exhibition. A new water-closet with some distinctive features, called the Automatic Ventilating Safety,' exhibited here for the first time, is worthy of attentive observation. The pan, trap, cistern for ball-cock, and overflow, are all of one piece of earthenware, and the closet is ventilated in no less than three separate places, viz., from the soil-pipe, or drain, the plunger chamber, and the side of the basin itself above the water-line. It is on the wash-out principle, and, besides the pan, contains a chamber for ball-tap, and another for a plunger which is formed of a cone of white earthenware

and India-rubber washer on bottom, connected with the pull-up handle; each chamber having communication with the other for the water to pass into them. It is not dependent on the supply cistern for its flush, as the water may be taken from the house cistern or from the main; and it permeates over the whole of the three chambers, securing, too, an entire change of water in each every time the closet is used. On lifting the handle the plunger is raised in its chamber, giving direct access to the outflow pipe; and an automatic water-valve inside the ball cistern is worked with only a pint of water, effectually sealing it and preventing hissing or leakage. The seat-lid being hinged, access to the whole of the parts is obtained instantly, and each can be readily cleaned or taken out if necessary; and it is th's easy mode of access and its general simplicity that has secured the attention of the observer, while the ventilating arrangements appear to be of the most perfect character.

Mr. Keith's hydraulic rams and ram-pumps for raising water by its own action out of low-lying grounds or running streams to high elevations have a worldwide notoriety, and offer some of the best facilities extant for providing a water supply in country places, and under otherwise difficult circumstances. Mr. Keith also takes a front rank as a heating engineer, his 'Challenge' boiler having gained great popularity, both

on account of its great heating surface, and the fact that it requires no brick-work setting; standing complete in itself. The firm also show to advantage in hotwater coil tables and hot-water apparatus with open fires, likewise complete in themselves, requiring only access to a chimney for a smoke-pipe, and of a most ornamental character. The coil tables are made to any size or shape, and may be had from a small one suitable for a vase or bust to any required dimensions.

Mr. J. E. Ellison, Victoria Square, Leeds, is showing, in addition to his own well-known conical and radiator

ceptibly. The 'Radiator,' as depicted in the annexed cut, is composed of a flat disc-which may be either metal or wood and coloured to match the decoration of its sur roundings-having at the back divisions placed crossways, which, on closing the ventilator, slide into a box fixed in the wall. The air by this arrangement enters the apart ment under similar conditions as through the conical aperture, and so effectually prevents draught, and also admits of the air being introduced at the lower part of the room. Mr. Ellison is now making them to open and close with a rack and pinion, actuated by a loose key, so that

can best be described by saying that they are very simple and low in price but answer the purpose. They are constructed upon the principle that at whatever angle the wind strikes the cone, a partial vacuum is 'created in the chamber, and a good up-current secured. The ornamental ones can be made to suit any style of architecture without interfering with their efficient action. Leggott's adjustment is an admirable adaptation of a rack and pinion and endless screw, and is actuated by means of a cord passing over a pulley attached to the latter. It works so smoothly that the heaviest window may be raised or lowered with the greatest ease, while, whatever position it is in, it remains always securely locked and proof against any tampering with it from the outside.

Messrs. Mechan & Sons, Neptune Works, Cranston Hill, Glasgow, show their patent Turning Gear for ship's stokehole and other ventilating cowls, the obvious use of which is that they may be easily and readily turned as the wind shifts, and thus secure a better supply of air to the stokehole and engine-room. It can be applied to one, two, or three cowls, acting simultaneously or independently, and may be worked by one man from the stoke-hole. Folding or tip-up lavatories for ship's use are also shown.

Amongst the exhibitors of exhaust ventilators for roofs, sewers, ships, &c., Messrs. J. M. Lamb & Co., of 119 Finchley Road, London, show to advantage with their Triumph Ventilators. The illustrations accompanying this description depict a ventilator for roofs or sewers, and another for railway carriages. As a smoke cure for chimneys they have secured a great amount of success, are proof against the entry of rain or snow, and are guaranteed to be perfectly noiseless in the heaviest gale. They are of the rotating order, and are constructed on the most practical and scientific principles. They are made of any required diameter, and as exhaust ventilators can scarcely fail in their effect. While possessing the active principle of the best fixed cowl, they have the addition of a set of guides which conduct the air over the mouth of the fixed cone in a concentrated spiral form, and a revolving conehead divided into segments that collects all the air with which they come in contact, twisting it over the mouth of the cone and condensing it to double pressure, making the centre of the ventilator the strongest point of action, and causing it to draw off the vitiated air on the off side.

