a thousand at a time; and he frequently has now growing, on each other, and on the thorn and I use it on some trees three times from the 15th nearly that number in his stalls. I understand he quince, and the pear is greatly improved, by be- February to 6th April, with great success. can in this manner fatten between four and five ing put on the apple. This I was told, was prac thousand oxen and cows annually. At this time tised at Belle Air, the seat of Benjamin Ogle, Having regard to the extraordinary and well (1803,) he cuts into lengths of an inch and an half, Esq. Prince George's, from which I took the hint; known excellence of his fruit, we consider every or two inches, at the expence of two guineas, there is always a large knot found, at the junction hint from Mr. W. as a treasure to the young farthirty-five loads of clover hay per week, which of each, and I don't think the wood joins so strongly mer. It is in this way that we flatter ourselves, is immediately put into a large cistern, containing as when they are on their own kind. Budding we often give the value of the subscription in the a considerable quantity of the foregoing wash, should always be done as soon as you can get promulgation of a single recipe-the result of where it steeps, and with the contents of this cis-them, I mean as soon as found on the trees, and in many years of skilful attention and labourious teru, probably in a state of fermentation, his cat-a fit state for budding. I have brought trees forty care.-Edit. Am. Farmer. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. tle are served by pailsful poured into their man-miles, and kept them a fortnight, and they grew gers. This nutritious mess is thus given to them as well as if just cut; but when put in water to four times every day. After the lapse of a few keep alive, it should be in a tumbler, to keep them days at first, they greedily devour this mixed close together without injuring them by tying, and food, and during the rest of their time they amuse not more than one an a half inches of water in the SIR,-You give in your last, long notices in themselves by eating a small quantity of the best tumbler; for if they stand a day or two, the part favour of Devonshire cattle, and tell us, what hay, chewing the cud and lying down, by which below the water is spoiled-they should, when Bingley and Sherwood, Evans and Ruffy, and a system they fatten in the most speedy manner. budded, be tied tight with narrow tape that will host of such writers have said-you "venture to "During the three or four first years of this not cut, such as stationers red tape as to width, assert"* that "in the United Kingdom," no cattle practice, Mr.Man obtained the wash for nothing; and never untied till flourishing; the top of the were found for purity of blood, for aptitude to the secret then began to extend, and the wash is stock should be cut off, saving two or three shoots now fetched from the distilleries to all the envi- to keep the tree alive, and draw up the sap thus: rons of the town, and even to the distance of ten or 15 miles, although it is now sold at 2s. 6d. per butt. The whole quantity of wash made at all feed, for hardiness, for work, and for the richness of their milk," to be compared to "North Devons, as by a variety of experiments" had been shown. As a wonder, you quote Mr. Bloomfield's success, whose picked dairy of " 'twenty the distilleries in and near London, used to be this operates to make the bud shoot the same cows, and heifers produced only, an hundred drained into the river as of no value; it is now year, and I have had them grow six feet, as Mr. Jef- and thirty pounds of butter a week, and Mr. sold, and so desirous are the cow-keepers and ferson has seen at the President's House; they Oakes' good luck, in having a Devon, which procattle feeders of obtaining it, that carts, to the should grow the first year, for otherwise many will duced sixteen pounds and a quarter a week, in number of ten to twenty at a time, may be seen be lost. I know I have all the books and foreign the same time. I wish you would state what waitingto be filled in turn, when the wash is turn-gardeners against me, but Exitus, acta probat.-these cattle have done since they have come to ed off." Old as I am, I am full of scraps of Latin, a rem-America, where they have had, I am quite sure, nant of Latin, to puzzle the Vicar; after all this all the care, and attention, which wealth, and Receipt to make good Bread from the Flour of it is like getting a child, you have to educate him; good management on such rare curiosities, could grown Corn. Mix one ounce of magnesia with you must watch your grafts and buds, and never suf- bestow. You have stated, that "this beautiful every stone of flour; then make the bread in the fer a shoot to grow below it or the graft or buds breed, in genuine purity, are now to be seen at usual way. Magnesia restores those properties dwindles; examine them once a week, and rub Clodspring," and at Brooklandwood, we are told, to the flour it has lost by growing, and is quite them all off. that Mr. Wamsley (the Manager,) has them with imperceptible in the bread, both as to taste and all the "characteristics" established in their The author of the preceding is known to, and race. Will you have the goodness to show, the The magnificent woods of Holkham have this highly respected by the Editor. With habits weight of his calves at a fixed age, the dimenseason afforded the most brilliant sport. The of close observation and a memory as unfailing sions of his cows, the quantity of their milk, its Dukes of Gloucester, Norfolk, and Bedford, the Lords Tavistock, Althorp, Dynedoch, and Nu-of anecdote and useful information. as death-he has acquired an inexhaustible fund product in butter, and how long they remain dry? We Yankees are fond of occular demonstration, gent, Sir Ronald Ferguson, Sir Harry Goodwin, personal knowledge is not every one's knowledge, and