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THOMAS SMITH,
CHARLES LLOYD.
REUBEN HAINES.
AARON CLEMENT.
JOHN TOMLINSON.
HENRY SERRILL.

years: they then revert to a rigid making, and close saving system. Taking all they can possi bly get from the soil, leaving and giving nothing to it. By this means agriculture is either aban doned by them, or they become so crippled in their fortunes by impoverished soil, and mis erable crops, as to produce abdication, and con sequent migration to some one of our new states or territories.

sey, one by Gideon Davis, of Georgetown, D. Cto discover any thing likely to become useful in subsides, which it is sure to do in two or three one by William Suplee, of Darby, one by David our modes of husbandry. Dickenson, one by Mr. Wright, of New Jersey, and one by Joseph White, of Downingtown, made wholly of iron. After having carefully examined the construction, and accurately tested the performance of them by means of the dynanometer, they are decidedly of opinion, that Mr. Steven's Plough deserves the Medal, inasmuch as it requires less force to draw it, and is better adapted for the general purposes of our farms than any other plough they have seen.

For a premium of five dollars they recommend Mr. Suplee's plough, as it is well fitted for turning sward land.

tended.

Published by order of the Directors,

JOHN HARE POWELL.
STEPHEN DUNCAN.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER.

SIR,

Fredericksburg, (Va.)
June 19th, 1822.

A farmer to be prosperous in our country, must lay down a system of improvement commensu rate with the means he has of giving force and vigour to it. His plans and his habits ought ne ver to exceed a most rigid regard of prudence; and in ordinary times at least, he should recol lect that a failure of his crop in a small degree even, must be attended with great injury to

Although the other ploughs have much merit, yet as it does not come within the scope of the duties of your Committee, they do not enter into a detail of their performances. I have for some time intended to inclose to him. For his family, overseer, negroes, farm The Committee were very much struck by the you the within extract (from the European and stocks, are to be supported; and his physicheapness, strength and extraordinary perform- Magazine of 1800) for publication. Many of our cians, and blacksmith's bills, his taxes, levies, ance of Gideon Davis's improved Shovel Plough, best farmers in the state, have had a view of it, and a variety of contingent charges, are to be and although they had not an opportunity of test- and are desirous that publicity should be given paid from it-and moreover, a charge though ing it properly, they are led to believe that it will to it through the medium of your excellent last mentioned, yet it is by no means small in be a valuable acquisition in the cultivation of Journal. If your impression should be, that amount and consideration of it, is the education drilled crops. any advantage will result to the farming por-of his children. A course of management then Mr. Joseph Kersey, of Downingtown, exhibited tion of the community from it, you will be so calculated to realise an object in the aggregate an ingenious contrivance for cleaning ploughs, obliging as to give it insertion. of so great importance, ought assuredly to engage which, in the opinion of the Committee, is well These experiments though made in a foreign the closest attention and study of every farcalculated to effect the object for which it is in-country, and in a climate and soil very differ- mer, especially those who have to depend soleent from our own, are I think calculated to be-ly upon agriculture. I have often remarked, Mr. Williams's Horse Hoe appears to be admi-nefit us on this side of the Atlantic, regard that with a resolution in the commencement to rably adapted for tilling drilled crops. being had to the great humidity of the one, be independent, a farmer will be so; because, A Turnip Drill Harrow, two cultivators, and an and often extreme dryness and heat of the for a few years he indulges in neither luxury nor Ox Cart somewhat improved, were sent to the other atmosphere. It is I presume, pretty well superfluity. He learns economy, and he gathers ground by John Hare Powell. known at this day among our farmers, that much useful knowledge. He is young, and may Chapman & Rawley's Machine for breaking in applications of British Husbandry to our mebe industrious and prudent. His family is of Flax without wretting was again subjected to the ridian, great allowance is to be made, as to the course small. His wife naturally bends to his severe trial of practical men, the opinions of regularity of her seasons, and the extreme ir-own views; and from thirty years experience, I whom, perfectly coincided with those of a Com-regularity of ours. Her winters are longer and have really found very few instances, where a mittee which had on a former occasion, awarded much more temperate than we generally have wife has been disposed to war against the to it the premium of two hundred dollars. Your them, and our summers considerably warmer peace and happiness of her family. It is only Committee therefore do not hesitate to declare, and dryer. The frosts are seldom either so requisite then in my opinion, for them to know that it is likely to become one of the most impor-early or late, and of that severity, as to injure the extent of their resources; and the most ortant machines which can be brought to aid the the crops of that country; while with us, scarce- dinary reflection will at once teach them to rehusbandry of Pennsylvania. ly an autumn, winter, or spring passes, but that sist temptations to expense, which cannot be Mr. Baily's Mowing Machine satisfied the Com-great injury is done to the wheat crop, in conse-supported, and which, if indulged in, must so mittee, not merely by its performance during the quence of the early and late influence of severe obviously prove ruinous. Thence it is, that I slight trial which they were enabled to give it, cold weather; this too, with draw the deduction, that it is in every farmer's an irregularity but by the general impression which it has made (alternately of heat and cold) that must always power to live within his means. Industry, pruthroughout one of the finest Counties of our State, render the crops extremely precarious. The dence, resolution, and equanimity, will insure that it is well fitted for mowing lands which are present season throughout the middle, Northern it to him-and a few years perseverence will not uneven, therefore, they recommend it for a and Eastern sections of the Union, is an awful assuredly improve his fortune; while a habit discretionary premium of Fifteen Dollars. admonition to us of this fact; for, I have scarce-thus correct, and important to him, will never