It

further attention, beyond perhaps occasional oiling, as they work on a hardened steel spindle in a cup of the same material, lubricated with non-corrosive oil. From the successful manner in which these ventilators are acting wherever fixed, the inventors would appear to have a valuable property in their hands.

Messrs. Jas. McHaffie & Co., Calderwood St., Glasgow, exhibit Mann's Exhaust Ventilators, which are fitted with horizontal louvres, and for which it is claimed that they are proof against down-blow from whatever direction the wind strikes, and that rain or snow cannot enter them. An instantaneous water-heater, the invention of a Dr. Irvine, is also shown by this firm. It is a compact apparatus made of copper, and is calculated to heat two gallons of water per minute to 120 degrees.

Messrs. C. Kite & Co. make a very good display with their various descriptions of ventilators, chimney caps, &c., including a new design in the well-known roof ventilator.

Perhaps the latest improvement in ventilators for admitting fresh air into dwelling-rooms, school-rooms, fac

and we understand that the Government, after having given them practical trial are adopting them at all their depôts, including Portsmouth, Woolwich, Shoeburyness, &c., and they are also in use on the main drains at Brighton, Torquay, and other towns.

Messrs. Hill & Hay, Halifax, are also showing ventiators, their spécialité being known as the Excelsior Siphon Ventilator,' for which it is claimed that it answers all the purposes of outlet or exhaust ventilators, while it possesses the advantage of admitting fresh air so that the inlets usually fixed in the lower part of a building can he dispensed with.

The Eolus Waterspray and General Ventilating Co., 235 High Holborn, W. C., are also exhibiting their system of ventilation, and have specimens of the single and double horse-shoe Eolus exhaust-roof ventilator and ships' ventilators. The principle of the Eolus waterspray ventilator consists in inducing a current of air into the inner tube of a vertical cylinder by means of a fine spray of water, which acts with a continuous suction force. The air thus drawn in must find an exit, and one is provided for it at the top of the outer tube of the cylinder, so that it passes into the apartment thoroughly cleansed. We hope to illustrate and more fully describe this ventilator on a future occasion.

Mr. E. C. C. Stanford, Glenwood, Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire, shows specimens of disinfectants and sewage before and after treatment, and seaweed charcoal before and after use in dry earth-closets, illustrating the various chemical changes produced and the peculiar properties of seaweed charcoal.

In the gas section Messrs. J. Wright & Co, Birmingham, make a show that is not equalled by any other firm in the Exhibition either for variety or utility. It comprises hygienic ventilating stoves for gas and coke, cheerful warming stoves in numerous sizes, the Cosey gas fire for

warming small rooms and capable of boiling a kettle as well, laundry and tailors' stoves, and cooking ranges in every size to meet the requirements of the smallest family or the largest restaurant.

The collection sent by Messrs. Waddell & Main, 261 Argyle Street, Glasgow, is also well worthy of note. It comprises gas hot closets, the Abbotsford heater for shops, offices, &c., the Cottage' gas oven, the Bachelor' cooker, and others of a similar character. But the great feature of this firm is their combination gas and coal range which was shown at the Smoke Abatement Exhibition and described in our report thereon. It is at once useful and economical.

The chief display of gas-burners, brackets, regulators, and other minor fittings are sent by Messrs. A. Brown & Co., 24 Gordon Street, Glasgow. When we say that the burners are of Bray's and Peeble's makes and the regula tors by Stott, further comment upon their value is unnecessary.

Messrs. Allan & Adamson, 7 Bothwell Circus, Glasgow, have recently patented a gas stove that is likely to occupy an important position among its kind, and to prove a very significant competitor in the ranks of those who claim to solve the smoke abatement problem. That gas stoves in general contribute to a very sensible degree in mitigating the nuisance is obvious to all, but in even the best of them (excepting perhaps Cox's & Beynon's patent, and Giles' patent) a flue of some description is necessary to carry off the fumes and products of combustion if the apartment is to be kept wholesome and the air capable of being breathed. Such, however, is not the case in the one under consideration, and herein consists its departure from those now in the market. The means by which this is accomplished-and the principle is ap plied to both cooking and warming stoves-is by conducting the products to a chamber furnished with gills so placed that the products pass over them in a zigzag course. This, as it were, condenses them, and they issue into the apartment in a quite innocuous form; not, however, until they have passed through charcoal or other purifying medium as an additional safeguard. From an economical point of view they are also of considerable merit, as every unit of heat is utilised to best advantage.