when we are at a distance, like lawyers conGeneral Walpole, Admiral Lukin, Mr. Adair, &c. and when writers dispute facts asserted under the fine our belief, to the best evidence, which the were among some of the best shots. The first sanction of a name, they ought to allow their nature of the case can admit. I attach more imday, Nov. 7, the number of game killed was 603; own names to be given to the publick. portance, to the word of Mr. C. than to quotaon the 8th, 609; and on the 9th, 855 head bagged, tions from books. Pray obtain, if you can, the inpart of which were 502 hares. formation I have asked, as I am anxious to buy one of the calves from his estate if the accounts I have heard, should in America be confirmed. I send a memorandum of the quantity of butter afforded by the Southborough cow; you long since effect. Editor's Correspondence. Nelson County. Va. April 8, 1822. Dear Sir, But our Edit. Am. Farmer. OXFORD, March 21, 1822. Herewith I have the honor to send you a Recipe We are about to establish an Agricultural So-to prepare a wash for your Fruit Trees, which have given proof, which cannot be questioned, ciety, for the purpose of ascertaining the best when you use it, never be afraid of letting it run that Mr. Oakes of America, (no doubt the relarontine of crops, for a hilly country like ours, with down in great plenty about the roots, as it is a tion of his name sake in England,) raised a cow, a light dry soil, abounding as we think in calca-most powerful manure, and will force the fruit on which yielded in butter, far more than Bloomreous matter, and more particularly with a view your trees; after your trees are in full bloom or field's; and more than the other, by three quarleaved out, it is best not to wash the buds in it, ters of a pound. I have seen in Pennsylvania a to combine the culture of Tobacco, with an improVing system of Husbandry. ON BUDDING AND GRAFTING. DEAR SIR, I just took up your paper No. 1. Vol. 4th, being employed in sorting the 3d Vot. for binding, and having nothing to do else, make the following re as it is too powerful for them to stand such a cow which produced weekly sixteen pounds.My friend, Mr. Williams of Northborough, has two cows, which in Jane gave together regularly thirty quarts of milk at a meal, one of them at four years, afforded with but common care, nine pounds of butter a week. But lest American testimony should in all cases be disregarded, as with the Devons it has been, I beg you will publish the extracts I send you from surveys, which were made by persons selected for their knowledge and skill, by the National Board of Agriculture of Great Britain. I make use of many other ways to bring fruit and trees to great perfection, all found out myself. I am, Dear Sir, in haste, Respectfully yours, &c. J. WILLIS. Take strong soap suds made of soft soap, put marks. On page 6, column 2d on fruit trees, your it in a tub or cask, with one head out, and let it correspondent says, the apple and pear, apple and stand in the air where the rain will not fall into it, quince, cherry and plum, will not grow together, and put as much strong tobacco, or tobacco stocks, that is, take by grafting or budding. I say, the pear as will when well soaked, turn it of a reddish coand apple will grow on each other, either by lour and in a few days will turn quite offensive ; grafting or budding, and either on the quince or then to every five or six quarts of the suds, put thorn, and that the plum will grow on the cherry, in one quart of strong beef brine, stir it well, and Queen's County, New York. but I could never get it to live above two years, wash the trunks of your fruit trees and large the plum part dying. I have had plums, apricots, limbs with it, such as apricots, plums, and peachand peaches, on the cherry, all on one tree, but es, &c. you will find it of great utility against they died in two years. The apple and pear are frosts and insects; this is my own discovery, and ject. 24th April 1822. S Yours, &c. *The Editor has made no assertion on the sub EXTRACTS. 66 Middleton, in his "Survey of Middlesex," says,.. "The heaviest, and best short horned cattle in "Britain, are reared on land adjoining the river "Tees; they highly deserve to be called the 66 Teeswater cattle." 66 66 AMERICAN FARMER. Memorandum. Mr. Marsh's cow at Southbo-" 10 inches; and the shoulder score at least 9 some, I watched them, and perceived though rough, produced between the 9th April 1817, and" inches thick." the 29th March 1818, 480 lbs. butter, equal to 94 lbs. per week, throughout the time. An IM-" years old, a perfect counterpart of his brothered when I applied spirits of turpentine, corrosive "Mr. Robert Colling has a white heifer, four most of them would revive. The same happenthey lay apparently dead for a length of time, the PORTED DEVON, in the neighbourhood of this" cow, fed upon the finest pasture, and attended" vered over her whole carcase with fat: she is hausted, and I determined not to bother myself any Charles' ox; being, like him, completely co-sublimate, &c. &c. My patience was at last exwith proper care does not, I am led to believe af-“ estimated to weigh 130 stones," equal to 1820 more with other people's directions, but to make ford half so much. lbs. "Their management is as follows:-In the ally scented out of their hiding places-I had the experiment whether they might not be literfirst winter they get straw in a fold yard, with seen it stated that particular plants were disagreenearly as many turnips as they can eat; in May able to particular vermin; I first rubbed the they are turned to grass; in November put to bedstead with elder flowers, but to my cost the turnips through the winter; and turned out to perverse inhabitants did not dislike the scent, for grass the first week in May." Strickland in his Survey of the East-riding of weeks after they were as numerous as ever.although I killed all I saw at the time, in two deed may be found, which give EIGHT GALLONS peculiary nauseous to me; the thought suddenly Yorkshire, says, when referring to the cows of Walking in the garden the same day, I accidentthe unimproved breed of short horns, Many in-ally touched a tomato vine, the smell of which is PER DAY, and there are instances of a still occured that it might be equally so to my enemies, greater quantity. The milk is also RICH in the bugs. I immediately went to work, and had produced weekly from one cow, for several mentors.