Arbor Day (a).-In Arizona (b), Colorado (c), Idaho (d), Nebraska (e), New Mexico (f), Rhode Island (d), and Utah (g).

Confederate Memorial Day.-In Alabama (h), Florida (h), Georgia (h), North Carolina (i), and Tennessee (h).

Fast day (whenever appointed).-In Arizona, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

General election days.-In Arizona, California, Colorado (j), Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota (k), Missouri. Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio (7), Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania (k), Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Good Friday.-In Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota (m), Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.

Labor Day.-The first Monday in September-In Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. The first Saturday in September-In Pennsylvania. The first Monday in October-In California.

Mardi Gras.-In Alabama and New Orleans, La.

Saturdays after 12 o'clock noon.-In Colorado (n), Delaware (o), District of Columbia, Louisiana (n), Maryland (p), Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina (q).

Thanksgiving Day (whenever appointed).-In Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

DIGEST OF APPRENTICE LAWS.

PERSONS WHO MAY BE BOUND OUT.

[See notes, pp. 15-22.]

The following classes of persons may be bound out as apprentices (under certain conditions and regulations) in the States and Territories noted below. In the statutes of the States and Territories not named no apprentice laws have been found.

Minors.-In Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina,

a Other States also provide by law for an arbor day, but do not make it a legal holiday.

b The first Friday after the first day of February.

c The third Friday in April.

d Day to be set by the governor.

e April 22.

f The second Friday in March.

g The first Saturday in April.

h April 26.

i May 10.

j November elections only.

Half day only; from 12 o'clock noon.

Two hours only.

m A holiday by implication only.

n Only in cities and towns of 100,000 population or over.

o Applies only to Newcastle County. In the city of Wilmington the law applies to every Saturday in the year; in the rest of the county only from June to September, inclusive.

p In Baltimore and Annapolis only.

In Charleston County only.

North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Persons of full age.-In Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, and New Hampshire.

NOTES.

The particulars in regard to the binding out of apprentices in the different States and Territories are as follows:

MINORS.

Alabama.-Any parent may bind out a minor child, and the probate judge of a county may bind out the children of any person unable to provide for their support.

Arkansas.-A minor may be bound out by the father; by the guardian if an orphan without sufficient estate for its maintenance, and by the mother if the father is dead and no guardian has been appointed. In any case the indentures must be approved by the judge of the county court. A minor may also be bound out by the judge of the county court in case the parents have not the means or neglect to maintain said minor.

California.-A minor of 14 years of age or over can be bound out by the father; by the mother or guardian if the father is dead, incompetent, has willfully abandoned his family for one year without making suitable provision for their support, or has become a habitual drunkard, vagrant, etc.; by the judge of the superior court if poor, homeless, chargeable to the county, or an outcast, he has no visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood; and by an executor who is directed in the last will of the father to bring up the child to some trade or calling. Minors can also bind themselves if they have no parents competent to act and no guardians. The consent of the minor is necessary in all cases, and must be expressed in the indentures and testified to by his signing the same.

Colorado.-A minor can be bound out by the father; or by the mother or guardian if the father is dead, incompetent, has willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become a habitual drunkard. In the above cases the consent of the minor, who is over 14 years of age, is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and testified to by his signing the same. A minor can also be bound out by a superintendent of the poor of the county if either the minor or its parents are, or may be, chargeable to the county or shall beg for alms; if the parents are poor and the father a habitual drunkard, and if the father is dead and the mother is of a bad character or suffers the minor to grow up in idleness, etc. A minor can bind himself if he has no parents competent to act and no guardian.

Connecticut.-A minor can be bound out by the father or guardian, in which case the consent of a minor who is over 14 years of age is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and testified to by his signing the same. The selectmen of a town may, with the consent of a justice of the peace, bind out the children of any person who, having had relief from said town, misspend their time and shall neglect to employ them in some honest calling, and of any person who does not provide competently for his children, whereby they are exposed to want; also any poor children who live idly or are exposed to want and there are none to take care of them. The trustees of the State reform school may, with the consent of the boy or his parents or guardian, bind out any boy who is committed to said school during his minority. The directors of the industrial school for girls may bind out any girl committed to said school. The overseers of an Indian tribe may, with the consent of two justices of the peace, bind out children of said tribe who are poor, idle, and unprovided for. A minor, when of the age of 14, may, with the consent of the selectmen of his town, bind himself if he has no father or guardian within the State.

