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THE
AMERICAN AND ENGLISH
ENCYCLOPÆDIA
OF
LAW
EDITED BY
DAVID S. GARLAND AND LUCIUS P. MCGEHEE
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
JAMES COCKCROFT
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME XXV.
NORTHPORT, LONG ISLAND, N. Y.
EDWARD THOMPSON COMPANY LONDON: C. D. CAZENOVE AND SON, 26 Henrietta STREET
IK 3
+SCH6
SCHOOLS.
By A. S. H. BRISTOW.
I. DEFINITIONS, 7.
II. TEACHER, 8.
1. Qualification and Certificate, 8.
a. In General, 8.
b. Necessity of Certificate to Validity of Contract, 9.
(1) In General, 9.
(2) Effect of Refusal of Officers to Examine, 10.
(3) Effect of Subsequent Issuance of Certificate, 10.
(4) Effect of Expiration of Certificate Prior to Expiration of
Contract, 11.
c. Indorsement of Certificates of Other Districts, 11.
d. Mandamus to Compel Issuance of Certificate, 11.
e. Damages for Withholding Certificate, 12.
f. Revocation of License, 12.
g. Damages for Wrongful Revocation, 12.
2. Contract, 12.
a. In General, 12.
b. Formal Requisites, 13.
(1) In General, 13.
(2) Statutes Requiring Contracts in Writing, 14.
c. Liability of Successors in Office, 14.
d. Contract with De Facto Officers, 15.
e. Employment of Substitute by Teacher, 15.
3. Compensation, 15.
a. Performance of Duties as Prerequisite to Compensation, 15.
b. Necessity of Stipulation as to Compensation, 15.
c. Circumstances to Be Considered in Reduction, 16.
(1) Closing School on Account of Prevalence of Epidemic, 16.
(2) Destruction of School Building, 16.
(3) Closing on Account of Diminution of Pupils, 16.
(4) Holidays, 16.
d. Mandamus to Compel Payment of Salary, 16.
e. Pensions, 16.
4. Termination of Employment, 16.
a. Discharge, 16.
(1) Discharge for Good Cause, 16.
(2) Discharge Without Cause, 17.
(a) In General, 17.
(b) Reservation of Right to Discharge at Pleasure, 17.
(3) Notice and Hearing, 18.
(4) By Whom Discharge May Be Made, 18.
(a) In General, 18.
(b) Whether Power of Revoking License Is Exclusive, 19.
(5) Remedies for Wrongful Discharge, 19.
(a) Action for Damages, 19.
aa. In General, 19.
bb. Measure of Damages, 20.
cc. Statutory Appeal as Prerequisite, 20.
(b) Mandamus, 20.
(c) Injunction, 20.
(d) Statutory Appeal to Special Tribunal, 21.
(e) Personal Liability of Directors, 21.
III. PUPIL, 22.
b. Expiration of Term of Service, 21.
c. Resignation, 21.
1. Admission, 22.
a. In General, 22.
b. Residence, 22.
c. School Age, 22.
d. Colored Pupils, 22.
e. Compulsory Education Acts, 23.
f. Vaccination as a Prerequisite, 23.
g. Payment of Tuition, 24.
2. Punishment, 24.
a. Corporal Punishment, 24.
(1) In General, 24.
(2) Wanton or Malicious Punishment, 25.
(3) Excessive Punishment, 25.
b. Expulsion and Suspension, 25.
(1) Power to Expel, 25.
(a) School Board, 25.
(b) Teacher, 25.
(2) Grounds for Expulsion, 26.
(a) Violation of Rules, 26.
(b) In Absence of Express Regulations, 26.
(c) Conduct Authorized by Parent, 26.
(d) Conduct of Parent, 26.
(3) Remedies, 26.
(a) Action for Damages, 26.
(b) Mandamus, 27.
(c) Recovery of Advance Payments to Private School, 27
c. Offenses Out of School, 27.
IV. RULES AND REGULATIONS, 27.
V. TEXT-BOOKS AND COURSES OF STUDY, 29.
1. Text-books, 29.
a. Power of Legislature to Establish Uniform Series, 29.
b. Change of Series, 29.
c. Delegation of Power of Adoption or Change, 30.
d. Free Text-books, 30.
2. Courses of Study, 30.
3. Religious Exercises, 30.
VI. SCHOOL DISTRICTS, 31.
1. Nature and Purpose, 31.
2. Formation and Organization, 32.
a. Authority to Create, 32.
(1) In General, 32.
(2) Delegation of Authority to Officials, 32.
(3) Submission of Question to Vote of Inhabitants, 32.
b. Requisites as to District Limits, 33-
c. Presumption of Legality of Formation, 33.
d. Not Subject to Collateral Attack, 34.
e. Formation and Organization Distinguished, 34.
J. Graded or High School Districts, 34.
3. Alteration of Boundaries, 34.
a. In General, 34.
b. Creating School Districts in Towns and Cities, 34.
c. Delegation of Power of Alteration to Officials, 35.
d. Con ent of Inhabitants, 36.
(1) In General, 36.
(2) Petition, 36.
(3) Submission to Voters, 37.