comparable with that of the census of 1890, must be added 242,154 proprietors, making a total of 801,284. The value of the products of these establishments in 1890 was $1,009,347,226, or 10.8 per cent. of the total gross value of the products of the manufacturing industries of that year. In 1900 the gross value of products was
$1,183,615,478, or 9.1 per cent. of the total.
Included in the 15 groups are establishments representing nearly every manufacturing industry which is pursued by man in any part of the world. The exceptions are practically confined to certain products of skilled hand labor, ordinarily known as specialties or novelties. Types of this class of industry are the manufacture of lace, rugs, and embroidery. Even here the machine manufacture of lace from cotton threads has attained a considerable development in the United States by the use of American mechanisms.
In several lines of manufacture, moreover, notably in the textiles, American production is still confined largely to what are known as staple products, susceptible of rapid production, in accordance with a uniform standard, at a minimum labor cost, and involving a comparatively small element of artistic skill on the part of the workman. It is a fact that the use of the Jacquard loom in the weaving of fancy patterns into the body of fabrics is not as general in the textile factories of this country as in those of continental Europe. In all branches of fancy goods, however, there has been a notable progress in the United States since 1890. That the minds of American manufacturers are turning more and more to the increased development of the artistic side of manufacturing is shown in many ways, and notably by the establishment in certain manufacturing centers largely through the generosity and at the instigation of manufacturers of schools of industrial art, where special attention is paid to the application of art to manufacture, and by the founding of textile schools, where young men and women are taught the business of manufacturing from the scientific and artistic points of view.
AD VALOREM duties, principle of, 186. Agriculture, system of, in the 18th cen- tury, 58; in the 19th, 63; injured by commercial legislation, 67; importance to Germany of, 181; condition of, in Eng- land, 212, 215, 219, 220; in Ireland, 233– 237; Italian, 303; effects of improve- ments on, 211, 313-315, 320–321. Alsace-Lorraine, 56, 330. Ancien régime, budget of, 75. Anjou, system of metairie in, 62. Annuities, conversion of perpetual into terminable, 140-141.
Anti-Corn-Law League, formation of, 214; object of, 216; influence of, 218, 229. Arkwright, Sir Richard, his invention of the water-frame, 39, 40, 129. Army, organization of, under Louis XVI., 83; absence of standing, in America, 417, 422.
Berkeley, Bishop, 449. Berlin decree, 116. Berthollet, M., his experiments in bleach- ing, 43.
Bessemer steel, 312, 324, 438, 442, 448, 572-576, 584, 624.
Blockade, neutral demands respecting, 109. Bolton, adopts cotton manufacture, 35;
birthplace of Arkwright and Crompton, 213; comparison with Lowell, 416. Boot and shoe industry, displacement of labor in, by machinery, 320, 631. Boulton, Mr., of Soho, his connection with Watt, 49.
Bradford, dependent on the wool trade, 32. Brazil, 6, 14.
Bread, cost of manufacture and distribu- tion, 321. Bretagne, 5, 6, 82.
Artois, Charles, Count of, his opposition to Brienne, ministry of, 81.
Atkinson, Edward, 298, 318, 410, 546.
Augustus, Emperor, 27.
Britain, see Great Britain.
Australia and California, effect of gold dis- CALIFORNIA, see Australia and California.
coveries in, 259, 264-269, 277-279. Austria, advantage of Suez Canal to, 302; financial crisis, 357, 359, 363; national wealth of, 476; business failures in, 503. Auvergne, peasants of, oppose reform, 80.
BALTIC ports, hampered by Sound dues, 180.
Banks of England and of France, fluctua- tions in rate of discount of, 496-497. Basic steel, 541.
Baxter, Dudley, estimate of British income by, 474.
Beddoes, Dr., assists Davy, 52. Belgium, 417, 483, 485, 490, 500, 507.
Bell, Mr., inventions of, for printing cali- coes, 43-44.
Calonne, ministry of, 75; statement of mil- itary expenses, 78; new measures by, 80; dismissed, 81.
Canada, French colony of, long under the government of an exclusive company, 8. Canada, Dominion of, its growth, 1867- 1900, 621.
Canal, Suez, economic effects of its con- struction, 300–304.