Delaware.-A minor may be bound out by the father; by the guardian if there be no father residing in the State; by the mother if no father residing in the State and there is no guardian, by any two trustees of the poor if minor is living in the almshouse, and by any two justices of the peace acting together if minor has no parents residing in the State and has not sufficient property for his maintenance, or if his parents are not able to maintain and bring him up to industry and suitable employment. A minor when of the age of 14 may also bind himself if he has no parents and no guardian residing in the State, and in this case the consent of a justice of the peace is necessary.

Florida.-A minor may be bound out by any parent or by a guardian. If said minor is under 16 years of age the approval of the judge of the county court of

16

the county of which said parent or guardian is a resident is necessary, and if
said minor is of the age of 16 or over, his own assent, evidenced by his signature
to the indentures, is required. Poor orphans, without estates sufficient for their
maintenance out of their profits, shall be bound out by order of the judge of the
county court. When a person having control of a child under 16 years of age is
adjudged a vagrant, said child shall be bound out by the court rendering the
judgment. When a person applies to be placed on the pauper list of a county,
the board of county commissioners, in granting said application, may in their dis-
cretion require that the children of such applicant under the age of 16 be bound
When a child under the age of 16 is abandoned by the father, who fails to
provide him with support and maintenance, he may be bound out by the judge
of the county court, but not unless with the assent of the mother, or unless she
is unable or neglects to provide for its support and maintenance.

out.

Georgia.-Minors may be bound out by their parents, and those whose parents are dead or residing out of the county and whose estates yield profits insufficient for support and maintenance, or those whose parents, from age, infirmity, or poverty, are unable to support them, shall be bound out by the judge of the county court or the ordinary.

Illinois. Only a minor under the age of 16 years can be bound out as an apprentice. Such a minor can be bound out by the father with the consent of the inother, or, in case of her death, habitual drunkenness, prostitution, imprisonment in the penitentiary, incapacity, or willful desertion of the family for six months, without her consent; by the mother, in case of the death, habitual drunkenness, imprisonment in the penitentiary, or incapacity of the father, and by the guardian in case neither father nor mother is living and free from above objections. A minor may also be bound out by the executor or executors who are directed by the father's last will and testament to bring the child up to some trade or calling. A minor who habitually begs for alms, who is or whose parents are chargeable to the county or town, or who is supported in whole or in part at the charge of the county or town, may be bound out by the county board of overseers of the poor, as the case may be, with the approval of the judge of the county or circuit court. A female inmate of the State Home for Juvenile Female Offenders may be bound out by the trustees of said home.

Indiana.-A minor may be bound out by the father; by the mother, if there be no father, or if he be incompetent; by the guardian, if there be neither father nor mother. If the minor is over 14 years of age his consent is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and attested by his signature. The overseers of the poor (township trustees) may, with the consent of the county judge, indorsed on indentures, bind out the child of any pauper supported in whole or in part by the county, and any child whose parents abandon or neglect or are unable to support it. They may also bind out a child having neither father, mother, nor guardian, and having no sufficient means of support or education; and any white child taken from any asylum in any other State and brought into the State of Indiana to be bound. The board of children's guardians of a township may, under the order of the court, bind out children abandoned, neglected, or cruelly treated by their parents; children begging on the streets; children of habitually drunken or vicious or unfit parents; children kept in vicious or immoral association; children known by their life and language to be vicious and incorrigible. and juvenile delinquents and truants. Any corporation for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an asylum and home for the care, support, discipline, and education of orphan children, may bind out any inmate who has neither father, mother, nor guardian, or one whose parents have granted to the corporation the authority to bind the child. A minor can be bound out by manual-labor schools organized and incorporated under the laws of the State. The superintendent of the female reformatory of the State may bind out a girl committed there during her minority, but only with her consent. The superintendent of the Reform School for Boys may bind out a boy during minority, but A minor over the age of 14, having no father, mother, only with his consent. nor guardian, may bind himself, but the consent of the probate judge of the county, to be indorsed on the indentures, is necessary.