Mr. Eastman's Chaff Cutter could nut fail to ly seen or heard of a good crop, either in this, after escape him. His mind is thence perfectobtain their approbation, by its rapid and effec-or any of those states. The fly, severe winter, ly relieved; and his course through life becomes tive movement, in cutting not only straw, but and chinch bug, have ranged in every direction clear and determinate. with almost indiscriminate destruction-and With an apology for so great a digression even sticks an inch in diameter, without injury to from the subject of the proposed publication. its knives; the facility with which it is made to what is very much to be lamented indeed, a I remain, Sir, respectfully, cut straw of different lengths, adds much to its false economy has crept in among the farmers usefulness; the Committee therefore, recommend generally, of an moderate use of Your ob't serv't, plaster, and clover seed. This circumstance, it for a premium of ten dollars. CARTER BEVERLEY. added to the general disposition they have of

have seen.

extreme

1800.

Mr. Barnard's Chaff Cutter deserves the notice blending the grazing system to an excess, with Extract from the European Magazine for April of the Committee (although it is not an original the extensive culture of wheat, contribute to invention,) for the facility with which it is made deteriorate the land, which renders the wheat to operate; its simplicity and cheapness are great less able to resist the various disasters to which Britanic Majesty's Manager, or principal farmer Observations made by Nathaniel Kent (his recommendations, and as it has had the test of it is so unfortunately liable. experience, your committee are disposed to preon his farms in the green park at Windsor, calIn my opinion from an extensive view of the led the Norfolk farm of 1000 acres, and the fer it to most implements of the sort which they agriculture of our country generally, and a con- Flemish farm of 400 acres. The whole tract stant and regular research into farming opera- containing 4000 acres,) in a letter to the secreMr. Moses Pennock of Chester County, pre-tions and experiments of a very great many in-tary of the Society for the encouragement of arts, sented a new modification of a revolving Horse dustrious, practical men, there certainly is no manufactures and commerce. Rake, which the Committee have not had an op-one circumstance so badly understood among "In nine years from the period of the farms beportunity of testing by experiment, but as the ge-them, as that of expending money and labour ing thrown into operation (viz. from 1791 to the neral impression of those who saw it was much in in the improvement of soil, with regularity, year 1800,) he observes, that notwithstanding its favour, they are led to believe, that it is an judgment, and constancy. They have only pe- the great improvement of the soil, the two farms inprovement worthy of imitation. riodical visitations of improvement upon large of 1600 acres aggregately carried more stock to

Among the various imported implements which and extensive scales, which they often indulge market than the whole 4000 acre tract. The were shown, your Committee were not enabled in most lavishly and injudiciously; when this Norfolk farm borders on the extensive waste cal

led Bushot-heath; hitherto considered too bar-land will be again repeated next winter. This hay is given to them in racks; and every night ren for cultivation. He managed it under a five was, penning the oxen by day upon the turnip they are so penned, the fold is fresh littered.course shift, first wheat; second turnips; third land, in the manner that sheep are penned, with When this has been continued, at intervals, dubarley, with seeds (viz. grass seeds,) which con- this only difference, that the turnips were thrown ring the winter, a layer of lime, chalk, rubble, tinue laid two years. The seeds however turned up into cribs, instead of being left to be trodden or ashes, six inches thick, is spread over the to very little out after the first year. The course into the ground, and in the nights they were driv-whole surface, and when it has heated together was five shifts of 100 acres each. The first, was en into a yard, with a temporary shed well lit-about the month of April, the whole is turned up wheat or rye; second, the irregular shift; third, tered with rushes, fern and leaves, and turnips and mixed together, and makes the very best turnips; fourth barley or oats; fifth, clover.-and barley straw given to them in cribs. They manure that can be used for turnips. For clover Strong or cohesive soil answers best under a four thrived fast, and every one of them made at least on light land, clay, or marle, ought always to be course shift, first year wheat; second cabbage or eight loads of good muck in the night yard, be- carted and pretty thickly scattered, then sow it clover; third oats; fourth beans. The irregular sides the benefit done in treading and dunging on with vetches, which are nearly as valuable as the shift is partly productive and partly preparative the land in the day time, which was very great, clover, and wheat always grows remarkably kind 40 acres of it were sown with vetches, to be fed the soil being very light. The result of the ox after them.

