Index to the Sanitary Record, Pfleiderer's universal kneading and mixing Pietsch's stench-trap, 137 INDEX. Ravenstein's exhibits at Amsterdam, 2) Rawmarsh, high death-rate at, 65 Reach's patent joint-wiper, 38 Read, Mr. R., on the ventilating of sewers hospital, 61 Recreation for the people, 307 Redditch, Medical Officer's report, 79 Redhill and Earlswood Commons, 470 the dwellings of the poor, 506 Medical Officer of Health of Reports of Medical Officers of Health :- Aston (rural), by Dr. Hickinbotham, 134 Aylesbury (rural), by Dr. H. Hilliard, 400 Barnsley (rural), by Dr. Sadler, 78 Bedford (urban and rural), by Dr. Prior, Bradford, Yorks, by Mr. Butterfield, 559 Brandon and Byshottles, by Mr. Blackett, Builth (rural). by Mr. Herring, 321 Calverley (urban), by Mr. Giddings, 411 Carlton (urban), by Mr. Knight, 32 Carmarthen (urban), by Mr. Hughes, 78 Carnarvonshire, by Mr. Rees, 461 Chailey (rural), by Mr. Graveley, 411 Cheltenham, by Dr. Wright, 322 Chester-le-Street (rural), Harrington Divi- Cleator Moor, by Dr. Eaton, 411 Coventry (urban), by Dr. C. Fenton, 322 Dover (urban), by Dr. Robinson, 32 East Dereham, by Mr. Bird Vincent, 411 Epping (rural), by Mr. Fowler, 559 Featherstone, by Mr. Buncle, 560 Frome (rural), by Mr. Parsons, 134 Halifax (urban), by Mr. Ainley, 134 Hartismere (rural), by Dr. Barnes, 461 Hastings, by Mr. Knox Shaw, 135 Helmsley (rural), by Dr. Bruce Low, 461 Hexham (rural), by Dr. Maclagan, 561 Holme Valley (rural), by Mr. Fowle Scougal, Holsworthy (rural), by Mr. Ash, 32 Huddersfield, by Dr. Cameron, 561 Keighley (urban), by Mr. Roberts, 323 Kettering, by Mr. W. Dryland, 135. King's Norton (rural), by Mr. Hollinshead, Lancaster (urban and rural), by Mr. Harker, Leicester, by Dr. Johnson, 323 Middlesex and Hertfordshire combined dis- Monmouth (rural), by Dr. Wil is. 79 New Forest (rural), by Mr. Jenkins, 324 Newton Abbot, Dawlish, and Wolborough, Northampton, by Mr. Lee Cogan, 411 Okehampton (rural), by Mr. Ash, 79 Paddington, by Dr. Stevenson, 562 Port of Liverpool, by Dr. S. Taylor, 324 River Tyne Port, by Mr. Armstrong, 33 Romford (rural), by Dr. Wright, 324 Rotherham (urban), by Dr. Hardwicke, 411 St. Asaph (rural), by Dr. Lloyd Roberts, 563 St. Germans (rural), by Dr. Ballard, 324 St. Marylebone, by Mr. Wynter Blyth, 325 Saltley (urban), by Mr. Creswell, 135 Stockport (rural) (Hazel Grove div.), by Mr. Stockton (rural), by Mr. Blandford, 325 Sunder'and, by Mr. Harris, 563 Taunton (urban and rural), by Dr. Alford, Tendring (rural), by Dr. Cooke, 564 Todmorden (urban), by Mr. Thorp, 136 Wellington (Somt.), by Dr. Meredith, 33 Whitechapel, by Mr. Liddle, 564 Williton (rural) (Western div.), by Mr. Wolstanton and Burslem (rural), 136 Reports of Sanitary Officers for :- Aston (rural), by Mr. Deeks, 33 Bath (urban), by Mr. Montague, 33 Bedford (rural), by Mr. Adams, 80 Bournemouth, by Mr. O'Connell, 80 Bradford (Yorks), by Mr. Chambers, 518 Bury, by Mr. Wilkinson, 33, 518 Chepstow (rural), by Mr. Williams, 325 Dursley (rural), by Mr. Robinson, 325 East Barnet Valley (urban), by Mr. Rumble, East Dereham (urban), by Mr. Nankivell, 325 Gloucester (rural), by Mr. Weaver, 325 Halifax (urban), by Mr. Travis, 80 Handsworth (urban), by Mr. Loach, 33 Harborne (urban), by Mr. Newey, 81 Keighley (urban), by Mr. Holmes, 326 Kings Norton (rural), by Mr. Clarke, 519 Ledbury (rural), by Mr. Dingley, 34 Luton (urban), by Mr. Jerrard, 34 Manor of Aston (urban), by Mr. Bolt, 34 Meriden (rural), by Mr. Bretherton, 81 Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Mr. Carry, 34 Newton Abbot (rural), by Mr. Seager, 81 Rotherham (urban), by Mr. Parkin, 519 Runcorn (rural), by Mr. Farrington, 519 Saltley (urban), by Mr. Payne, 34 Samford (rural), by Mr. Kerridge, 34 Solihull (rural), by Mr. Harris, 81 Sowerby Bridge, by Mr. Whitlaw, 34 St. Albans (rural), by Mr. Comley, 34 Stockport (rural), by Mr. Sykes, 34 Stroud (rural), by Mr. Bailey, 35 Thornbury (rural), by Mr. Williams, 326 Reports of Sanitary Officers for :- Watford (rural), by Mr. Heath, 81 (urban), by Mr. Williams, 326 Report on children's holiday colonies at Frank- Richardson, Dr. B. W., on felicity as a sani- Richmond and its water supply, Mr. G. Phillips Rimmel, Mr. Eugene, on the sanitary use of Rio Janeiro, Bulletin astronomique de Météo- River pollution, Mr. Henry Robinson on, 165 Tyne port, Medical Officer's report, 33 810 Robins, Mr. E. C., on the disabilities of in- Robinson, Mr. Henry, on river pollution, 166 Romford rural, Medical Officer's report, 324 Rotherham Union, Medical Officer's report, 4T1 519 Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, report of Airasa Sanitary Agent.