-I cannot say whether they have at quality, as there are instances of 16 lbs. of butter the bedstead thoroughly rubbed with the green (18 oz. to the lb.)" equal to 18 lb. of 16 oz.“ being vine. I have not since discovered any of my tor"weeks after calving." "Many bulls have latterly been purchased and I wish others would try if the tomato vine will last died or absconded. I inform you of this, as "hired into the East Riding, at high prices, from always have the effect, I suppose it had in this "the neigbourhood of Darlington, in the county case. "of Durham, where a much superior breed of "short-horns are found, possessing all the per"fections and qualities which are wanting in the "Of this breed, several oxen, weighing from 120 "to 140 stone, each (14lb. to the stone,) have lately been slaughtered in the northern part of England: one of them, only five years old, which "received no higher food than grass and turnips, weighed upwards of 33 stone per quarter." 66 66 66 "It is supposed, that this breed yields a greater proportion of lean meat in any given weight "of beef, than any other; therefore there is less "waste of fat, and the meat goes farther in any family. This is the criterion of serviceable "animal food; the greatest quantity of lean meat "in proportion to the fat. All the Agricultural "Societies, should attend to the distinction of promoting an increase of muscle; this would "be much more valuable, than bestowing premi-« Holderness breed." ums for the greatest quantity of fat." 66 86 Extracted from 13 pages on praise of short horns. Baily in his Survey of Durham, says "The cat"tle bred in this county, have for a great number It is earnestly requested that every number "of years, been of the short horned kind, the of this paper may be returned to the Editor which "best variety of which, having been long found "on both sides of the river Tees, have for a great vertised" Bergami" for sale, you are so well sais not taken up by subscribers--and if any gentleman discontinue his name, he will of course many years been known by the appellation of tisfied with Teeswater cattle, as to order a I am glad to find, that although you have ad- fell it his duty to send back in good condition, The Teeswater breed. The pure Teeswater Bull and two Heifers from Mr. Champion. I breed, has descended to the present time; in have no doubt your spirited efforts will be repapers as may have been previously sent to him, in the confidence of his continued patronage. "which were united the properties of feeding to warded, notwithstanding the high prices whichment for the next Maryland Cattle Show, to be great weights, and being GREAT MILKERS..... The members of the committee of arrange"This bull and cow, selected with so much judghe requires for his stock. ❝ment, are the original stock from which the ce- water cattle celebrity in England, it has affected nestly requested to meet at said tavern, at 12 If it were fashion alone which gave to Tees-Turnpike, on the last two days of May, are earheld at the Maryland Tavern, on the Frederick lebrated Durham Ox, and the justly acknowledged superior breeds, in the possession of Mr. circumstances and position have in all other in-at the same hour, on every succeeding Saturday, "Charles Colling, Mr. Robert Colling, and Mr. a class of men during six and twenty years, whose o'clock on Saturday next, and at the same place Christopher Mason, are descended. Messrs. Collings have frequently sold cows given for the Durham Ox-in 1810, 1000 guineas stances, protected them from its sway. " and heifers for £100, and bull calves at £100-for Comet-in 1822, 500 guineas for Major Rudd's tisfactory manner. In 1796 the enormous sum of 2000 guineas were adoption in season, of the measures, requisite for until the day of the Show. The object is for the Mr. Charles Colling has refused £500 for a heifer-at this moment 1000 dollars are asked, having the exhibition conducted in the most sacow; and in 1807, Mr. Mason refused 700 gui-by Major Jacques, of Charlestown, near Boston, PRICES CURRENT-CORRECTED WEEKLY. “These gentlemen let bulls out by the year;liams, of Northborough, could have had 1000 Wharf do. $6 per bbl.-Wheat, white, 135 a 137 "the prices from 50 to 100 guineas; and the pub-dollars for his admirable bull Denton-and with- cts.-Red, 133 to 135-white, Corn, 80-yellow for a calf, by Cælebs.* Last summer, Mr. Wil- Flour from the wagons, superfine, $6 25¬ lic are so fully convinced of their merits, that in a few months, 500 dollars have been given for do. 73-Barley, 60-Rye, 70 to 75-Oats, 33 to 35 these celebrated breeders, cannot supply the two cows of the same breed, by a person who-Whiskey, 31 cts.-Wool, 30 to 50-Beans, 130 demand from the PURE BLOOD, which they are knew it in England, and who for three years has cts. per bushel, wholesale-Grass Seeds, Clover "cautious of preserving, as the amateurs of the had improved short horns on his farm. "turf are the breeds of their race horses." mizable properties of the fine cow at Druid Hill, grass, 3 50-Herd grass, 3-Millet seed, 2The ad-seed, $7 50-Timothy, (scarce) $5-Orchard 1 st have satisfied you, that " as milkers," the Salt, coarse, 54 to 65 cents-Liverpool ground, improved short horns cannot be surpassed. 50-do. fine, 40 to 44 per bushel-Plaster of Paris, ground, $7 per ton or 125 cents per bbl.Mess Beef, $11-do Pork, 13-Herrings, No. 1, 3 15-Shad, 6 to 7 per bbl.-Codfish, 3 to 34 cts.-Hams, 11-Cheese, 11-Butter, 20 to 25 per lb.