The Adams Patent Gas-heating and Cooking Stove Co., Limited, 93 Hope Street, have introduced an invention that must rank in the same category as Cox's patent and Giles' patent, the object attained in all the three being that of either cooking or warming without the fumes, in the case of the former, coming in contact with the food, or in the latter into the apartment. The essential difference, then, between the one in question and the other two mentionedseeing that the end obtained is the same in all-lies in the construction of the burner, which possesses the following features. The Burner' consists of fire-clay tubes, which become white hot, and emit an intense radiant heat, similar to that from a brilliantly incandescent coke fire. The gas is burned with only the quantity of air in contact with the burners necessary to consume the gas, and both gas and air are very highly heated before being burned; and a useful arrangement has also been devised whereby, when the desired temperature is reached, the gas of one of the fires is shut off, and at the same time the supply of air for the disused fire is also shut off, with the result of preventing an unnecessary stream of cold air passing along the flues and lowering the temperature of the stove.

A very useful and also a newly-invented apparatus, also exhibited at this stand, is Dr. Adams's Disinfecting Chamber. The advantages are that in it the clothing or other articles to be purified are not exposed to the products of gas combustion, and can be disinfected either by dry or moist heat, or by a combination of both. The tempera ure is regulated or maintained by automatic contrivance, so that articles are subjected only to a safe maximum temperature, and volatile contagious matter

emanating from infected articles is not permitted to escape into the atmosphere, but confined within the chamber until ultimately destroyed by being drawn through the furnace. The amount of gas consumed is claimed to be considerably less than by any similar apparatus, and therefore possesses advantages from an economical aspect. Though the entries of smoke-consuming register grates and kitcheners cannot be said to be numerous, yet it is satisfactory to note that the list includes some of the first and oldest manufacturers, and of these attention is especially due to the collection contributed by the Carron Co. Their exhibit comprises highly-finished Berlin-blacked registers on slow and ordinary combustion principles, and amongst these are some excellent designs; one with richly chased brass moulding and canopy and hand-painted tiles is particularly worthy of notice, and with kerb, rests, brasses, and majolica tile hearth complete, makes a very handsome suite; another example, with parcel-bronzed panels and canopy, is of very elegant design. Slow and quick combustion and smoke consuming hall and shop stoves well assorted, from quite inexpensive ones to those highly-finished Berlin-blacked and brass mounted with and without tiles, are on view. The ranges shown are of three kinds, the Beeton' portable close fire range with oven, boiler, &c., of a similar construction to the Wilson' but of a cheaper character; a combined open and close fire range with flues arranged for directing the heat to the top or bottom of ovens as may be required, and with overhead ventilators and other improvements; and a combined close fire and gas heating range with large baking and roasting ovens, gas ovens, hot plate, &c., like the Beeton' in that it is enclosed and requires no setting.

Mr. James Carrick, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, whose name must be familiar with many of our readers in connection with the late Smoke Abatement Exhibition, where he exhibited a somewhat novel arrangement in an open fire-grate, inclosed in a glass casing, the object of which

a large metal surface not to any direct contact with the fire, but solely to the action of its radiant heat. In connection with this grate he drew off the vitiated air from the apartment and brought in a supply of fresh warmed air from the outer atmosphere. The invention is again shown here, and, in addition, one without the glass-casing based on similar lines. We append an illustration of this grate, the action of which will be readily understood. The grate, which may be termed a semi-dog-grate,' lies open upon the hearth; but the entrance to the chimney is enclosed, excepting a six-inch opening. In any convenient part of the room an opening of the same diameter is made, and from this a shaft is carried to the bottom, and so on to the inlet of the chimney as shown in the drawing. The draught from the fire causes an induced current in the shaft, and the vitiated air from the apartment is siphoned down the shaft and to the chimney, both entering at almost the same point. Both openings being of the same diameter, no undue draught is exerted upon the fire, which burns freely and brightly without roar, and to compensate for the amount of air constantly being drawn from the room, a fresh supply, warmed by admission from the outside to a chamber at the back of the grate, is always entering it through the perforated openings around the front. The ventilating shaft need not be built up behind the brick work of the room, as an ornamental one can be fixed on the front of the wall, enabling Mr. Carrick's grate to be fixed in any house without destroying any part of the wall and with very little expense. As some of them are about to be fixed in London, the judges have decided to take exhaustive tests on one of them here, which will give a better opportunity of bringing out the merits of the invention than can be obtained in a temporary erection at an exhibition. Mr. Carrick also introduces another invention for which there should be a large sale, as being adapted for that large class of persons who live in apart