The mention of Governor Young, brings to our recollection the story of another eccentric, an Irishman named Doolin who was also a sailor on board the Eleanora, but who did not take a fancy to the life of a savage until a much later period. In the spring of 1843 the emigrating company having some days the start of us, we entered the Indian territory alone, and travelled some days ere we overtook the caravan. The second morning of our trip we awaked at day-light, and confess we were alarmed as well as astonished to see an old man of the rudest appearance and a fierce aspect. This singular looking being eyed us for some time with a fixed and steady gaze, without betraying the slighest apparent feeling, although our own countenance must have evinced violent emotion. Suddenly he started up as if from a reverie, and inquired gruffly whether we were about going to the emigrating company. Finding that we were, he remarked that he would bear us company. No proposition could have been more disagreeable at the moment, but this proved one of the frequent instances in which our first impressions lead us into false conclusions; for in the same space of time, we have never before or since derived more of information and amusement in our life. It seems that this strange individual was a boy on board the Eleanora when John Young left her to join the natives; and he stated that nothing but fear saved him from following the fortunes of that queer adventurer. Upon the return of the vessel to the United States, he again shipped as a seaman on board the Columbia, of Boston, commanded by Capt. Robt. Gray. The Columbia sailed in Sept. 1790, and arrived at the entrance of the strait of Fucca early in the spring of 1791. She remained along the coasts until the September following, engaged in trading and exploring. This voyage of Gray was the one during which he ascended the Columbia river some distance; and upon this fact much of our claim was based, in our late controversy with Great Britain respecting boundaries. At Clyoquot the crew of the Columbia remained during the winter, where they erected on the shore a defence from Indian depredation, which they named Fort Defiance; and employed themselves in building another small vessel, which was launched and named the Adventure. Whilst preparing for sea, they were visited by Tatuchseatiurs and Wicanish, the principal chiefs of the neighboring country, between whom and an Islander the captain soon discovered rather a suspicious intimacy. Upon threatening and questioning the Islander, he finally confessed that the Indians had proffered to make him a great chief if he would wet the primings of all their guns at a particular time, and thus enable them to seize the vessel. After this the savages were kept at a distance. Here commences the curious portion of our Irishman's history. One night some days previous to the sailing of the vessel, he was occupied near the stern, in arranging some small articles of his own. It was cloudy, but not absolutely dark. In turning suddenly around to answer the call of a mess-mate, he struck his foot against a block, and ere he had time to take a thought, found himself under the surface of the ocean, heels upwards. When he succeeded in reaching the surface, he discovered that the current had driven him some distance from the

vessel, and he therefore determined upon making the shore as the only hope of restoration. Here, however, the Indians were lying in ambush on the watch for prey. He was immediately seized, and claimed by Wicanish as his slave, without hope of future liberation; for these Indians enslave only those whose heads are round, their notion being, that the true mark of aristocratic birth and education is a flat head, and it was evidently too late in the day to remould that of the Irishman's. He was transferred from tribe to tribe, until he reached the Oakinagar river, where he actually remained until after the establishment of Frazer's trading post, on the river of that name. The spokans being round-headed, restored him to liberty, gave him a wife, and naturalized him. By these traders he was found, and eventually carried across the continent to Canada. But the habits he had acquired among the Indians, could not be thrown off. He never after went to sea, but lived wholly with the Indian tribes in Canada, roving from one band to another. When we saw him he was making his way back to Oregon, to end his days with his first red friends the Spo

kans.

In the north Pacific the direct trade between the American coasts and China remained almost exclusively in the hands of the Americans until the year 1814, when the condition and future prospects of this trade were totally changed by the late war with Great Britian. At the former period British merchants were restrained from engaging in this trade by the opposition of the East India company, the Russians were not then admitted into the ports of China; and few ships of any other nation were ever seen in that ocean. The only rivalry experienced by our traders was the overland trade carried on from Siberia into China in accordance with the arrangements of Peter the Great with the Emperor of China.

We have not attempted to enter into the details of these expeditions by sea for the prosecution of the fur trade, although they are full of incidents of the most interesting character. Our space would not allow us to do so. Nearly all of them however were designed to carry out the same system of trade which was to carry goods to the northwest coast, exchange them with the natives for furs, proceed thence to Canton, again exchange the furs for tea and silks, and finally return with these articles for the supply of the European and American markets. We have only noticed the fact of their arrival on the northwest coast for the purpose of marking the progress of the fur trade. Those who have a taste for such reading may find all these voyages scattered through a multitude of collections of that kind.

ART. IV-SCOTCH AGRICULTURE.

The following is the conclusion of a series of interesting articles on Scottish agriculture from the pen of George B. Davidson, Esq., of Illinois. The writer has given an excellent turn to his subject and in its application to the condition of this country has illustrated some of the more important principles of political economy in a manner so simple and clear that the most stupid and prejudiced minds must perceive and appreciate the importance of encouraging the useful arts at home, instead of looking abroad for the most common articles of convenience and comfort. We cannot too highly recommend the study of these articles to our western readers.

SCOTTISH AGRICULTURE APPLIED.

BY GEORGE B. DAVIDSON, OF ILL.

