AD VALOREM duties, principle of, 186.
Agriculture, system of, in the 18th cen-
tury, 58; in the 19th, 63; injured by
commercial legislation, 67; importance
to Germany of, 181; condition of, in Eng-
land, 212, 215, 219, 220; in Ireland, 233–
237; Italian, 303; effects of improve-
ments on, 211, 313-315, 320–321.
Alsace-Lorraine, 56, 330.
Ancien régime, budget of, 75.
Anjou, system of metairie in, 62.
Annuities, conversion of perpetual into
terminable, 140-141.

Anti-Corn-Law League, formation of, 214;
object of, 216; influence of, 218, 229.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, his invention of
the water-frame, 39, 40, 129.
Army, organization of, under Louis XVI.,
83; absence of standing, in America,
417, 422.

Berkeley, Bishop, 449.
Berlin decree, 116.
Berthollet, M., his experiments in bleach-
ing, 43.

Bessemer steel, 312, 324, 438, 442, 448,
572-576, 584, 624.

Blockade, neutral demands respecting, 109.
Bolton, adopts cotton manufacture, 35;

birthplace of Arkwright and Crompton,
213; comparison with Lowell, 416.
Boot and shoe industry, displacement of
labor in, by machinery, 320, 631.
Boulton, Mr., of Soho, his connection with
Watt, 49.

Bourse, the, 64.

reform, 73.

Auerstädt, 87.

Atkinson, Edward, 298, 318, 410, 546.

Augustus, Emperor, 27.

Bright, John, 214.

Britain, see Great Britain.

coveries in, 259, 264-269, 277-279.
Austria, advantage of Suez Canal to, 302;
financial crisis, 357, 359, 363; national
wealth of, 476; business failures in, 503.
Auvergne, peasants of, oppose reform, 80.

BALTIC ports, hampered by Sound dues,
180.

Banks of England and of France, fluctua-
tions in rate of discount of, 496-497.
Basic steel, 541.

Baxter, Dudley, estimate of British income
by, 474.

Beddoes, Dr., assists Davy, 52.
Belgium, 417, 483, 485, 490, 500, 507.

Bell, Mr., inventions of, for printing cali-
coes, 43-44.

Calonne, ministry of, 75; statement of mil-
itary expenses, 78; new measures by,
80; dismissed, 81.

Canada, French colony of, long under the
government of an exclusive company, 8.
Canada, Dominion of, its growth, 1867-
1900, 621.

Canal, Suez, economic effects of its con-
struction, 300–304.

Carrying trade, on the ocean, revolution
of, 305-309; on the land, revolution of,
309-317.

Champagne, land owners in, 56.
China, 308, 413, 415.

Church, revenue of, in 1875, 76.
Clearing houses of London and New York,
returns of, 491.

115.

revolution due to, 54; reduction in con-

sumption of, by ocean steamers, 307;
effect of machinery on, 319; use of an-
thracite, 419; increase in production of,
485; wages in mining of, 495; produc-
tion of, in Canada, 621; possession of,
by the South, 582.

Cobden, Richard, and the Anti-Corn-Law
League, 214; on the corn laws, 217, 232.
Colbert, manufactures encouraged by, 66,

67.

Colquhoun, Mr., speech of, 231.
Collie, Messrs, failure of, 356, 364.
Colonies, ancient Greek and Roman, 3;
Spanish, 4; Portuguese, 5; of Holland,
7; of France, 8; rapid progress of Eng-
lish, 9, 26; exclusive companies injuri-
ous to, 13; the trade of British, how
regulated, 14-26, 511-514; the different
kinds of non-enumerated commodities
specified, 15; enumerated commodities,
17; restraints upon their manufactures,
20; favored by Britain, 22; except as
to foreign trade, 24; little credit due to
European policy for success of, 28;
their chief indebtedness, men, 30; Eng-
lish interference with trade of French,
111-112.