Carrying trade, on the ocean, revolution of, 305-309; on the land, revolution of, 309-317.
Champagne, land owners in, 56. China, 308, 413, 415.
Church, revenue of, in 1875, 76. Clearing houses of London and New York, returns of, 491.
Belligerent and neutral rights, conflict of, Coal, difficulties in mining, 51; industrial
revolution due to, 54; reduction in con-
sumption of, by ocean steamers, 307; effect of machinery on, 319; use of an- thracite, 419; increase in production of, 485; wages in mining of, 495; produc- tion of, in Canada, 621; possession of, by the South, 582.
Cobden, Richard, and the Anti-Corn-Law League, 214; on the corn laws, 217, 232. Colbert, manufactures encouraged by, 66,
Colquhoun, Mr., speech of, 231. Collie, Messrs, failure of, 356, 364. Colonies, ancient Greek and Roman, 3; Spanish, 4; Portuguese, 5; of Holland, 7; of France, 8; rapid progress of Eng- lish, 9, 26; exclusive companies injuri- ous to, 13; the trade of British, how regulated, 14-26, 511-514; the different kinds of non-enumerated commodities specified, 15; enumerated commodities, 17; restraints upon their manufactures, 20; favored by Britain, 22; except as to foreign trade, 24; little credit due to European policy for success of, 28; their chief indebtedness, men, 30; Eng- lish interference with trade of French, 111-112.
Commerce, restraints on by exclusive com- panies, 13-14; by navigation acts, 15, 511; French, fettered by guilds, 65; effect of American Non-intercourse Act on, 121; policy of France towards, under the Restoration, 168; of Zollverein, 178– 180, 189; treaties of, 198, 292-296; effect of Suez Canal on, 300-304; improved transportation and, 307, 309, 489; con- dition of foreign, an economic symptom, 491; of Canada, 621. Commonable Fields, 102.
Contraband of war, neutrals' demand re- specting, 109.
Corn laws, object of, 207; of 1801, 207;
of 1804, 209; of 1816, 209; of 1828, 213; new law of 1846, 231; report of com- mittee on, 208; injurious effects of, 211; formation of Anti-Corn-Law League, 214; Mr. Villiers on the, 215; Sir Robert Peel's opinion of, 219; the sliding scale, 220; policy of Peel towards, 230; final measure of gradual repeal, 231; their relation to the new gold, 282. Corporations, restrictions on trade, im- posed by, 65.
Cotton, early manufacture of, 34; inven- tions which have developed the manu- facture of, 36-43; the factory system illustrated by its manufacture, 407; statistical and economical comparison
of its manufacture in Great Britain and the United States, 409-417; the extent of its production an economic symptom, 485; American manufacture of, 628. Cotton-gin, invented by Eli Whitney, 405. Crises and revivals, periodicity of, 355, 357, 373, 483, 509–510. See Depression. Crompton, Samuel, his invention of the mule, 41.
DAKOTA, wheat product of, 320; settle- ment of, 392, 393, 397.
Davy, Sir H., his early career, 52; invents safety lamp, 53.
Decree, Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806, 116; at Warsaw, 1807, 117; Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, 118; of St. Cloud, Sept. 12, 1810, 118; of Fontainebleau, Oct. 19, 1810, 118. Deficit of 1787, 80.
Depression, economic, of 1873-1876, 355; universality of, 356-358, 473; a cause, the failure of foreign investments, 358- 364; mildness of its effects in the United Kingdom, 364-368; question of its con- tinuance discussed, 369-373; existence of, from 1873 to 1879, proven by statistics and economic symptoms, 469-510; fol- lowed by a revival, 1879-1883, similarly presented, 469-510; and renewed depres- sion of 1883-1885, 473-510. Dettes publiques, chap. xv.; augmentation des, depuis 1870, 450-452; dépenses de la guerre, de la marine, capital nominal et intérêts des dettes, 453; conversion de rentes, 454; abaissement du taux depuis 1870, 359; modes d'émission, 361; répartition des fonds publics, 462; négociation des rentes françaises aux sources étrangères, 363; révolution économique, 365.
Di-count, rates of, in 1873, 356; variations in, an economic symptom, 496-497. Disturbances, economic, since 1873, an ex- planation of, 321-322.
