town.

Underneath this immense tower is the reservoir into which flows the sub-sewage of the place as described. Around the tower are located the principal works; to the south and north of the works, chiefly to the south, are the dwellings.

The appearance from the railroad as one approaches from Chicago is effective. The neat station; the water tower and the works in front; the park and artificial lakes intervening; to the right a picturesque hotel backed by pretty dwellings; the arcade, containing stores, library, theatre, offices, etc.; still further to the right, and beyond, a church which fits into the landscape with artistic effect.

The laying out of the whole town has been under the guidance of skilled architects aided by civil engineers and landscape gardeners.

The dwellings present a great variety of architecture, yet give harmonious effects. They are not built like the tenement houses of ordinary manufacturing towns where sameness kills beauty and makes the surroundings tame, but a successful effort has been made to give diversity to architectural design.

The streets are wide, well built, and wherever possible parked. The lawns are kept in order by the company; the shade trees are cared for, and all the police work is done under competent supervision.

Every care has been taken to secure convenience inside as well as outside the dwellings. The cheapest tenement is supplied with gas and water and garbage outlets. The housekeeper throws the garbage into a specified receptacle and has no more care of it.

The testimony of every woman we met was that housekeeping was rendered far more easy in Pullman than in any other place. In fact the women were in love with the place; its purity of air, cleanliness of houses and streets, and lessened household burdens, are advantages over their former residences which brought out the heartiest expressions of approval. The women of the comparatively poor bear most of the drudgery of life, enjoy the least of pleasures, and are most narrowly circumscribed, with little change in cares, scenes, or social surroundings. Pullman has really wrought a greater change for the women than for any other class of its dwellers.

All the works and shops are kept in the neatest possible order. The planing rooms are as free from dust as the street, blowers and exhaust fans taking away all shavings, dust, and debris, as fast as it accumulates. One notices everywhere the endeavor to save time and space in the construction of goods. As an illustration of the science which enters into manufacture we need only cite the shops where freight cars are built. All the timber is taken in in lengths. at one end and is never turned around until it finds its proper place in a completed freight car, being carried constantly from one process to another in a direct line from its reception at one end to its utilization at the other.

There are 1,520 brick tenements in houses and flats. The frontage of all the buildings extends along five miles of solid paved streets, and there are fourteen miles of railroad track laid for the use of those in the shops and the town. The buildings are of brick or stone.

INDUSTRIES.

The industries carried on and for which the city was built comprise the manufacture of Pullman Palace cars, and all classes of passenger and freight cars.

The Pullman car-wheel works, the Chicago Drop Forge Company's works, the Spanish-American curled hair factory, the Pullman Iron and Steel Company for the manufacture of iron and steel and of railroad spikes, and other works which are collateral to the principal business of the place, are located here.

The Allen paper car-wheel works, and the Union Foundry for making car wheels, car castings and architectural and general castings, have been conveniently located at Pullman.

Among the manufactures of the place should be mentioned that of brick. The Pullman company's yards turned out the past year about twenty millions of brick. The ice industry is also growing in importance. There is also an extensive Carpenter's shop, by means of which the erection of dwellings, public buildings, etc., here and in other places may contribute to the industries of Pullman.

Gradually the manufacture of all the parts necessary to the construction of cars in every condition is being added to the enterprise of the town. A laundry is being established for cleansing the vast quantities of linen used in the palace

car service which will give employment to women; it is the policy of the company to encourage the employment of women and young persons.

POPULATION.

The rapid growth of Pullman is exhibited in the following tabular statement of the several enumerations of the population that have been made :

Of the population on September 30, 1884, 4,205 were born in the United States, 527 in the Canadas, 425 in England, 596 in Ireland, 170 in Scotland, 85 in France, 953 in Germany, 297 in Norway, 851 in Sweden, 212 in Denmark, 55 in Italy, 137 in other countries, such as Holland, Greece, and in Asia and Africa.

Omitting fractions, the religious preferences of the population may be expressed as follows:

The remaining 12 per cent. of the population includes those of other beliefs, but who expressed no religious preferences.

There are 75 pianos in the city, and the private libraries contain 30,000 volumes, while newspapers and magazines are freely taken in Pullman.

Of the 3,945 men here only about 900 are registered as voters (Oct. 29, 1884), and this is probably three-fourths of the voters residing in this city.

Nearly all the men accounted for on the population statistics are employed in the works of the company. Of course there are a few tradesmen and others. The total number employed in the works is about 4,000, but this includes some who live in surrounding villages, or who come down from Chicago.

WAGES, RENTS, AND LIVING EXPENSES.

The wages paid in the works at Pullman are somewhat higher than those paid for like work in other places. They have been adjusted on the hour basis, and from such basis piece wages have been arranged. The attempt to justly equalize and adjust wages has sometimes caused complaint amongst the workmen, and in one instance a strike of small moment. The strike took place among the freight car builders who formerly received $18 for the construction of a car. Through a readjustment of the forces necessary to the preparation of the material of which the car was built, the price per car was reduced to $12, four men being able to build a car in 8 hours, the result being the wage of $3 per man for 8 hours work. Under this arrangement there was no cessation, no breaks in time; in the old arrangement, when $18 per car was paid, the men made long waits for material, and did not earn any more, and often not as much, as at the present price per car, and with steady employment. But the first effect of the rearrangement of forces and consequent readjustment of prices was a strike of short duration. With this exception no strikes have occurred at Pullman city, and so far as we could learn there was no complaint regarding wages paid.

In the early days of the city, more men naturally were borne on the rolls than were actually necessary. In bringing

the force employed to an economic basis, under which one man should be paid for one man's work, and only one man employed where only one was necessary, discharges or transfers took place, and this caused some complaint, but as the motto of Pullman is, "work for all, and all to work," that sentiment soon found lodgment and complaint ceased.

It costs quite as much to live in Pullman as in any other locality with which it can be reasonably compared. A two room tenement in a second story flat, but having all the conveniences of water and gas, and for sewage and garbage, rents for $4 per month, and a three room tenement, similarly situated, for $4.50 per month. Two room flats in small houses, large enough to accommodate five families, rent all the way from $5 to $8.50 per month, while two, three and four room tenements in large blocks rent from $6.50 to $10 per month. Four room tenements on the first, second, and third floors of three story flats, rent for from $11 to $13.50 per month, while four and five room tenements in two story flats may be had for $14 and $15 per month. Single five room cottages rent for from $16 to $19 per month, while single houses of from 6 to 9 rooms vary from $22 to $100 per month.

The average monthly rental per room in the whole city of 1,520 houses, having 6,485 rooms, is $3.30. In the manufacturing towns of Massachusetts, the average rental per room is $2.86 per month.

The rentals at Pullman are a little higher for the same number of rooms than in Chicago, but in Chicago the tenement would be in a narrow street or alley, while in Pullman it is on a broad avenue where no garbage is allowed to collect, where all houses have a back street entrance, where the sewage arrives at a farm in three hours' time from its being deposited, and where beauty, order, and cleanliness prevail, and fresh air abounds.

There are no taxes to be paid other than personal, and, when all the advantages which a tenant has at Pullman are taken into consideration as compared with his disadvantages in other places, the rent rates are in reality much lower.

The tenant is under no restrictions beyond those ordinarily contained in a lease, except that he must leave his tenement at ten days' notice, or he can give the same notice and