Iowa.-A minor may be bound out, with a written consent appended to or indorsed on the indentures by the father; if he is dead, has abandoned his family, or is for any cause incapacitated, then by the mother; if she is dead, or unable, or incapacitated, then by the guardian: or, if no guardian, then by the clerk of If the minor is more than 12 years of age, the indentures must the circuit court. be signed by him of his own free will. A pauper minor may be bound out by the clerk of the circuit court without obtaining his assent. Poor children in a poorhouse, who are deemed likely to remain a permanent charge on the public,

may be bound out by the board of supervisors of the county. Children in the State reform school may be bound out by the trustees thereof with the written consent of their parents or guardians, if any.

Kansas.-A minor may bind himself of his own free will. The consent, indorsed on the indentures, is necessary of the father, or, if he is dead, has no legal capacity to give consent, has willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become an habitual drunkard, then of the mother or guardian, and if there is no parent or guardian, then of the probate court. An orphan or minor who has no estate sufficient for his maintenance may be bound out by his guardian with the consent of the probate court. An executor who is directed by the last will of a father to bring up a child to some trade or calling, has the power, with the consent of the mother, if living, to bind the child out. A poor child who is or may be chargeable to the county or shall beg for alms, whose parents are poor and the father an habitual drunkard, or, if there be no father, whose mother is of a bad character, or suffers her children to grow up in habits of idleness without any visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood, may be bound out by the probate court. Overseers of the poor of townships and cities and superintendents of county asylums shall bind out such poor children as fall under their care and charge. The trustees of the State reform school may bind out any boy committed thereto with his consent. An inmate of the industrial school for girls may be bound out by the trustees of said school.

Kentucky. A poor orphan and any other child whose relatives or parents, in the judgment of the court, will not bring them up in moral courses, may be bound out by the county court. Any orphan minor may be bound out by its guardian, or, if no guardian, by its mother, with the consent of the county court. Children of a man sentenced to the penitentiary may be bound out by the courts in their discretion.

Louisiana.-A minor may bind himself as an apprentice. The consent is necessary of a parent, tutor, or curator, or, if there be no such person in the parish where the minor resides, then the consent of the mayor of New Orleans, in the parish of Orleans, or of the parish judges of their respective parishes throughout the State. Maine.-A minor may be bound out by the father, if living; if not, by the mother or legal guardian. The consent of a minor, who is over 14 years of age, is necessary, and if a minor is bound out prior to that age the indenture will not continue in force beyond that age unless the minor upon reaching it shall give his consent. A minor, having no parent or guardian, may bind himself out with the approbation of the municipal officers of the town where he resides. Overseers of the poor of a town may bind out the minor children of parents chargeable to the town or of those who, in the opinion of the overseers, are unable to maintain them, and minor children who are themselves chargeable. The trustees of the State reform school may bind out boys committed thereto, and the trustees of the industrial school for girls, girls committed thereto, for a period not exceeding term of confinement. Maryland.-The orphans' courts in the several counties and the city of Baltimore, or any two justices of the peace, or in Somerset County a single justice of the peace, may bind out any orphan child, the increase or profits of whose estate is not sufficient for his maintenance, support, or education, children who are suffering through the indigence or poverty of their parents, children of beggars, illegitimate children, and children of persons out of the State to whom sufficient sustenance is not afforded. The trustees of the poor in any county may, in the recess of the orphans' court, bind out the child or children of any pauper or vagrant, but the indentures must within two months thereafter be approved by the orphans' court by indorsement thereon. A minor may be bound out by his father. The directors of the penitentiary and the managers of the house of correction, or any three of them, may bind out the children of female convicts who are brought to or born in said institutions. The House of the Good Shepherd of the city of Baltimore may, with the consent of the minor, bind out such white female children as are committed to the institution. The managers of the House of Reformation may, with the consent of the minor, bind out such children as are committed to said institution. The managers of the House of Refuge may, with the consent of the minor, bind out such white male children as are committed to their care. The managers of the Industrial Home for Colored Girls may bind out such minors as are committed to their care. In Allegany County the trustees of the almshouse may bind out any minor child under their charge and dependent on the county for support.