-Mr. W. R. E. Dr. Alfred Carpenter's Lecture to Working Sanitary inventions, patents for, 297 jottings, 39. 95, 142, 231, 283, 329, journal (Toronto) on vaccination, 64 rev, 555 lectures to working men, 227 literature, cheap, for the people, 329 Paint Company, 205, 431, 513 patents (illustrated), 35, 82, 13, 273, 368, 412, 452. 519, 602 122, 233 powers under by-laws, 107 regulations, 107 reports. (See Reports.) 154 Science Examinations at Cambridge, sermon. a, 293 93 state of Ventnor. 593 statistics at Whitehall, 594 supervision of bakehouses, 530 Sanitas Company's exhibits, 21, 225, 4 Scandinavia, popular statistics in, 259 Newcastle, 614 Scavenging, law of, 465 of towns, Mr. John Young on, 190: Schools, hygiene of, in America, 104 Science and art classes at Liverpool, 233 602 Sediment trap, Hawes' patent, 35 Sewer, of powers of. 60 broad streets, 355 closet receptacles, Lawton's patent, 139 369 552 compensation for disturbance, 120 doings of the month, 312, 450 inspection, 424 620 the Proceedings:- trap or gully, Green's patent, 133 flushing apparatus, Vibbard's patent, furnace hygiene, 417 gas and disease, 498 trap. Cassel's patent, 82 trap. Bodine's patent, 604; Pellier's Sewers. 486; law in respect to. 466; ventil - of Frankfort. 251, 328 works, mandamus to compel, 574 household suffrage in reference to sanitation, 395 main drainage system, 614 escape of, into rooms, 487 nuisance and public buildings. 375 testing for drains and air currents, Mr. Smokeless furnace, American, 275 in New Orleans, 616 Promoting Window Gardening, 40 Liverpool Engineering, 506 National Health, 390, 454, 591 Medical Officers of Health, 233, Soil and waste pipe, 109, Southshields and the fumes from alkali works, Southwark poor, the homes of, 408, 422 Shillington & Harrison's improvements in Stamford's exhibits at Glasgow, 216 stoves, 412 Ships, sanitation of, 310 Shoveller, Mr. J. H., on the Registrar- 544 1883, 352 Stat: control for chronic inebriates, 452 Sanitary Department, a, 149 sanitary, at Whitehall, 594 power washing machinery, 86 sewer trap 139 Stockport rural, Hazelgrove div., Medical Sanitary Inspector's report, 34 Stonehouse Royal Naval Hospital, 229 Storm overflow sewer for South London, 614 Shillington's improvements in, 412 Stratton, Rev. J. Y., on hops and hop-pickers, 'Strawfena' cigarettes, 228 Street paving, 373 scavenging, 190 Streets, law in respect to. 88 Stretford. Medical Officer's report, 79 Sanitary Inspector's report, 34 Stroud rural and urban, Medical Officer's Sanitary Inspec- Torbay Paint, 67 Torquay, housing of the poor at, 614 Sanitary Inspector's report, 35 348 Tottenham Sanitary Association, 65, 551 Town refuse, treatment and utilisation of, 189 Trap, Bennor's American patent, 84 xi Ventnor, sanitary state of, 593 Stone Company's exhibits, 508 ventilation and syphonage, Mr. Hubert Waddell & Main's exhibits at Glasgow, 216 Traps for flushing and inspecting drains, Pike's American patent. 