-Eggs, 10 to 12 cents per doz.-Cotton, Georgia Upland, 15 to 17 cents per lb.-Louisiana or Alabama 18 to 20-Feathers, 40 cts. per lb.-Tar, 175 cts.-Turpentine, 175 to 200-Rosin, 150 per bbl.-Spirits of Turpentine, 45 to 50 cents-Varnish, 30-Linseed Oil, 75 to 80 per A Cow of Mr. Mason's, of Chilton, in point those pests to house-wives, bed bugs, I tried the other kinds of tobacco same as last report-Virof fat, not less remarkable than the ox. The various means I had heard of, to expel them from ginia Tobacco, 10 hhds. James River, good quali During last summer being much troubled with gallon-TOBACCO, Maryland, fine yellow, $25— depth of fat from her rumps to her hips, in ala beadstead they had chosen for their abode; but ty $7-Kentucky, no sales. perpendicular position, was not less than 121 found none of them would effectually answer inches; upon her loins and crop, not less than the purpose. After pouring boiling water on PUBLISHED BY JOHN S. SKINNER. No. 6.-VOL. 4. AGRICULTURE. Agricultural Society. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 3d MAY, 1822. John Taliaferro, of Hagley, Vice President. John T. Ford, Assistant Secretary. COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE. John Taliaferro, John W. Green, Enoch son, Garritt Minor, Wm. F. Gray. COMMITTEE OF PREMIUMS. 11 an all-bountiful Providence, would be able so far whip me; but for mercy sake don't whip me and to overcome these obstacles, as to render our oc- preach me too." We, however, like well-broke cupation very lucrative. But when superadded wagon-horses, still pull at our load, although to all these, we have the wrongheadedness and nearly immovable; and instead of balking until The Anniversary Mecting of the Fredericks-infatuation of real friends, combined with the a part of the weight at least is taken off, we seem burg Agricultural Society, was held on the 9th pretended kindness of real, but disguised enemies willing to bear the utmost burden that can be to struggle with, I confess that this hope is near-imposed upon us. Nov. 1821, at the Indian Queen tavern. If, under such circumstances, we behold an The following gentlemen were elected officersy extinct. Contrary to the usual course of nature, experience in this particular, seems to bring evident diminution of agricultural enterprise; a of the Society for the ensuing year: us no wisdom. Day after day, and year after manifest decline in agricultural effort; we should James Garnett, President. year, are full of testimony, as glaring as the light rather wonder that they are not much greater, of a midsummer's sun, to convince all rational than that we witness them at all. Agriculture men how ruinous the policy has been, which we can never flourish, unless influenced by the hope have for some time pursued, in relation both to of profit, as well as the stimulus of necessity. it agriculture and commerce. Yet the pertinacity the last alone, one would think must be deemed Ma-with which the authors of this policy appear to by many of our politicians, preferable to both; hug their darling error, is in a duplicate ratio to especially when augmented in the ratio that it has its desolating influence. And all this under the been of late years. Taxes and debts must be fatuitous notion of consistency!!-as if the me-paid, as long as there is a cent left; and the subGeorge Hamilton, William Richardson, John rit of perseverance was a thing entirely indepen-tle contrivance of some of our statesmen to enaW. Green, Enoch Mason, John Gray, John Pratt, dent of the nature of its object. All our commer-ble us to achieve these objects, is to increase the Wm. Bernard, sen. Francis W. Taliaferro. cial cities have sorely felt the distressing effects amount of what we have to pay, by the imposiSeveral communications were read to the So-of this most pernicious policy, but they have notion of additional duties, at the same time that ciety, and the subjoined Address delivered by the where, it is said, assumed such an afflicting as-our means of paying our present burdens have President. pect, as in the town of Norfolk. Her grass-grown been cut short more than half. Admirable sysA beautiful model of a Wheat Thrashing Ma-streets and deserted wharves, however, present tem! Matchless powers of calculation! chine was presented by the Rev. Thornton String-themselves in vain, either to the feelings or un- I am well aware that it avails very little to refeliow, of Fanquier county, for the $100 premium.derstandings of gentlemen who dare not change peat what has just been said, so long as the preReferred to the committee on premiums. their opinion, without committing the grievous valent notion of political consistency exists in the Among the various resolutions adopted by the political sin, of acknowledging themselves wrong. minds of some of our public men; and so long as meeting, we hail with pleasure the following, This once flourishing sea-port therefore, possess-these gentlemen retain their present power to which lays the foundation for the introduction in-ing natural advantages for commerce equal to any destroy both agriculture and commerce, by reguto this state of a practice which has long prevail-town or city in the United States-the great lating (as they call it) the latter. Yet to recal ed, not only in Great Britain but in the eastern mart in fact, during better days, for all the corn, your attention to the foregoing topicks, may posstates of this republic, and from which the most and a large portion of the flour and tobacco made sibly enable me-if it does no other good, to present beneficial effects have resulted, both to the agri-in the tide water section of Virginia; seems to your minds with greater effect, the no longer cultural and manufacturing interests. We trust doomed to suffer on in hopeless desolation; and avoidable alternative of still farther invigorating the work thus wisely begun, will be spiritedly per to diffuse a large portion of these sufferings