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ART.

CONTENTS OF NO. IV., VOL. XIX.

ARTICLES.

PAGE

I. THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT COMMERCE.-LECTURE III.-THE
COMMERCE OF TYRE AND CARTHAGE. Origin of Navigation-Rise of Tyre and
Carthage-Maritime Power-Influence of Navigation on Commerce-Advantages of an In-
sular Situation-Ships of the Ancients-Long Voyages-Carrying Trade-Manufactures-
Weaving-Dyeing-Pottery-Tanning-Working of Metals-Colonies-Colonial Trade-
Rate of Wages-Emigration-Accumulation of Capital-Credit-Banking-Bottomry-Part-
nerships-Joint Stock Companies-Commercial Character of the Carthaginians. By JAMES
WILLIAM GILBART, F. R. S., General Manager of the London and Westminster Bank..... 355
II. COMMERCIAL CITIES OF EUROPE.-No. VIII-GENOA: AND ITS COMMERCE.
By G. F. SECCHI DE CASALI, late of Italy, now of New York....
III. COMMERCIAL CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES.-No. XII.-OUR
CITIES-ATLANTIC AND INTERIOR. By J. W. SCOTT, Esq., of Ohio............. 383
IV. THE LAW OF DEBTOR AND CREDITOR IN TENNESSEE. BY HENRY Grattan
SMITH, Esq., of the Memphis (Tenn.) Bar.................. .

375

386

V. COMMERCE: AND THE PREJUDICES AGAINST IT. By Hon. BENJAMIN F. PORTER, of Georgia............

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392

VI. MERCANTILE BIOGRAPHY.-A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF THE HON. ASA CLAPP.......

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396

VII. GRACE ON DRAFTS AT SIGHT. BY DAVID R. JAQUES, Esq., of the New York Bar.... 399 VIIL THE DRAINING OF THE EVERGLADES OF FLORIDA........

401

MERCANTILE LAW CASES.

Points in Mercantile Law, from 2 Barbour's Chancery Reports....
Custom of Merchants at New York-Trade Marks...........

403

403

A Docket of Judgments-Partnership--Bills of Exchange-Limitation of Mercantile Accounts....... 404

COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW,

EMBRACING A FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC., ILLUSTRATED WITH TABLES, ETC., AS FOLLOWS:

Influence of events in Europe on Commerce-Import of Breadstuffs into Great Britain-Prices of Grain in England from 1845 to 1848-Leading features of the Bank of England-Discounts of the Bank of England four last years-Stagnant state of Trade-Effects on Specie-Influence of War on Commerce-State of Trade in the United States-Receipts of Produce at New Orleans-Prices of Produce at New Orleans-Foreign Exports of New Orleans-Condition of the South-Western Banks, etc., etc.........

COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS.

405-411

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Hanover.........

Act to provide for the Incorporation and Regulation of Telegraph Companies....

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411-415 415 ...... 416

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COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.

Cotton Crop of the United States for the

years 1847-48.....

Export of Cotton to Foreign Ports from September 1, 1847, to August 31, 1848..
Growth of Cotton in the United States in each year from 1828 to 1843...

Consumption of Cotton and Stocks......

PAGE

417

417

417

418

Cotton consumed and in the hands of Manufacturers in each year from 1828 to 1848... 418
Receipts, Exports, Value, and Stocks of Cotton at New Orleans, in Monthly periods, for 1847-48..... 419
Exports and Value of Tobacco, Whiskey, and Lead at New Orleans, 1847-48...
Exports and Value of Sugar, Molasses, Flour, and Corn at New Orleans for 1847-48..
Exports of Pork, Bacon, Lard, and Beef at New Orleans, 1847-48.................................
Value of Exports from New Orleans for 1847-48.............

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Exports of British produce to the North American Colonies from 1840 to 1847......

421

Imports from British North American Colonies into the United Kingdom from 1840 to 1847...... 422
Exports from Canada by Sea for the years 1838 to 1847.......
Exports of Timber from Canada by Sea in 1845 to 1847....