off; 40 acres with rye, the latter end of August, system is, that charging the ox for his agistment "The Norfolk plough is the best, and upon a for early seed the next spring for the ewes and the first year, for the value of the grass and tur-light soil, it is certainly preferable to any other; lambs; the remaining 20 acres are planted with nips the last year, and putting what he has in it ploughs a cleaner furrow, by completely mopotatoes, and the whole came round for turnips three intermediate years as an equivalent for his ving the whole body of earth, and inverts it much the next year. labor, after every allowance for risk, each ox, better than any other plough. It is the draft of "Sheep running in the park, improved the farm will pay at least twenty per cent profit. In what an ox less, than almost any other plough. The very much; a great part of it when he commen-instance does a horse produce so much? Norfolk turnip harrow is also very useful for harced would produce nothing at all, recently it yielded “Oxen cannot be used to such great advantage rowing what we called brush turnips, preparatoa clear annual rent value (or with crops) of more on stony land-they are all worked at Windsor in ry to their being hoed. The drill roller also, it than the original fee-simple value of the land, in collars, as their step is found to be much more consists of cast iron rings, made at the Norwich a period of less or about 9 years. free, than when coupled together with yokes; foundery, and slipt on upon a round piece of wood, *"Oxen are considered greatly profitable and in-and they are found to do their work with much as an axle-tree; deep sowing of grain is the best finitely more valuable than horses for all the pur-greater care in collars than in yokes, which because it takes better root and one quarter of the poses of the farm. He consequently exploded ought every where to be exploded. quality at least is cured; take off the tops of the use of horses altogether. He worked not less "You must adapt the oxen to the soil, upon light beans, just as the blossom is set, not only imthan 180 head of oxen on the two farms, parks land, (N. F.) the Devonshire sort are used; upon proves the quality, and causes them to ripen and gardens; upon the two farms 200 were kept, strong heavy soil (F. F.) the Herefordshire; and sooner-cabbage are also very profitable to feed including those coming on, and those going off in the park, where the turnips is carting and har-stock and sheep. 40 are brought in every year, rising three years, rowing, and rolling, the Glemorganshire. They "One hundred and forty acres of land, sown in and are kept as succession oxen in the park, 120 are all excellent in their different stations. wheat and rye, upon the most moderate calculaare under work, and 40 every year are fatted off, "Train oxen thus: first put round their necks tion, produced 3,360 bushels of grain, and allowrising 7 years. a broad strap, and fasten one end of a cord to it, ing six bushels to a human mouth, this give a "The working oxen are mostly divided into and the other end to a large log of wood, and let yearly provision in bread for 560 people, besides fat teams of 6, and one of the number is every day the ox draw it about as he feeds about the pas-tening of 140 oxen, the breed of 800 sheep, and the rested; so that no ox works more than 5 days out ture, for three or four days, before he is put into growth of at least 5000 bushels of oats and beans, of the seven. This additional day of rest to the harness, by which means he is very much which is all done by oxen, and all of which is animal is of great service indeed to him, for he brought forward in docility. thrown thereby into market.

(Signed)

NATHANIEL KENT.

30th October, 1789.

is found to do better with ordinary keep and mod- "Twenty per cent may be always very safely erate labour, than he would do with high keep calculated to be the average profit of an ox, stating and harder labour. This is the great secret to them to be bought in at £10, and allowing them Craig Court, England, learn respecting oxen; for an ox will not admit to sell for £25, taking off £10, for the two years of being kept in condition like a horse, artificially they are not worked; but last year, beans being by proportionate food to proportionate labor. of very little value, they were kept longer than These oxen are never allowed any corn (that is usual, by being stall fed with bean meal, which ON THE BEST MODE OF HARVESTING grain of any kind) as it would prevent their fat-answered very well, as they were brought to an ting so kindly afterwards. Their food in summer average of nearly £30; and one of them a Gle

INDIAN CORN.
Eastern Neck, Kent County, Md. June 20, 1822.

is only a few vetches, by way of a trial, and the morganshire ox, originally bought for £8, and J. S. SKINNER, Esq. run of warm meadows, or what are called lea- from his compact round make, always called the Having derived much valuable agricultural inforsows, being rough woody pastures. In winter, little ox, thrived to such a surprising degree, mation from your useful paper, I conceive it incumthey have nothing but cut food, consisting of two that he became too fat to be able to travel to bent on me in return, to communicate to my brother thirds hay, and one third wheat straw, and the Smithfield, and was therefore sold to Mr. Charl-farmers, any improvements or discoveries, in my quantity they eat in 24 hours, is about two pounds wood, a neighboring butcher for, £47. experience to facilitate the operations of farming.

of hay and twelve of straw, and on the days of "Two ewe flocks of 400 each are kept; the Much has been said in your paper, upon the rest, they range as they like, in the straw yard; soil being light and dry, admits of winter folding subject of gathering and securing the crop of Inthey are never to be confined to hot stables, but (except when the weather is wet,) upon the dian corn. Some writers recommend cutting must have open sheds, under which they eat their young clover. This is a practice much to be re-down close to the ground, with the stock, blades, cut provender, and must be left to their choice to commended, as it is productive of a great crop of and ears together. Others object to this go in and out; under this management, 4 oxen will clover, and prepares the land the ensuing autumn method, on account of the loss of the blades, generally plough an acre a day, and do other for a crop of wheat, without any further assist- which cannot be dispensed with on farms that work in proportion, their advantage then is no ance. It is excellent to fold sheep upon light do not raise hay, to supply the place of blades. doubt very great over horses, and the result to the land, in dry weather, immediately upon the sow- Another objection is, that the blades below the public highly beneficial. ing of the wheat, which may be put forward or ear will decline, before the corn is sufficiently ma