83 'Treasure' range, 516 Tree-planting encouraged in New York, 232 East End, 534 551 Tuke, Mr., on the cost of excreta disposal, Turner, Mr. Ernest, on hints to house hunters Wallace, Dr. W., on merits of coarse and fine Wallace, Mr. W., on some sanitary aspects of Wallsend Local Board and the Local Govern- Wallsend, small-pox at, 142 Walton & Co.'s exhibits at Glasgow, 205 Waple's chimney-pots and ventilators, 520 Water analysis, fallacies of empirical standard Water, analysis of, by Medical Officers of Water-closet and urinal, Waring's American Mr. W. Dawson, on what to do in patent, 521 patent, 83 Two sides to a question, 310 Typhoid fever and drain air 22 84 Typhus fever in Liverpool, 23 patent, 84 602 apparatus. Leask's patent, 274 shut off, Farthing's American apparatus for, Helliwell's patent, Berwick's, 602 Emanuel's patent, 601 flushing apparatus for Austin's Boyle's patent, 604 Gilbert's, 207, 602 Haigh's flushing apparatus for, Vacancies, 331, 378, 425, 471, 525, 573, 619 Dr. E. Playter (Toronto) on, 64 compulsory principle in, 19 distraints, 86 Mr. P. O. Taylor's motion, 19 public, and small-pox in London, 546| Vegetarianism, 463 Ventilating appliances, Aldous & Sons, 569 Boyle's, 509 buildings, Thompson's patent, 273 Ventilation, 147, 153, 367, 460 Mr. Buchan on, 468, 568 Mr. J. M. Lamb on, 422 Mr. H. Thompson on, 421, 522 of mines, 129 of public buildings, 62, 390 of sewers, 595 of sewers and house-drains, Mr. R. Reed on, 114 practical hints on, 487 Boyle's, 19, 232, 249, 509, 580 205 Lickey & Hay's patent, 137 neglect to provide, 375 'The Crown and the National,' traps, influence of storms upon, 40, 94 Syer's, 512 Truss's, 514 works at Bury, 264 Clauses Act 1847, 472 521 THE WEEKLY EXHIBITION RECORD-a temporary weekly supplement of the SANITARY RECORD- out. ORIGINAL PAPERS. ON THE USE OF CAST IRON FOR HOUSE DRAINS.* By W. D. SCOTT MONCRIEFF, C.E. THE materials used for the construction of house drains are practically limited to bricks, earthenware, and cast iron. The advantages of cast iron are 1, its superior strength and capacity to resist fracture; 2, the greater lengths in which it can be manufactured, and the corresponding reduction in the number of joints; 3, the greater facilities for making the joints secure by means of lead, sulphur, oxidised iron filings, &c. The points to be considered in adopting cast iron are a, the available means for preserving it; b, the determination of the capacity and weight of the pipes; c, the character of the connections best Suited to the material; d, the nature of the joints; e, the comparative cost. The experience of gas and water companies, in any particular neighbourhood, ought to be a guide as to the life of a cast-iron drain pipe in regard to corrosion from the outside inwards. When there is no oxide of iron in the soil through which they are laid, the destruction of the pipes from exterior rusting is so slow as to justify their use without any special means of protection. In the case of drain pipes there is no reason to exclude a good protecting medium because it is poisonous, an objection which of course holds good in the case of pipes used for the distribution of drinking water. In addition to the ordinary kinds of paint made from preparations of lead, &c., there are two methods of preserving pipes from oxidation which deserve more than a passing notice. One of these consists in coating with a preparation of tar known as Dr. Angus Smith's composition, and the other I refer to is known as the Bower-Barff process, in which the surfaces are covered with magnetic oxide produced at a high temperature in a furnace built for the purpose. In a letter with which Dr. Angus Smith favoured me a few days ago, he mentioned a temperature of 400° Fahr. as the most suitable for the application of his preparation. A certain amount of practice is required in dealing with it in order to insure the proper consistency of the material when cooled. If it has been subjected for some time to the necessary temperature, evaporation makes the residual mixture hard and brittle after cooling. To avoid this a barrel of oil must be kept at hand to mix with the composition, so as to keep it in its original proportions. If too much oil is added the coating will not be hard enough. I have arranged an apparatus consisting of a trough heated by means of gas jets for applying the mixture, but it is better, I believe, to have the pipes dipped vertically. The use of steam in a doublelined chamber appears to me would be an advantageous method of