Massachusetts.-A minor may be bound out by the father; if he is dead or incompetent, by the mother or legal guardian, and if illegitimate, by the mother. If the minor is over 14 years of age his or her consent is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by the signature of the minor. A minor child who

is, or either of whose parents is, chargeable to a town, may be bound out by the overseers of the poor. A minor who has no parent competent to act and no guardian, may, with the approbation of the selectmen of the town where he resides, bind himself out.

Michigan.-A minor may bind himself out. The consent, indorsed on the indentures, is necessary of the father, or, if the father is dead, not in legal capacity to give his consent, or if he shall have abandoned and neglected to provide for his family, then of the mother; or, if she is dead or not in legal capacity to give or refuse such consent, then of the guardian; or, if there is no guardian, then of any two justices of the peace of the township, of the recorder of the city, or of the circuit or probate judge of the county. The county superintendents of the poor can bind out a child who shall be sent to any county poorhouse, who is, or who shall become, chargeable, in whole or in part, to the county, or whose parent or parents shall become so chargeable. Minors can also be bound out by officers of State institutions acting under the provisions of law authorizing them to place children in families by indenture, etc.; by officers of incorporated asylums or institutions authorized by law to receive, care for, and dispose of minor children; by the father and mother residing in the State, and if either be dead, or of legal incapacity, or has abandoned the child, then by the other, and if the child be illegitimate, then by its mother; and by the guardian duly appointed if there be no father or mother of legal capacity.

Minnesota.-A minor can be bound out by the father; if the father is dead or incompetent, by the mother or legal guardian, and if illegitimate, he may be bound out by the mother. The consent of a minor who is over 14 years of age is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by his signing the same. If there is no parent competent to act and no guardian, minor may bind himself, but must have the approbation of the county commissioners of the county where he resides. A minor chargeable upon a county for support may be bound out by the board of county commissioners of said county. The managers of the State reform school may, with the consent of the minor, bind out a minor committed to their care.

Mississippi.-The law provides only for the binding out of poor orphan children and children whose parents are unable to support them. They can be bound out by the supervisor of the proper district under the direction of the board of supervisors of the county.

Missouri.-A minor may be bound out by the father, or, in case of his death, incompetency, when he shall have willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become an habitual drunkard, then by the mother or legal guardian. If illegitimate, a minor may be bound out by the mother. When a minor who is over 14 years of age is bound out by a parent or guardian the consent of said minor is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by his signing the same. An executor who is directed in the will of the father to bring up a child to some trade or calling may bind said child out in like manner as the father could have done. A poor child who is, or may be, chargeable to the county, or who shall beg for alms, or whose parents are poor and the father is an habitual drunkard, or whose father is dead and the mother is of bad character or suffers her children to grow up in habits of idleness without any visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood, may be bound out by the probate court. An orphan minor who has not estate sufficient for his maintenance may be bound out by his guardian under direction of the probate court.

Montana.-The law provides only for the binding out of a minor under 15, or of any other person who shall become, or is likely to become, chargeable to the county either because of being an orphan, or because the parents or other relatives are unable or refuse to support them. They can be bound out by the county commissioners.

Nevada.-A minor may be bound out by the father, or, in case of his death or inability, by the mother or guardian. An orphan or destitute child may be bound out by the board of county commissioners of the county or by the district judge of the district in which the child resides.

New Hampshire.-A minor may be bound out by the father, or, if he be dead. by the mother or guardian. If the minor is over 14 years of age his consent is necessary and must be expressed in the indentures and testified by his signing the same. If a minor has no parent or guardian he may bind himself out, with the approbation of the selectmen or overseers of the poor of the town where he resides. Overseers of the poor in any town may bind out all children who are not employed in some lawful business and whose parents are unable or neglect to maintain them. The county commissioners may bind out any minor chargeable or likely to be