our application to our profession, and cultivating severed in, and that this time next year, we shall throughout the whole country which formerly with increased assiduity our habits of economy; have the pleasure of publishing a cheering ac-traded with her; for the sake of preserving the or turning spinners and weavers, together with Count of the Fredericksburg Agricultural Exhi- inestimable consistency of some half dozen pub-our children, in some of the great manufacturing esbition and Fair. But let the resolutions them-lic functionaries!! tablishments, with which our country is to be overselves speak the public spirited designs of the Such language may possibly sound harsh and spread should the designs of some of our political Society: presumptuous in the ears of those who sit at optimists succeed to their full extent. A large Resolved, That the members of this Society their ease, unaffected by any of the circum-portion of our posterity at least, will have no other will individually contribute, and use their exer-stances which are grinding down the agricultural choice, even on the supposition that we, their pations to induce others to unite, in establishing an portion of our community to the very bran of rents, may possibly escape. In the two profesANNI AL FAIR, to be held upon some convenient their whole substance. But for these men to be sions of law and physic, the supply already greatground adjoining the town of Fredericksburg, on very choice in the selection of set phrases, and ly exceeds the demand; and if we turn our eyes the second Wednesday of every year, and that complimentary expressions in which to utter towards commerce, we behold many merchants the first Fair be held in November next. their grievances, would be to kiss the rod that already bankrupt, and not a few navigators with Resolved, That the necessary expenses in fit-scourges them to the bone, and to worship the fa- vessels dismantled for want of employment.ting up stalls, and temporary enclosures for the tuity, which, if much longer continued, must Weavers and spinners therefore, we or our chilexhibition of the stock during each day of the consummate their ruin. Yet it seems not enough dren must become, however reluctant; or conFair, which shall last for three days, shall be de-that we should suffer in silence the evils that tinue as long as we can, to eat, drink, and wear, frayed out of the funds of this society. have been inflicted upon us; we are also expect-nearly all that we produce. Indeed, we have Resolved, That the Annual Meeting of this ed to adopt, by acclamation, the self-destructive been already most earnestly and lovingly imporSociety shall hereafter be held on the second arguments by which some of our own fraternity tuned to abandon, at least in part, the occupation Wednesday in November of each year. would fain persuade us that the much hackneyed to which we have been bred, for these new trades; phrases "public good” and “national industry," by way of equalizing the supply and demand for mean nothing more than the prosperity of our agricultural products, by converting the producers domestic manufactures, produced by taxes suffi- thereof into consumers; which these gentlemen say ALTHOUGH little has occurred within the range ciently heavy on all the rest of the community is the easiest and best way in the world to diminof my observation, since our last meeting, which to secure to these manufacturers a monopoly of ish that enormous surplus of raw materials, with you would probably deem worthy of your atten- our supplies. We and our fellow sufferers the which our agriculturists are in danger of ruining tion, I cannot suffer the occasion to pass without merchants, too, are considered exceedingly blind the country. MR. GARNETT'S ADDRESS. Gentlemen: my customary Address; lest you should think I and ungrateful for not uniting to chaunt loud In the scientific classification of the various disbegin to relax in my humble efforts to promote our thanksgivings to certain self-created Apostles in cases which afflict the bodies natural and politic, good cause. This cause, indeed, vitally connect-political economy, who have most generously I know not whether the one which is vulgarly called as it is with the best interests of the nation, and gratuitously undertaken to teach us both our ed" dying of the doctor," has yet been enumeratgreatly needs a much more able advocate, than true interests, with little more knowledge of ei-ed. But I am very sure that no one has a better the man who now addresses you; but this con- ther, than that one means something about trade claim to a conspicuous place in the catalogue; sideration shall not discourage him from at least and "all that sort of thing;" and the other, for none within any given period can exhibit attempting to say, and to do all that he possibly something connected with the culture of the soil. more victims ; and not one can be named wherein ean in its favour. Could it be left to contend only This is really adding mockery to oppression; and the recoveries which sometimes, but rarely ocagainst unpropitious seasons, the exhausted state to ali such monitors we might well exclaim, in cur, are oftener ascribed to the doctor's skill, of our soil, and such other difficulties as necessi-the language of the cabin boy who was drawn up when in fact, the irresistible power of nature, the ty presents; I should not be without a powerful to receive a lecture from the chaplain, as a pre-vis medicatrix naturæ, has achieved the cure, conhope, that the increasing knowledge and skill of cursor to the cat-o'-nine-tales.