422

423

Export of Breadstuffs from Ports of the United States to Great Britain and Ireland, 1847-48.
St. Catharine Docks, London................

423

423

Statistics of Ship-building on the Western Waters.....

Exports to the United States and Europe from Manilla for the years 1838 to 1847..

Exports of Tea from China to Great Britain......

Price of Whent in Former Days from 1043 to 1557..

Import of Cotton Wool into England and Scotland in the years 1835 to 1848.

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

424

424

425

425

426

Vessels wrecked on the Florida Coast and Reef.........

Navigation and Marine Implements-Ship and Boat Building-Propellers..

Lights to Lead into Harwich Harbor-Newly Discovered Reef in the China Sea

Discoveries and Determinations of the United States Coast Survey....

The Voyages of Merchant Vessels between England and the United States to Honolulu..

New Light house at Calais.-Floating Lights in the Prince's Channel.......

Deal Island, Kent's Group-New Light at Fort Focardo, Isle of Elba...

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Petersburgh (Virginia) Railroad-Freight Rates, Receipts, Expenditures, etc.....

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432

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436

436

437

438

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A Short Chapter on the Usury Laws-American Continental Money...........

445

JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES.

New Method of Puddling or Refining Iron or other Metals by Gas-fire.....
Vegetable Sonp of Mexico..... .... ...

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Copake or Ancram Iron Works-Copper Mining on Lake Superior......................
Model Clothing Establishment-Oak Hall Rotunda.-Method of Silvering Glass-Brushes from Quills 451
Blackstone Coal Mines-Iron Mines in Texas.-Chenpness of Railroad Iron-Pens made from Bone.. 452
Mines of Cinnabar in Upper California--Factory Girls-Boot Crimps-Revolving Heels to Boots...... 453
MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES.

Morn's in Trade......

454

455

Short Measure and Deception in Fabrics-Culture of Tea in the United States.....
Business Enterprise and Perseverance-Model Book Publishing House-American Bonnets........... 456

THE BOOK TRADE.

Comprehensive Notices of New Works, or New Editions...................................

457-464

HUNT'S

MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE

AND

COMMERCIAL REVIEW.

OCTOBER, 1848.

Art. I.-THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT COMMERCE.

LECTURE III.

THE COMMERCE OF TYRE AND CARTHAGE.

ORIGIN OF NAVIGATION-RISE OF TYRE AND CARTHAGE-MARITIME POWER-INFLUENCE OF NAVIGATION ON COMMERCE-ADVANTAGES OF AN INSULAR SITUATION-SHIPS OF THE ANCIENTS-LONG VOYAGES CARRYING TRADE-MANUFACTURES-WEAVING-DYEING-POTTERY-TANNING-WORKING OF METALS -COLONIES COLONIAL TRADE-RATE OF WAGES- EMIGRATION-ACCUMULATION OF CAPITALCREDIT-BANKING-BOTTOMRY-PARTNERSHIPS-JOINT STOCK COMPANIES-COMMERCIAL CHARACTER

OF THE CARTHAGINIANS.

In my first Lecture I laid down some of the elementary principles of commercial science. We stated that the commerce of a country depended on its productions-on its consumption-on its position-on its means of communication-on the state of its arts and sciences-on the nature of its laws, and on the genius and character of the people. We endeavored to illustrate these propositions by facts taken from the history of Ancient Egypt. In my last Lecture we traced the progress of society from an uncivilized to a commercial state; we viewed the establishment of the right of private property-the administration of justice-the founding of cities-the appointment of markets and fairs-and the introduction of money and bankers. These principles we endeavored to illustrate by facts taken from the history of Ancient Greece. We now view society arrived at a state of maturity. Property is respected-the laws are enforced-the arts and sciences are cultivated-the necessaries of life are acquired a taste for luxury has arisen-and the people are looking about in quest of the means to enrich themselves with those productions which their own soil and climate cannot supply.

If we wish to trace the means by which these desires are gratified, how can we do better than to investigate the history of Tyre and of Carthage? The country called Phoenicia was situated on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, to the north-west of Canaan, and to the south-west of Syria. The territory was but small, and, like most other ancient countries, was

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