Domingo, St., French colony of, 9. Douanes, législation affectant les, 168; les
recettes des, du zollverein, 202. Dudley, Dud, discovers a mode of smelt- ing iron with coal, 50.
Dutch settlements in America, slow im- provement of, owing to government of an exclusive company, 7. Duties, modes of levying, 185–188.
ÉCHELLE mobile, 154. Edict of Stein, see Stein.
Edicts of Hardenberg, see Hardenberg. Egypt, cotton of, 415.
Electricity, industrial use of, 325; future effects of, 509.
Employment of labor, changing conditions of, 318-321, 323, 407; advantages of America in the, 417-428, condition of, an economic symptom, 503-505. England, finances of, 1793-1815, chap. vi.; a new system introduced by Mr. Pitt in 1797, 126; new impost called the triple assessment, 127; income tax imposed and repealed, 127-128; explanation of partial prosperity under heavy taxation, 128-129; inventions rescued England from financial ruin caused by French war, 129-131; amount of expenditure during the war (1793-1815), 131; quota- tions from Sir John Sinclair's work on the Revenue containing forebodings of financial distress, 132-133; amount of public debt at successive periods from 1736 to 1816, 132-133, 136; tabular state- ment of public income and expenditure, 1792-1849, 134; amount raised on loan, etc., 135; delusive nature of the sinking fund, 136-137, 142; inconsistent meas- ures adopted, dead weight annuity, con- version of perpetual into terminable annuities, 139-142; balances of income and expenditure, 1792-1850, 143-144; excess of expenditure over income dur- ing the period of war, and excess of income during subsequent peace, 144; 316 years of peace required to cancel debt of 24 years of war, 144-146; finances of, 1837-1887, chap. xviii, 511-532, 603. Europe, colonial policy of, 1-28; little to boast of, 28-29; except in the contribu- tion of men, 30; the army in her revolu- tions, 83; failure of rye crop in, 234; rise of prices in, due to new gold, 255, 257; drain of silver from, to the East, 275; effect of Suez Canal on the com- merce of, 302; financial crises in, 357; rapid advance in her cotton manufactures, 407; advantages of America for compe- tition with, 417-427; economic changes in, 469-473, 508-510; the wealth of, 474- 477; her indebtedness, 450-468; her in- dustrial evolution, 533-536, 591-596.
FAMINES, prevention of, 313. Feudal system, the, described, 57-68; over- throw of, in France, 84. Finances, difficulties of, Louis XVI., 77-79; judicious policy of Sir Robert Peel, 221-
229. See England, la Restauration, la France sous le second empire, French Indemnity.
Flanders, small proprietors in, 56, 62. Flour, displacement of labor in the manu- facture of, 320-321.
Foville, A. de, 475, 493. France, the trade of her colonies, how reg- ulated, 15; the government of the colo- nies conducted with moderation, 25; the sugar colonies better governed than those of Britain, 26; Huguenots from, settle in England, 46; rural nobility and peas- ant population of, 55-63; condition of towns, 63; of trade, 65; of manufac- tures, 66; decline of national prosperity, 68-70; efforts of reform under Louis XVI., 71; resistance of privileged classes, 72; the budget, 75; general dissolution of order, 82; the army, 83; final catas- trophe, 84; permits colonial trade to neu- tral ships, 111-115; restrictions on this trade by English orders in council, 116, 117; blockade of her ports by England 118; la Restauration, 148-169; potato disease appears in, 234; effects of new gold in, 251; sous le second empire, 284– 297; payment of indemnity by, 326–350; investments of, in new countries, 359; in- crease of her public debt, 451; sells Lou- isiana to the United States, 382; national wealth of, 475; invested capital of, 500; business failures in, 503; recent fluctua- tions of trade, 488, 490, 492, 509, 538. France, la, sous le second empire, chap. xi.; le crédit foncier et le crédit mobilier, 284; ardeur de la spéculation, 285; la crise de 1857 et ses suites, 286; développement du crédit, 287; nouveau système de conces sion des chemins de fer, 287; les grandes compagnies, 288; multiplications des moyens de communication, 289; progrès du commerce extérieur, 290-291; le séna- tus consulte du 25 déc., 1852, 292; mesures relatives à la disette, 292; premiers dé- grèvements, 293; exposition de 1855, 293; projet de supprimer les prohibitions, 294; lettre du 5 janvier, 1860; le traité de com- merce avec l'Angleterre, 295; autres traités, 296.