-" if you mean to trary to all rational calculation. Reason would our agricultural brethren, under the blessing of preach me, preach me; if you mean to whip me, tell us, that when our veins, stomach and bowel AMERICAN FARMER. have been exhausted of nearly all their contents,strument, in the opinion of some, may be dis-is, that it is no patented implement, from the use we must surely die; but nature occasionally says pensed with altogether in the culture of this crop. of which we are excluded, except by paying con we shall not. That kind, beneficient heaven di-On this point I have strong doubts; but have siderably more than it is intrinsically worth. And rected parent, still enables us to struggle on in made no comparative experiment to test the no-here I beg leave to offer (although I know that I spite of all the mistaken efforts to aid her, where tion. So far, however, I can venture to assert, that shall receive no thanks for it) a suggestion to all she wants no aid; and is robbed by the empiric unless some straighter method of planting, than makers of patented agricultural implements.of her proper thanks for causing us to survive, the usual one by hand, can be adopted; neither This is, to calculate well, before they fix their when all human estimates, founded upon rational ploughs, harrows, cultivators, nor scarifiers-prices, whether they would not make greater principles, preclude even the hope of life. If, un-nor indeed any other implement, worked by profits by selling at lower rates. der these circumstances, we so far escape as to horse-power, can kill and remove grass and of cast-iron ploughs, for instance, who, although be able to crawl about a little, and to exhibit for weeds, as well as the hand-hoe. If this be true, he has considerably reduced his prices, still remonths and years a hue something between an more corn can certainly be made from the same ceives at least twenty cents per pound for them, I know a maker ill-ripened pumpkin and smoke-stained wall, how land, in consequence of receiving the undivided as I have ascertained by actually weighing, when often are we saluted with exclamations of sur-support of the soil, by the additional labour of common castings, the monopoly of which is not prise at the wondrous skill of our physician, in-hand hoeing, than without it-although ano-secured by patent, sell from 6 to 8 cents! This stead of admiration at the extraordinary vigor of ther question would still remain; whether the difference, I think, may well be called an exorbiour natural constitutions in resisting a curative additional quantity of corn would pay for the tant exaction: and to my certain knowledge it process that would have killed ninety-nine men additional labour. To keep this crop clean from has prevented many farmers from using, notout of an hundred. Frecisely analagous to this grass and weeds, at least during the growth of the withstanding they highly approve them. Now, is our present case in a political point of view.-plants, is absolutely necessary, in order to obtain although I would be one of the last men in the Not all our legislative quackery in relation to the greatest quantity which the land is capable world to withhold liberal encouragement from commerce, has been able to prevent something of yielding. And so thoroughly has this fact been useful inventions, yet I must say, that some of like a rivival of it in certain very limited sections proved by some of our most skilful corn makers, the authors of them appear to require other reof our country; and this faint resustication, as-that in a particular section of our corn country, straints than those which their own consciences, cribable solely to the imperative wants of other between the Rappahannock and Mattapony riv-and our patent law afford. The exclusive right nations, which our policy has not yet taught them ers, where the soil is light and sandy, they ac- of selling for a long term of years, most disinterhow to supply within themselves; and to the ir-tually continue the culture of their corn crops, ested men would deem nearly sufficient of itself repressible skill, industry and enterprise of our until the silks begin to die; nor are they deter- to compensate for the time, trouble, and expense mercantile fellow citizens, is most fatuitously im-red from this practice even by drought; but con- of all the patented inventions at present in use; puted by our gulls to the marvellous sagacity and tend that this continued cultivation is still more but when superadded to this, an inventor is scability of some of our political doctors; although, beneficial in dry seasons, than in wet. If the cured in the power of exacting 3, 4, and 500 per Sangrado-like, they still cry out-"more deple-general opinion is in favor of much less work for cent. and sometimes still more, for the labors of tion," when their patient in fact, is in the last corn, may it not be more attributable to our natu- his brain; I should not wonder, if the business of stage of atrophy. ral indolence, and to the extraordinary vigour and going to bed, in order to conceive an invention ment. I have said that our only choice, if we would productiveness of this plant, which will yield well (as is recorded of some of the most celebrated me not become spinners and weavers, is to apply in good land, in spite of the most slovenly culture: chanicians) were to become more common, than with increased industry to our profession, and to than to any facts deduced from experience? I offer almost any unpatented occupation which a man become more economical. Let me now endeavor this as nothing more than a query-knowing too can possibly pursue. For although there certain to point out some of the various modes in which well the force of that pride of opinion which ly would be many miscarriages, yet as one lucky this may be done to considerable advantage.