"The oxen which are brought on in succession, kept back, a fortnight or three weeks on that ac-tured to cut down. run the first summer in the park, and in the lea-count. It is well to have a large fold, and to give The plan I have pursued for two years past in sows, and temporary straw yards in the winter. the sheep a turn or two round it in a morning be-securing my corn, I am so well satisfied with, that These temporary straw yards, are made in dif- fore they are turned out, to tread and settle the I never expect to abandon it. It obviates the obferent places, so that the manure which they land, which does a great deal of good over and jections to the system of cutting down, and is in make, may be as near to the spot where it is above their dung. my estimation, infinitely preferable to the usual wanted as possible. "For comfort, have a dry shelter yard, or spot method of gathering corn. My object in writing "The 40 oxen that go off, are summered in the selected, and sods of maiden earth, a foot deep this letter, is to give you an account of the probest pasture, and finished with turnips the ensu-are laid over the space of a very large fold. It cess of this plan, that you may, if you think it of ing winter. The usual way has been to draw the is then bedded thinly with rushes, leaves of trees, sufficient importance, communicate it to the pubturnips, and to give them either stalled or infern, moss, short straw or stubbles; and in hard lic.

cribbs, placed in the yard, with plenty of straw or wet weather, the flock, instead of being pen- As soon as the corn will bear it, the blades beto brouse and lie upon: but last winter an experi-ned upon the cloyer in the open fields, is put in-low the ear are stripped off and secured in the ment was made which answered extremely well, to this warm fold, where the usual quantity of lusual way. The stock, with the ear and top, is

then cut close to the ground with common butch-soil hey are generally used, though they do not put down the throat with the hand; the person ers' knives, having square wooden handles, the answ r for strong tenacious soils."

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EXTRACT OF A LETTER.

who does it holding fast the tongue at the same same as we would cut tops with in the usual way, time, rather out of the mouth, and upon withfixed at right angles in the lower end of a stick, drawing it the animal immediately swallows the the thickness of a hoe handle, and about three Ouachita, Feb. 4th, 1822. [lard. I generally mix about a tea-spoonful of feet long; or, to shew the instrument on paper I shall, with pleasure, continue the Meteri-salt with each ball of lard. The effect appears thus: --. The cutters with this instrument, oric Register, as it effectually has a tendency to to be, the discharge of wind upwards, as eructacut the stock close to the ground with one hand, make our climate well known; and we all owe tion immediately follows; and it is not improbaholding it in the other, and when the holding hand to our country to throw our mite into the gene-ble but that the stomach might be deprived of becomes full of stalks, they are thrown crossways ral mass of knowledge. this salutary action by the swollen state of its con

SIR,

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. M. BLIGH.

the furrow, like tops when cut as usual, each cut- "I recollect what I once told you about Bar- tents. If you think this worth insertion, as inter taking two rows, and then throwing together rilla Salsola, viz: that the culture of that plant formation from a correspondent, it is at your seracross the furrow the middle one walks in. Hands would be most valuable where salt marshes are vice, and that of the public. follow the cutters, to stack their corn, which is not wanted for the culture of other plants. The done by sitting it up with the bulk end of the common process for rendering them fit for culstock a little further out than the top, two hun-ture tedious aud expensive; but Barilla will dred and forty hills in a stack, or twelve hills by grow well there, and, after two or three crops, twenty apart. I find this to be about the right will have sufficiently extracted the too great ON WHEELS. size for a stack in the field to stand without quantity of salt contained in those marshes; for, Alconbury, May, 17, 1821. tying, and to cure well. By the time a whole it has the property of decomposing and ab- The remarks of the Leicestershire Farmer in field is cut down and stacked, the first cutting sorbing it in its growth. your Journal of the 14th current, have induced, will be cured enough to haul off and put in larger "The soil most impregnated will thus be me to trouble you on this subject, as I consider he stacks, one cart load to a stack, made in the same sweetened and rendered fit for the cultivation of has ascribed disadvantages to the cylindrical way as in the field. I make my stack yard ad- any thing else. I saw, in my last tour through wheels, which the conical wheels are equally liajoining my feeding yards; and as the cornis husk- the United States, a quantity of land of that ble to. He says, that cylindrical wheels, when ed out, the stacks are put in ricks, to be fed to the description which could thus easily be turned to going on the centre of a curved road, press on the cattle during the winter. These stacks will stand the most useful culture, and which is now waste and inner edges, and that, when the side of the road, the the whole winter, and the corn is as good as if in useless to the owners even in the most favoura- pressure is on the inside of the one, and outside of the corn house. But it is unnecessary to let them ble situations." stand, for you may husk them out before your neighbours are done gathering in the usual way. The advantages I find in this plan are these: that

FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER.
TO EXPELL RATS AND MICE.