working it if the temperature of 300° Fahr. recommended in the printed circulars is sufficient. In that case a steam boiler would need to be provided, capable of standing a working pressure of 75 lbs. to the square inch. There are several specimens of the composition shown by the North Read at the National Health Society's Exhibition, June 5, 1883. t If 400° F. is necessary the boiler would require to be able to stand a working pressure of 250 lbs. British Plumbing Company in the present Exhibition, Before coating cast iron, care should be taken that the surfaces are thoroughly free from sand and other foreign substances. A steel wire brush, circular, and provided with a long handle, is useful for scouring out the interior of pipes, and they may afterwards be wiped out with an oily cloth. I have here two specimens of Dr. Angus Smith's composition kindly lent me by Mr. Rawlinson. One of them has lain the composition does not seem originally to have in the ground for twenty-eight years, and though been very well applied to begin with, the iron is still in an excellent state of preservation. The other specimen shows the application of the protecting medium in the greatest perfection, and the test of its condition as regards consistency and temperature is to be found in the high glazing or varnish which is given to the surface of the iron when it is recently been brought prominently into public notice. The Bower-Barff process has properly applied. It consists of coating the surfaces of the iron to be exhibit of some specimens of pipes treated in this preserved with magnetic oxide. There is also an way. They were coated at St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, under the direction of Mr. Bower, to whom my thanks are due for having done so for the purpose of this exhibition. I have no doubt of the efficacy of this plan when the surfaces of the iron to be dealt with are so exposed as to be capable of thorough cleansing. The interior of cast-iron pipes require special care in this respect. The 'cores' leave rough particles behind them which at the high from which they are made being of 'green sand' magnetic oxide must be apt, I think, to form a temperature required for the production of the vitreous glazing unless the pipes are very carefully cleansed beforehand. have adopted for ordinary house drains is 5 inches. To return to the pipes themselves the diameter I This is the same as has been recently recommended by the engineers of the London Sanitary Protection Association. In cases of considerable fall, more especially when the drain is flushed by means of a flushing tank, a velocity of flow is obtained which would be apt to tell severely upon the joints of earthenware pipes laid in cement, and considering the great sanitary importance of the rapid moveDucie's house in Portman Square, the sanitary ment this is a point in favour of cast iron. In Lord by the North British Plumbing Company under arrangements of which have recently been altered the direction of the Association just spoken of, there is a direct line of cast-iron drain pipe, 5 inches diameter and 99 feet in length, with a fall of 1 in with a Kemyon air chamber floor and manhole. At 33. The end nearest the street sewer is provided the other extremity of the length of 99 feet there is a similar provision for inspection but upon a smaller cast-iron drain-pipe, about 70 feet in length, passes scale; beyond this point a further stretch of 5-inch on to the back of the premises and is provided with an 80-gallon flush tank. It is found that the velocity of flow between the two disconnecting chambers along the length of 99 feet first spoken of, is at the rate of 5 feet per second. As the drain pipe is running nearly full bore this condition of things renders it impossible that any obstruction in the shape of sewage matter can remain behind. The elements essential to the creation of sewer gas being wanting its absence from the drain is practically guaranteed. The after part of the flush, in this case, always runs B |