Introduction--Advantages of a home market--Means of enhancing the value of land--Establishes mutual dependence between the producer and consumer--a distant market decreases the value of lands--Manufactures--Importance of establishing them in the west--Extracts from Marryatt's Diary--comparison of manufacturing and non-manufacturing countries &c. In commencing our articles on Scottish agriculture, we stated that our chief object was to excite an inquiry into the causes of land being more valuable in Scotland than in Missouri, or any of the western states? and also whether the means are attainable, by which the latter may be made as valuable as the former. It will be seen, by our first communication on this subject, that the Scotch farmer pays a high annual rent for the privilege of the soil, and this rent the productions of the farm must be adequate to discharge. Hence there is an absolute necessity for a ready market and a good price, without which the farmer could not posssibly meet his engagements. But a ready market there always is, and most generally a good price. It is true that the operations in Mark Lane, will occasionally cause prices to fluctuate, and thereby sometimes affect those whose circumstances compel them to sell when the price is low. A low price however continues but a short period; and such as are able to stand it out are not in the least affected. But Scotland is nearly exempt from the influence of grain speculations; we mean as applying to farmers. Manufacturers, mechanics, artisans and tradesmen generally, often feel, and feel severely, the effects of grain speculations, that is when the crop is less than an average one. If the quantity produced one year is less than

that produce for the previous years, the price is sure to advance in a ratio proportionate to the decrease. On the other hand, if the quantity produced in one year exceeds the average production of the previous years, almost to a certainty the price will fall in proportion to the increase. This affords the farmer the very best protection against a deficient crop; and enables him, under what might be called unpropitious circumstances, to meet his obligations.

But, how, it may be asked, does things operate so advantageously to the farmer. To such an enquiry an answer is easy. The farmer depends on a home market for the disposal of his produce; and those whose occupations are other than agricultural, depend on his produce for subsistence. It is important to observe here the benefits resulting from the manufacturer living in the same vicinity with the farmer. The manufacturer wants bread. The farmer wants of the articles of manufacture, and so the one can supply the other, to the mutual advantage of both. Living together, the exchange can be made without being subjected to cost of transportation. But remove them apart, and transportation becomes an item of some consideration in the exchange; and this the farmer, who is removed from the manufacturer must necessarily pay, consequently his bushel of wheat is not in reality so valuable, as his is, who lives adjacent to the manufacturer. The Scotch farmer is, in a great measure, exempt from the cost of transporting the raw material, as the consumer lives at his door. The manufacturer, the mechanic, the artisan &c., are part and parcel of the same community, consuming the production of agriculture, almost on the spot where they grow. There, you look in vain for imported boots and shoes; they are to be found only in the shoemaker's shop. Do you want a coat, the tailor is at hand to make it, no such thing as sending abroad your patronage to enrich others. Unlike the people of the west, who send to the east for large quantities of ready made clothing, there every necessary article is manufactured and made at home, and such only are imported as cannot there be made. This establishes a mutual dependence between the producer and manufacturer. The farmer looks with moral certainty to the latter, as a sure purchaser of his surplus produce, while the latter depends on the former for the necessaries of life in exchange for his articles of manufacture.

But not only does the manufacturer supply the home demand for manufactured articles, he also exports; and receives in exchange such articles as tea, coffee, sugar, wines, silks, &c., &c., and although the farmer must necessarily purchase of these articles, he is still no loser by the transaction, inasmuch as the exported articles of manufacture furnishes employment for a number of operatives, &c., depending principally on his produce for their daily bread, and who, but for this very cause, in all probability, would never consume a pound of it.

The reason, then, of land being so valuable in Scotland, obviously is, that the country is a manufacturing, as well as an agricultural one; because the inhabitants are adequate to consume all the productions of the soil. Did the farmer depend on a foreign market, glutted with the products of other countries, land in Scotland could not possibly be of more value than the land in those countries, the products of which

find a market at the same place. Under such circumstances, all the advantage one place could have over another, would be in its proximity to the market, and cost of transportation. If the country of A could transport its products to market at half the price of the country of B, the land of the former would possess a value over that of the latter, in proportion to its saving in transportation. Hence, the price of transportation increasing, as we remove from market, the price of agricultural products decreases; and so, also, does the value of land. If this theory is correct, and we do not think that it can be easily controverted, the best and only means of enhancing the value of land is to build up a home market for the products of agriculture. If Scotland was removed to the State of Illinois, with the population of the latter, following their present callings, thousands of acres, now paying a high yearly rent, would not be worth cultivating; the low price of produce would not pay for the amount of labor and manure necessary to produce a crop. But place the population of Scotland, with their present habits and pursuits, on the State of Illinois, and the result would be different. They would carry along with them a market for the productions of the earth; consequently they would increase in price, and the land increase in value. If the west would dispense with every article of eastern manufacture, &c., and use only such as are manufactured in the west, an increase in the value of the land would follow as a natural consequence. There is not a single article of manufacture, but partakes, more or less, of agriculture, as the manufacturer must live on the productions thereof. We cannot, therefore, purchase a single article of eastern manufacture, but we aid in building up the eastern farmer, just as effectually as if we were to buy his wheat, or any other of his farm products. If, when the western farmers dress themselves in a suit of eastern manufacture, they would reflect, that in buying such articles they were buying the wheat of the eastern farmer, when, in all probability, their own was lying unsold, they would surely feel mortified at their simplicity.

Respecting manufactures, the people of the west seem to labor under a strange infatuation. Why they are not more encouraged is incomprehensible. There is no need of sending east for manufactures; encourage the manufacturer, and he will come to you. Patronise him, and he will settle in your midst; he will manufacture at your doors and render you entirely independent of the east. Hear what Captain Marryatt says on this subject:

"The western States can produce every thing that the heart of man can desire, and can be wholly independent of them (that is the east.) They have, in the west, every variety of coal and mineral; a rich, alluvial soil, hardly to be exhausted by bad cultivation; and wonderful facilities of transport. Independent of the staple produce of cotton, they might supply the whole world with grain; sugar they already cultivate; the olive flourishes; wine is already produced on the banks of the Ohio, and the prospect of raising silk is beyond calculation. In a few days, the manufactures of the old world can find their way from the mouth of the Mississippi, by its thousand tributary streams, which run like veins through every portion of the country, to the confines of Arkansas and Missouri; to the head of navigation