alone would be rather

the other. Now it is evident, that if the hoops of conical wheels press with a flat surface on a level road as the cylindrical wheels, they must press in the same way on all roads as the cylindrical I can cut and stack my corn in the field, as soon wheels. As to his experiments of the two as I can secure my top fodder after pulling blades; Take one or more (of either) alive, and baste, wheels laid down on their sides; it is a position I that the hands that would be employed in sitting up or wet it or them well with a mixture of about never wish to see mine in and can have nothing to corn and hoeing, in seeding wheat among the stalks equal quantities of train oil and tar, (the tar do with the merits of either. I have used the can draw the corn off the field before the seeding too stiff) then let cylindrical wheels with straight axles, for the ploughs, and stack it where it is to stand, and be it or them go. The consequence will be, that space of 10 years, with complete success, and I husked out; that I have double the corn proven- feeling so unpleasant, they will run through eve- beg leave to state, that I am convinced, when der for my cattle obtainable in the old way of gath-ry hole and avenue haunted by their tribe; and properly constructed, that they are stronger, baste and daub the whole family; and render wear the roads less, and are of easier draught to ering corn, and can make more than double the them so uncomfortable that they will very soon the horses than the conical wheels. The wheels quantity of manure; that my corn is gathered and secured by the time I have finished seeding leave the premises. They will become so affect-I use are four feet six inches high, and six inches wheat, that I have no occasion of carting over my the tar getting on their eyes; and will run at dicular, or at right angles to the axle, the other ed, that many will become entirely blind by wide in the hoop; six of the spokes are perpenwheat, perhaps through mire, to gather corn, nor or knocked is any of it left covered up in the ground in seeding random, may be trod on, over six alternate spokes are placed in the nave, their with a stick. wheat; and finally that my corn is sounder, heaviThis experiment may be re- own breadth nearer the inside, and terminate in er, and reputed the best corn tha t is carried to the lied on as perfectly adapted to the purpose. Baltimore market, since I have adopted this plan. Wishing well to husbandry, I am Sir, your's, &c. I am yours, &c. GIDEON DAVIS, Manufacturer. George Town, Dec. 6th, 1822.

JAMES RINGGOLD.

P. S. I omitted to state that I consider my wheat crops to be better, on account of the wheat being better put in, and no carting on it

after the corn is removed.

J. R.

the centre of the fellies, as the others: conical wheels of the same dimensions, say the diameter of the inside is four feet eight inches, and outside four feet four inches, the circumference of the outside must be one foot less than the inside; therefore it is quite evident, that for every revoSelections from late numbers of the London Far-lution the wheel makes, the outside must drag mers' Journal, received at the office of the one foot. For those that want theoretical information on this subject, I would recommend them to read Dr. Brewster's remarks on wheel carriages, in his Appendix to Ferguson's lectures

American Farmer.

REMEDY FOR HOVEN OXEN.

SIR, Stone, Cornwall, May 14, 1821.

Extract of a letter to the Editor, from a respectable farmer, dated near BEVERLY, YORKSHIRE, It was my intention to have replied to a letter on mechanics, published in 1806. As I flatter Enlgand, 7th March, 1822. inserted in the Farmer's Journal some time since,myself I have made some other improvements in "Mr. Tollet is a very good mar, and has a signed by A Young Wiltshire Farmer, wherein he the construction of wheels and carts, which large fortune, and has paid particular attention to states that he had a beast fed on turnips, which would take up too much of your valuable Journal the Merino Sheep, which have not answered. My frequently became prodigiously blown out in the to describe in my circuitous way, I intend sending sheep are of the long woolled sort-the staple of hide, and which, particularly about the flank, one to Mr. Coke's useful meeting in July, where those a year old, when first clipped, being about was as hard as a board. I have often had cattle it will speal for itself. from fourteen to seventeen inches long, and the so disorded, by eating turnips or green clover, fleece weigh about twelve to fourteen pounds. and have found hogs'-lard (either mixed with salt, The rams when eighteen months old, will weigh or without,) an infallible remedy. I have a couabout twenty-two to twenty-four pounds a ple of lumps, each about the size of a pullet's egg, quarter. One of my farms is a very high situa

I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,

J. C.
Leicestershire Farmer, were added by the Editor.
The remarks quoted as being made by the
We admit that the case in this is similar both

tion, on cold thin land, with a limestone bottom, *This plant yields the Soda or Mineral Alkali, ways; but why should the Bill assume that the and within these ten years past, we have improv-abundantly. Its uses in the manufacture of soap cylindrical wheels roll on a flat surface? The ed it beyond idea, by manuring it with crushed and glass, &c. are well known-the writer of very respectable writer of this letter contends for bones for our turnip crop. My farm is ten miles this note has made some attempts to introduce its the superiority of the cylindrical from market, which precludes the possibility of culture in the United States, but hitherto with though he has stated a method of making them wheels, alobtaining any thing but what we cal! hand ma nure little success. Doubtless it would flourish here, approximate to the conical ones in regard to laand I have for these ten years past expended £400 and particularly in those climates which are ana-teral pressure. We are glad to hear that he is sterling, in the purchase of old bones, which have logous to those of the Mediterranean, Alicant for going to Holkham, where all that is useful and meanswered the purpose extremely well. I have im-example, where it is an important object. ported them from Hamburg, and on their sort of ritorious is meritoriously encouraged, and where Washington City, April 14, 1822. J. M. claims of this sort are advantageously discussed.

We therefore say no more on the subject in this place. Our correspondent will observe that we have omitted his remarks on the duties necessary on foreign corn; which although very sensible and correct, come too late to be of any service. Edit. Farmer's Journal.

WHARFDALE AGRICULTURAL SO

CIETY.