Frederic the Great, 93.
Frederic William III., edict of emancipa- tion, 95.
Free ships, free goods, neutral demands of, 109.
Freight rates, reduction of, 307, 309. French Indemnity, payment of, a vast transaction, 326; conditions under which
M Coates, angest Greek and Kiman. 3 ; 4. Puttapune, 5: of H Tani, 7. of France 8. rapid press of Eng- 1.5. 9. 2 exive crtanies injuri
ous to. ls; the trace of British, how regated, 14-_511-514; the different kinds of penumerated commodities specified, 13; enumerated commodities, 17: restraints upon their manufactures, 2: faxred by Britain, 22: except as to foreign trade, 24: little credit due to European pe er for success of, 28: their chef in iebtedness, men, 30; Eng-| lish interference with trade of French, 111-112.
Commerce, restraints on by exclusive com- panies, 15-14; by navigation acts, 15, 511: French, fettered by guilds, 65; effect of American Non-intercourse Act on, 121; policy of France towards, under, the Restoration, 168; of Zollverein, 178- 180, 189; treaties of, 198, 292-206; effect of Suez Canal on. 300-304; improved transportation and, 307, 309, 489; con- dition of foreign, an economic symptom, 491; of Canada, 621. Commonable Fields, 102.
Contraband of war, neutrals' demand re- specting, 109.
Corn laws, object of, 207; of 1801, 207; '
of 1804, 209; of 1816, 209; of 1828, 213; new law of 1846, 231; report of com- mittee on, 208; injurious effects of, 211; formation of Anti-Corn-Law League, 214; Mr. Villiers on the, 215; Sir Robert Peel's opinion of, 219; the sliding scale, 220; policy of Peel towards, 230; final | measure of gradual repeal, 231; their relation to the new gold, 282. Corporations, restrictions on trade, im- posed by, 65.
Cotton, early manufacture of, 34; inven- tions which have developed the manu- facture of, 36-43; the factory system illustrated by its manufacture, 407; statistical and economical comparison
of its mancfacture in Great Britain and the United States, 49-417; the extent of its production an economic symptom, 483; American manufacture of, 628. tatt n-gin, invented by Eli Whitney, 405. Crises and revivals, periodicity of, 355, 357, 52,483, 509-510. See Depression. Crompt‹a, Samuel, his invention of the de, 41.
DAKOTA, wheat product of, 320; settle- ment of, 392, 393, 397.
Davy, Sir H., his early career, 52; invents safety lamp, 53.
Decree, Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806, 116; at Warsaw, 1807, 117; Milan, Dec. 17, 187, 118; of St. Cloud, Sept. 12, 1810, 118; of Fontainebleau, Oct. 19. 1810, 118. Deficit of 1787, 80. Depression, economic, of 1873-1876, 355; universality of, 356-358, 473; a cause, the fallure of foreign investments, 358- 364; miidness of its effects in the United Kingdom, 364-368; question of its con- tinuance discussed. 369-373; existence of, from 1873 to 1879, proven by statistics and economic symptoms, 469-510; fol- lowed by a revival, 1879–1883, similarly presented, 469-510; and renewed depres- sion of 1883-1885, 473-510. Dettes publiques chap. xv.; augmentation des, depuis 1870, 450-452; dépenses de la guerre, de la marine, capital nominal et intérêts des dettes, 453; conversion de rentes, 454; abaissement du taux depuis 1870, 359; modes d'émission, 361; répartition des fonds publics, 462; négociation des rentes françaises aux sources étrangères, 363; révolution économique, 365.
Di-count, rates of, in 1873, 356; variations in, an economic symptom, 496-497. Disturbances, economic, since 1873, an ex- planation of, 321-322.
Domingo, St., French colony of, 9. Douanes, législation affectant les, 168; les recettes des, du zollverein, 202. Dudley, Dud, discovers a mode of smelt- ing iron with coal, 50.
Dutch settlements in America, slow im- provement of, owing to government of an exclusive company, 7. Duties, modes of levying, 185–188.
ÉCHELLE mobile, 154. Edict of Stein, see Stein.
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