Commerce, restraints on by exclusive com-
panies, 13-14; by navigation acts, 15,
511; French, fettered by guilds, 65;
effect of American Non-intercourse Act
on, 121; policy of France towards, under
the Restoration, 168; of Zollverein, 178–
180, 189; treaties of, 198, 292-296; effect
of Suez Canal on, 300-304; improved
transportation and, 307, 309, 489; con-
dition of foreign, an economic symptom,
491; of Canada, 621.
Commonable Fields, 102.

Contraband of war, neutrals' demand re-
specting, 109.

Corn laws, object of, 207; of 1801, 207;

of 1804, 209; of 1816, 209; of 1828, 213;
new law of 1846, 231; report of com-
mittee on, 208; injurious effects of, 211;
formation of Anti-Corn-Law League, 214;
Mr. Villiers on the, 215; Sir Robert
Peel's opinion of, 219; the sliding scale,
220; policy of Peel towards, 230; final
measure of gradual repeal, 231; their
relation to the new gold, 282.
Corporations, restrictions on trade, im-
posed by, 65.

Cotton, early manufacture of, 34; inven-
tions which have developed the manu-
facture of, 36-43; the factory system
illustrated by its manufacture, 407;
statistical and economical comparison

of its manufacture in Great Britain and
the United States, 409-417; the extent
of its production an economic symptom,
485; American manufacture of, 628.
Cotton-gin, invented by Eli Whitney, 405.
Crises and revivals, periodicity of, 355, 357,
373, 483, 509–510. See Depression.
Crompton, Samuel, his invention of the
mule, 41.

DAKOTA, wheat product of, 320; settle-
ment of, 392, 393, 397.

Davy, Sir H., his early career, 52; invents
safety lamp, 53.

Decree, Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806, 116; at
Warsaw, 1807, 117; Milan, Dec. 17,
1807, 118; of St. Cloud, Sept. 12, 1810,
118; of Fontainebleau, Oct. 19, 1810, 118.
Deficit of 1787, 80.

Depression, economic, of 1873-1876, 355;
universality of, 356-358, 473; a cause,
the failure of foreign investments, 358-
364; mildness of its effects in the United
Kingdom, 364-368; question of its con-
tinuance discussed, 369-373; existence
of, from 1873 to 1879, proven by statistics
and economic symptoms, 469-510; fol-
lowed by a revival, 1879-1883, similarly
presented, 469-510; and renewed depres-
sion of 1883-1885, 473-510.
Dettes publiques, chap. xv.; augmentation
des, depuis 1870, 450-452; dépenses de
la guerre, de la marine, capital nominal
et intérêts des dettes, 453; conversion
de rentes, 454; abaissement du taux
depuis 1870, 359; modes d'émission,
361; répartition des fonds publics, 462;
négociation des rentes françaises aux
sources étrangères, 363; révolution
économique, 365.

Di-count, rates of, in 1873, 356; variations
in, an economic symptom, 496-497.
Disturbances, economic, since 1873, an ex-
planation of, 321-322.

Domingo, St., French colony of, 9.
Douanes, législation affectant les, 168; les

recettes des, du zollverein, 202.
Dudley, Dud, discovers a mode of smelt-
ing iron with coal, 50.

Dutch settlements in America, slow im-
provement of, owing to government of
an exclusive company, 7.
Duties, modes of levying, 185–188.

ÉCHELLE mobile, 154.
Edict of Stein, see Stein.

Edicts of Hardenberg, see Hardenberg.
Egypt, cotton of, 415.

Electricity, industrial use of, 325; future
effects of, 509.