-rules as despotically over us agriculturists, as accouchment makes a man's fortune in a very We all know that neither industry nor economy among any men upon earth, to venture upon any short time, our present patent law has generated will avail much unless properly directed to pro- thing farther, on this point. per objects; but the great art and difficulty consists in the selection of these objects, and making, is to plant with a drill plough, instead of discovery should enrich the man who makes it, I Another great saving in the process of corn- other country in the world. That any very useful more inventors than probably can be found in any in the application of means for their attain-the hand; but to use this plough to the greatest think all quite fair; but his riches should result, To apply these remarks to our own advantage, requires that the land should be rather from the exclusive right of selling his in peculiar circumstances-we who live in the ploughed up in the fall or winter: by which the vention, and the products thereof, than from his middle part of Virginia, generally believe, grass and weeds turned under, will be sufficient-extravagant profits on the articles which he vends and I think with good reason, that wheat and ly rotted not to obstruct the drill, as they must, beyond what they would command, if he enjoyed corn should be our staple crops. But there is when the ploughing is postponed until the spring. no monopoly. considerable diversity of opinion in regard to the Winter ploughing also secures superior tilth; economizing in all our agricultural pursuits. best and cheapest mode of cultivating each.-and at the same time is the only effectual mode But to return to our subject of Without adopting the notion, which in this won- of killing garlic and the cut-worm; although it be made by ploughing oxen, instead of horses or der producing age would tempt us to believe, may be doubted whether the crop will be better mules, in situations where grass is abundant, and Another great saving in the culture of corn may that corn may be made best, almost without in all lands, and under all circumstances, simply where no incurable distemper among cattle preworking it at all; we may venture to assert, that from the ploughing being executed at that sea-vails. I know that it is a much controverted there is still great room for economising both in son, rather than in the spring. Light lands, for point, which are best under all circumstances: the time and labour applied to this crop. From example, having little or no cover, produce corn but with such limitations as I have stated, the my own experience, as well as from that of certain best (as many believe) when planted as soon as fact I consider proved beyond further disputafriends on whose veracity and judgment I can en-possible after ploughing. The best drill-plough tion. A gentleman of my acquaintance for two tirely rely, I may pronounce it an established which I have seen, is one improved from Mar-years had a mixed team of horses, mules and fact, that by using either skimmers, harrows, cul- tin's, by a Mr. Minor, of Hanover. In this, the oxen. tivators or scarifiers, (the two last which I think hoe which opens the furrow, moves first; then mules next, although both fed upon grain and hay; best,) nearly or quite one half the labour bestow-follows a wheel, fixed in the middle of the same and the oxen alone fed only upon hay and grass, In each season his horses failed first, the ed on corn where the plough only is used, may beam, and turning in a mortice somewhat longer finished the crop. I could mention several o be saved. My present crop, which is the best than the wheel's diameter. Behind the wheel is ther proofs of their superior capacity for the I ever had notwithstanding the drought, has been the hopper and spout, through which the grain plough in certain situations; but it is needless. made, principally, with only five furrows, since falls; and last of all, are two small irons, so fixed Of their superior cheapness, every body can the planting, with the two-horse plough, and two in the hinder ends of the beam, as to cover the judge who knows that the first cost of an ox is strokes with the double harrow or cultivator.-grain, as soon as it drops. At the end of the not half that of a horse; that he can be worked This last implement is the common kind with axle of the wheel is a nut over which passes a on good hay alone, longer than a horse; that if three small trowel hoes, running twice between band of leather or strong girting, which is pre-properly trained, he walks nearly or quite as fast; every two rows of corn. But these, as well as our ferable to an iron chain, from the superior facility and that after he is almost past labor, he is worth harrows and scarifiers, admit of considerable im-with which any damage may be repaired. This more for the table than he was for the plough. I provement in their construction, by which still band passes also over another nut at the end of might add, as a farther proof, that they are unifarther labour may be saved. Some excellent the roller, which turns under, and partly within versally used for farming purposes in the eastern hints for this purpose, I think, may be taken the hopper to receive the grain. The price, Istates, where most matters in relation to practifrom Gen. Beatson's pamphlet on agriculture. I understand, is only eight or ten dollars; and for cal economy are certainly as well understood as should have added that my corn was generally simplicity and durability, I have seen nothing of they are in any part of our country. Another twice worked with the hand hoe; which in-the kind to equal it. Another recommendation/great saving might be made in the feeding of our plough teams, (as well indeed, as of all stock fat-Girandoles, chandeliers, china, cutlery, ing corn in the ears being beyond all comparison Superfine broad cloth, cashmere and meri- $100 worth of Bohea tea, 66 do. of salt 120 do. of Musco. sugar, of molasses, to sin against knowledge. And lastly, in securing Thus it appears that- (To be concluded in the next Number.) To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled. tice. kinds : THE MEMORIAL we respectfully request your most serious atten 20 tion to the inadequate protection afforded by du ties to manufactures. 