ROADS AND WHEELS. se'nnight, on Chobham Heath, Surrey, between In looking over the proposed new turnpike bill, three gentleman of Oxfordshire and three of printed this Session, we find the clause relating to Hampshire, viz. Messrs. Bartleman, Harris, and roads and wheels, very properly omitted; the Goatley, of the former county, and Messrs. Grosweighing machines are proposed to be continued, venor, Kemp, and Harrison, of the latter, at which we also consider as very proper, if it be eleven birds, 21 yards from the trap. Hampshire only to prevent cruelty to animals, which might won by one bird only. The parties made another ON THE SUSTENANCE OF THE POOR. be otherwise induced by gain. It is, however, match for the same stake, at 21 birds, to be shot Essex, May 14, 1821. doubtful whether any allowance in toll ought to be for on Monday, (this day.) SIR, made for wheels more than six inches wide; beIn answer to your correspondent on the subject 'cause the wheels themselves are part of the load, of feeding the Poor, dated Berkshire, 9th April, and the improved method of making turnpikes 1821, signed J. H., I beg to make the following does suppose the utility of rollers that will nearly The annual Meeting of this society was held observations. This person expresses himself as cover two stones each eight inches across, or go at Otley, and was most numerously and respectafollows: between them without making them lift up at ei-bly attended. The show of Horned Cattle form-"Should any of your numerous readers see ob- ther end. Wheels of six inches might pay ac-ed decidedly the best part of the exhibition; that jections which are not discernable by me, I shall cording to weight and horses, (six to eight hor-of Horses was very inferior. A number of agriesteem their observations a favour." In order to ses, and four to six tons), and narrow wheels (1 to cultural implements were submitted for public point out the most prominent feature of his letter, 24 inches,) not to be allowed to carry more than a inspection, particularly some produced by the I shall quote his own words. "The paupers of given load-suppose four horses and three tons-Rev. J. A. Rhodes, of Horsfirth, which merited England, either in or out of workhouses, live in exclusive of the carriages. One thing of peculi- and appeared to gain, general approbation. a degree of luxury unknown to the lower orders ar importance the act provides,—namely, that the After the business of the exhibition was conof the greater part of the continent of Europe, soles of the wheels, of whatever width, shall be cluded, the company adjourned to dinner. In the or the hardy and robust natives of Scotland and even and flat: this, we believe, will soon put an course of the afternoon, the decision of the JudgIreland. Good wheaten bread, with a propor-end to very broad wheels; for unless by shoe-es was announced, and the premiums were imtion of animal food, is the diet of the generality [ing them with a central thick sole, or by making mediately paid. Several of the gentlemen most of English paupers." Would this person wish the rim barrel-shaped, they could have made disinterestedly returned them, for the benefit of English paupers to be denied the luxuries of them run almost as easy as narrow wheels, they the institution. wheaten bread and animal food, who, through could not have availed themselves of the advanwant of employment, may become objects of re- tages of heavy lading, and exemptions from lief, or whose large families may render their weighing. earnings inadequate to their support? It has been stated, and I think rightly, that want of means of consumption is a most operative cause of the depressed prices of agricultural produce:

NEWLY INVENTED BOAT.

FROM THE NEW YORK STATESMAN.

THE USEFUL ARTS.

North Berwick, May 18. We this evening have the satisfaction of pubAbout eight o'clock this morning, a novelty un-lishing another interesting communication from if all the paupers in England were denied the use known in this place before, attracted the atten- our correspondent HopSON, on the colouring of of wheaten bread and animal food, the consumption of a numerous assemblage of spectators. A Scarlet. It will be found a valuable article, tion would certainly be again very much dimin-boat manned by four men, proceeded from this har-both to the man of science and to the practiished. Probably two thirds of the labouring poor bour, to Canty Bay, a distance of two miles and, cal manufacturer. It affords us pleasure to in England are at present more or less paupers. after refreshing the crew, proceeded round the state, that our correspondent is now preparing Can J. H. wish English labourers, becoming pau- Bass Rock, and returned about a quarter past a practical treatise on the dying of Woollens, pers, through large families or misfortune, to be nine, having performed their voyage in the space which will be published between this and the fed as the poor are in Scotland, on oat and barley of an hour and a quarter, gross time, being up-next autumn. There is no work of the kind in meal mixed, with a portion of sour milk; or, as wards of six miles, the whole performed without this country, and such a publication, at a time they are in Ireland, on potato and salt? This either sails, oars, or any steam apparatus. The when woollen manufactories are springing up in mode I think would not be polite; and I beg to invention is entirely that of a respectable mill-all directions, is a great desideratum. The taask, if it would be humane? The transition wright here, who expects a patent before he pub-lents and experience of Hopson justify the most from bad living to good is very easy and pleasant, lishes the means of impulsion. sanguine anticipations of the ability and usefulbut to decline from good living to a mere existness of his contemplated treatise. ence, is heart-breaking and miserable. In such MATCH TO DO ONE HUNDRED MILES a case, would there be any encouragement to IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. Messrs. Editors-In two papers signed Hopgrow wheat or rear stock? Why do we get so This match was undertaken on Thursday, by son, I critisised on several parts of the theory of much corn and meal from Scotland and Ireland? Mr. Pendergrast, a yeoman, in Oxfordshire, for dying, as advanced by Dr. Cooper, in his work For this reason because the majority of the in-a stake of 200 guineas. The pedestrian had on that subject. I shall take the liberty of rechabitants cannot afford to use them. In the like trained for the match during the last month; the tifying one other error, through the medium of case, if the majority of the inhabitants of Eng-ground over which he travelled was a circle of five your paper, which must have had a tendency to land were debarred from the use of wheaten miles from Woodbridge, Oxon, of turf and road; bewilder the mere practical artist. bread and animal food, where would there be a he started at four o'clock in the morning, and per- P. 24. Aquafortis, or strong nitric acids sale for them, and what would be the use of pro- formed the first five miles in 48 minutes; he con-colourless. This will be wanted to make the ducing them? tinued to mend upon his pace until he did 25 scarlet composition. It ought to be freed from Your correspondent goes on to say, "Oatmeal miles in ten minutes under four hours; he halted sulphuric acid by nitrate of barytes, and from prepared in a variety of modes, rice, potatoes, an hour, ate a hearty breakfast of chops, and then muriatic acid by nitrate of silver." and other vegetables, always afford a much more proceeded on at between five and six miles an This hypothesis is directly opposed to the economical mode of maintenance, than wheaten hour, until he had done forty miles, when he practice of the most eminent dyers, nor will it bread or meat." Rice, it appears, is to be pre-halted about two hours; and at two o'clock hold good in theory. Muriatic acid must always ferred to our own wheat, though the growth of he had gone a mile over half the distance.-be present to enable the nitric to hold the tin in America and the East Indies; surely this person He kept on steadily, and did the next twenty solution; and it is customary to mix one-eighth must have taken a very erroneous view of the miles in four hours, when he again took refresh-of muriatic acid with the nitric before any tin is subject. I beg him to reflect on the result of his ment and slept; he had seven hours to do the re-added. Sulphuric acid is never considered as own thoughts, whether, if they could be compli-maining 30 miles; he kept on at the rate of five at all injurious, provided it be free from iron. ed with, they would not do more harm than good. miles an hour until he had completed 90 miles, There are but too first rate public scarlet dyTwo questions more I beg to ask: How are com- when he fell lame; he had something under three ers in the west of England; both of them use merce and trade to be maintained, if at least hours to do the next ten miles in, but he could single aquafortis slightly tinged with orange cohalf of the inhabitants of England live upon only reach the 92d mile, when he was obliged to loured fumes; one of those dyers adds fine salt oatmeal, rice, potatoes, and other vegetables?— resign the herculean labour. It was even betting to this composition for scarlet, and the other, the And how is the revenue to be raised without the on the event. abovementioned portion of muriatic acid. use of exciseable goods, under the present mode of taxation?