Employment of labor, changing conditions
of, 318-321, 323, 407; advantages of
America in the, 417-428, condition of,
an economic symptom, 503-505.
England, finances of, 1793-1815, chap. vi.;
a new system introduced by Mr. Pitt in
1797, 126; new impost called the triple
assessment, 127; income tax imposed
and repealed, 127-128; explanation of
partial prosperity under heavy taxation,
128-129; inventions rescued England
from financial ruin caused by French
war, 129-131; amount of expenditure
during the war (1793-1815), 131; quota-
tions from Sir John Sinclair's work on
the Revenue containing forebodings of
financial distress, 132-133; amount of
public debt at successive periods from
1736 to 1816, 132-133, 136; tabular state-
ment of public income and expenditure,
1792-1849, 134; amount raised on loan,
etc., 135; delusive nature of the sinking
fund, 136-137, 142; inconsistent meas-
ures adopted, dead weight annuity, con-
version of perpetual into terminable
annuities, 139-142; balances of income
and expenditure, 1792-1850, 143-144;
excess of expenditure over income dur-
ing the period of war, and excess of
income during subsequent peace, 144;
316 years of peace required to cancel
debt of 24 years of war, 144-146; finances
of, 1837-1887, chap. xviii, 511-532, 603.
Europe, colonial policy of, 1-28; little to
boast of, 28-29; except in the contribu-
tion of men, 30; the army in her revolu-
tions, 83; failure of rye crop in, 234;
rise of prices in, due to new gold, 255,
257; drain of silver from, to the East,
275; effect of Suez Canal on the com-
merce of, 302; financial crises in, 357;
rapid advance in her cotton manufactures,
407; advantages of America for compe-
tition with, 417-427; economic changes
in, 469-473, 508-510; the wealth of, 474-
477; her indebtedness, 450-468; her in-
dustrial evolution, 533-536, 591-596.

FAMINES, prevention of, 313.
Feudal system, the, described, 57-68; over-
throw of, in France, 84.
Finances, difficulties of, Louis XVI., 77-79;
judicious policy of Sir Robert Peel, 221-

229. See England, la Restauration, la
France sous le second empire, French
Indemnity.

Flanders, small proprietors in, 56, 62.
Flour, displacement of labor in the manu-
facture of, 320-321.

Foville, A. de, 475, 493.
France, the trade of her colonies, how reg-
ulated, 15; the government of the colo-
nies conducted with moderation, 25; the
sugar colonies better governed than those
of Britain, 26; Huguenots from, settle
in England, 46; rural nobility and peas-
ant population of, 55-63; condition of
towns, 63; of trade, 65; of manufac-
tures, 66; decline of national prosperity,
68-70; efforts of reform under Louis
XVI., 71; resistance of privileged classes,
72; the budget, 75; general dissolution
of order, 82; the army, 83; final catas-
trophe, 84; permits colonial trade to neu-
tral ships, 111-115; restrictions on this
trade by English orders in council, 116,
117; blockade of her ports by England
118; la Restauration, 148-169; potato
disease appears in, 234; effects of new
gold in, 251; sous le second empire, 284–
297; payment of indemnity by, 326–350;
investments of, in new countries, 359; in-
crease of her public debt, 451; sells Lou-
isiana to the United States, 382; national
wealth of, 475; invested capital of, 500;
business failures in, 503; recent fluctua-
tions of trade, 488, 490, 492, 509, 538.
France, la, sous le second empire, chap. xi.;
le crédit foncier et le crédit mobilier, 284;
ardeur de la spéculation, 285; la crise de
1857 et ses suites, 286; développement du
crédit, 287; nouveau système de conces
sion des chemins de fer, 287; les grandes
compagnies, 288; multiplications des
moyens de communication, 289; progrès
du commerce extérieur, 290-291; le séna-
tus consulte du 25 déc., 1852, 292; mesures
relatives à la disette, 292; premiers dé-
grèvements, 293; exposition de 1855, 293;
projet de supprimer les prohibitions, 294;
lettre du 5 janvier, 1860; le traité de com-
merce avec l'Angleterre, 295; autres
traités, 296.

Frederic the Great, 93.

Frederic William III., edict of emancipa-
tion, 95.

Free ships, free goods, neutral demands of,
109.

Freight rates, reduction of, 307, 309.
French Indemnity, payment of, a vast
transaction, 326; conditions under which