25 Pays $120 $600 of superb cutlery, china, giran- $800 worth of silks, satins, bombazets, per cent. 15 20 25 30 Linen, and all other manufactures of flax, are subject to Hempen cloth, (except Russia and German linens, Russia and Holland duck,) cutlery, all kinds of hardware not enumerated, anvils, fire-arms, stone ware, pottery, earthenware, all manufactures of iron, steel, brass, lead, and tin, are subject to only Manufactures of cotton and wool, (except those of the former below twenty-five cents per square yard,) are subject to Leather, manufactures of leather and of wood, hats, caps, and a few very unimportant articles, are subject to We confidently hope, that when this fair exWe respectfully state, that we are pursuaded hibit of the duties on manufactures is compared Of the Board of Manufactures of the Pennsylva-there is not, and never was, in the world, even un-with those imposed for the protection of agriculnia Society for the encourageinent of American der the most despotic governments, or in the ture, it will excite universal astonishment, that Manufactures, respectfully shewethmost uncivilized nations, a system of revenue an idea should have ever obtained belief, which That we hope to make it appear, there are so more unequal than the above. is diametrically opposite to truth, that manufacmany radical defects in the existing tariff, as to On the second point, we observe, that we have tures were exclusively protected—and that agriimperiously require a revision and correction, in order to reconcile it to sound policy and equal jus-distress and excessive ruin, which for years past been greatly concerned to find, during the intense culture neither had nor required protection. As this is a point of considerable importance, spread among the manufacturers, whereby hun-we wish to throw further light on it, and display Our objections to it are principally of two dreds of capitalists, among whom were to be more fully the inequality of the advantages enfound many of our most valuable citizens, with joyed by the two classes of society. I. That in this country of equal rights and equal large, and estimable families, were ruined— per cent. freedom, it is marked by one feature, condemned thousands of workmen bereft of employment-The duty on Musby the unanimous voice of all wise statesmen, and and millions of capital wholly sacrificed; that by every principle of justice and policy, viz. it bears with enormous weight on the poorer classes many of the farmers and planters arrayed themselves in opposition to the application of the sufof society, by exorbiant duties on necessaries of ferers for relief by an increase of duties, although Boxes, freight, &c. 50 life, all of them universally, and some exclusivethe duties on all those articles interfering with ly, used by those classes; whereas a great varie- the interests of agriculture, which are usually ty of articles, partly of luxury and partly of convenience, used exclusively by the middle and imported, are higher, and some of them twice as high as those imposed on manufactures. On wealthy classes, are admitted at very low rates. this point we make no comment. We submit the II. That notwithstanding the clamor raised facts to the consideration of an enlightened comagainst protecting duties on manufactures, as "taxing the many for the benefit of the few," the munity, to pass on it such decision as it may be manufacturers have far less protection than the Muscovado sugar, as already stated, pays a duty agriculturists. Whereas manufactures being ge- equivalent to per cent. 100 Duty nerally of small bulk in proportion to their value -being therefore subject to light freights-and most of the very important ones being fabricated by machinery, of which the powers of production are almost boundless, they stand much more in! need of governmental protection than the fruits of the earth, the great bulk and limited production of which present a bar against such enormous importations, as have taken place with respect to manufactures. On the first point, we respectfully represent, that, The price of Muscovado sugar, at the Ha- The Bohea tea imported into Philadelphia On the superior, 40 The duty on East India coffee is from The entire consumption of the United States 100 from the establishment of the government to the present time, with a very trifling exception, has been secured to the tobacco planters, by very high duties on snuff and manufactured tobacco, 120 about 80, 90, or 100 per cent. 109 Expenses 27 Duty on hemp oz 27 44 26 We further respectfully represent to your honourable bodies, that the highest ad valorem duty In order to guard against misconception, we proposed by Mr. Baldwin's tariff, was only forty to 50 wish most unequivocally not to be understood as per cent.; that very few articles were subject to disapproving of those or any other dutics for the this duty; that manufactures of cotton, wool and protection of our fellow citizens, engaged in the iron, which comprise three fourths of our imuseful and honourable employment of cultivating ports, were proposed to be dutied, the two first 180 the soil. Far from it. The system has our most at thirty three per cent, and the last at twentydecided approbation. Our object is to place the five; and that the alledged danger of encourfatherly and fostering care bestowed on agri- aging smuggling, by the adoption of that tariff, 31 culture, in contrast with the exposed situation of cannot be supported as an adequate reason for its manufactures. rejection, while so many articles are subject to After presenting to the view of your honoura- duties 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 200 per cent. higher. ble bodies the above statement of the duties im- That the alarm of the danger of extortion from brics, pay only a specific duty of per cent. 15 posed obviously for the protection of agriculture, monopoly, the consequence assumed from raising It forms a most striking and revolting contrast to the above, that silks, satins, bombazines, bombazets, linens, and cam |