Your's, &c.
JOHN BULL.

I shall take this opportunity of disclosing a
PIGEON MATCH FOR ONE HUNDRED fact, relative to the scarlet composition, which I
GUINEAS ASIDE.
discovered in the year 1807, and which has never

A sporting match was decided on Saturday before been made known. I was then engaged

in making experiments in London, at the labora-found in the bottom of the furnace, a considera- the Swedish or Ruta Baga; being all of superior tory of Mr. Wm. Bryan, sen'r,* for the purpose ble portion of which is evidently metallic. quality: he having raised from the same kinds of of ascertaining the precise effect, produced by The following appears to be the true rationale seed last year, a great crop of turnips; many of the the mordants on the materia tinctoria. My ex-of scarlet dying; at least, such are the inferen-largest of which weighed from 15 to 19 lbs. each; periments were not confined to the effect which ces I have drawn from the experiments before and this great weight was obtained in about twelve a single mordant has on a given colouring mat-related, and from the effects of the old pro-weeks; and yet they were quite sound, and of ter: it was extended to ternary and even quater-cess. superior quality. The above seed may be had ' nary compounds. The cream of tartar is decomposed by the ni-by applying at the corner of Spring street and Whilst so employed, I put into a phial of aqua- tro-muriatic acid. The potash, of the tartrate the Philadelphia road, or on Captain E. L. regia as much pulverised tartar, as I had been of potash, combines with a portion of the aqua- Finley's farm. Printed directions will be given accustomed to use in the dying furnace, with the regia of the nitro-muriate of tin; the tin is libe- with the seed for the proper cultivation of turnips, same portion of acid. The bottle was labelled rated, and forms the before mentioned white he having had several years experience of their and laid by on a shelf. About two months after-precipitate; and the tartaric acid being also li-culture in one of the best managed districts of wards, I was engaged in experimenting on the berated, combines with the colouring matter, England. colouring matters producing yellow, when I used and, together, with the remainder of the nitrosome of the aforesaid liquor, with a decoction of muriatic acid, is the means of forming this beauDirections for the proper cultivation of Turnips. the morus tinctoria, (old fustic.) The effect pro-tiful colour. Let duced was astonishing, the colour being far more The cream of tartar which I put into the nitroyour land be made perfectly clean by good brilliant than any I have ever seen produced from muriatic acid, as related in my experiment, is ploughing and harrowing, and let it be well mathe same material, and it has proved after the gradually decomposed, and the tartaric acid li- nured, and on the first appearance of rain, about most severe trials, to be as permanent, as it was berated. the last week in July or the first week in August,

beautiful. On examining the last of patterns in The effect produced by these processes, are plough your land, and sow your seed on the fresh April 1821, I found all the other yellows were similar; but the latter is more direct, less com- mould, at the rate of about two pounds to the faded, whilst that one had retained its original plicated, and less expensive.

body and lustre.

THE SEASON.

HOPSON.

On

acre. After your turnips are up, and have leaves as big as half a dollar, if they appear too thick, let them be harrowed once over, and if they still appear too thick, harrow them again; taking care to cross at right angles. When they

Short Horn Stock.

The following animals which received Premiums at the late Philadelphia county Agricultural Exhibition, are for sale.

Doctor Bancroft had previously established the fact, that scarlet was produced by a portion of the cochineal being yellowed; and I inferred at the time I made the experiment, that the tartaric! We have distressing accounts that a severe have got leaves the bigness of a dollar, let them acid of the super-tartrate of potash, was the ondrought has been experienced in Maine, New-ibe hoed if possible, twice over, leaving the plant ly material by which that effect was produced. Hampshire, and parts of this state: and that at least twelve inches apart. I soon after communicated this idea to Doctor B. prayer meetings have been held to supplicate for and in his second volume published subsequent rain from heaven on the parched earth. to my information, he has given it as his opinion, Monday there were appearances in several quarobserving that tartaric acid was too dear to be ters of settled rain; and it commenced in Salem used for that purpose. in the afternoon, and in this vicinity in the evenIn the year 1810 I made some experiments on ing: but not in quantity sufficient to refresh the cochineal with the same mixture, and the colour thirsty earth. The appearances, however, yet TOM JONES, a Bull Calf of 10 months from produced answered my most sanguine expecta- continue, and promis to bless the hopes of the Cherry, by George, (the sire of Bergami,) both tion. This colour was very brilliant, and well husbandman. But all signs fail in a dry time." derived from Mr. Heaton's importation of Teesgrounded, and on trial I found it would stand, The crop of hay in this state it is feared will water stock. He took the first Premium for Bull washing, and exposure to atmospheric changes, not exceed half the quantity cut the last and Calves. much better than any scarlet dyed after the preceding years. Much of the clover and other PRIZE, an Heifer of 3 years, by the imported grasses were winter killed, and much of those Bull Denton. She took two prizes at the WorI have long wished for an opportunity of en- which survived suffered for want of rain in the cester County Cattle Show, as well as a Premium tering on a course of experiment, to ascertain spring. The grain and fruit prospects are good. of Porty Dollars, at the Philadelphia County the best proportion of materials, in preparing The vegetable tribe abundant.-Boston Cent. Exhibition.

common mode.

this nitro-murio-tartrate of potash, and the exact quantity to be used to produce the best colour, with any given quantity of cochineal. I have no doubt the result would be highly valuable to the dyer of scarlet, as the expense of pro-1 ducing the colour would be much lessened, and the acids consumed much smaller in quantity.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JULY, 12, 1822.
Our correspondent "Readers," will find
that his enquiry as to WHEELS shall be attended

to.

JULIA, an Heifer of 19 months by the imported Bull Denton, from an imported Devon Cow. She also took a premium of Twenty Dollars at the Philadelphia County Exhibition.

STEAM BOAT, a Cow remarkable for her great size, heavy hind quarters, great length and short legs. She took the third premium at the Philadelphia County Exhibition. CHERRY, the dam of Tom Jones, with very small bone and heavy hind quarters.-Apply to

The proportion of aqua-regia, nearly saturated with tin, used in the old mode of dying scarlet, is three pounds to one of cochineal. The The prices of the present week much the materials are added when the liquor is boiling; same as last report-the quantity of grain in marthe acids first, and the others in succession:-ket very small, and the demand uncommonly soon as the cream of tartar is precipitated into limited-White wheat, $1 30 to $1 35-Red, do. the Editor. the liquor, a curdling appearance immediately $1 25 to $1 27-White corn, 70 to 72 cts.-Yel- Pedigree of the thorough-bred improved Durtakes place, which will soon precipitate, if per-low do. 70 cts.-Rye, 60 to 65 cts.-Wharf flour, ham Short Horn Bull Denton, bred by Mr. John mitted to rest. When the cloth is washed after $6 50, credit of 60 and 90 days-do. from the Wetherell of Kirkley, Leicestershire, one of the dying, the filth extracted is of a white colour; wagons, $6 62-Shad, No. 1, $7 25 to $7 50-first breeders of Short Horn Cattle in England. and when the spent liquor is thrown away, a No. 2, $6-Herrings, No. 1, $3 to $3 25-No. 2, He was got by Old Denton, dam by Baronet, large quantity of white precipitate is always $2 75 to $3. grandam by Cripple, great grandam by IrishMARYLAND TOBACCO--Not a single man. Old Denton was by Comet, grandam by * I have_never_been acquainted with a better hogshead sold the present week that we can hear St. John, great grandam from Old Danby. practical chemist than Mr. Bryan, senior. It is Mr. Heaton's cattle were produced by a brothVIRGINIA TOBACCO-10 hogsheads Rich-fer of the celebrated, Barningham Ox. to this gentleman I am principally indebted for the little chemical knowledge I possess. In the mond, sold for $7 25. years 1807 and 8, we attended a course of private chemical lectures, from the celebrated Frederick Accum, together with Messrs. Thomas and William Bryants, now operative dyers in this ci

of.

TURNIP SEED.

TO FARMERS.

J. W. Cragg has on hand, and offers for sale ty. Mr. B. senior, has lately arrived from Li-on reasonable terms, a quantity of turnip seed, verpool. Every thing that can be performed saved this season from roots of his own raising, by a combination of practical and theoretical ta- and of the following kinds, viz: The English tent, may be expected from these gentlemen. Red Round, Norfolk White, Yellow Scotch, and

Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the North West corner of Market and Belviderestreets, Baltimore, where every description of Book and Job printing is executed with neatness and despatch-Orders from a distance for Binding, with proper directions, promptly attended

to.

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