elected a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, and a member of the American society of naturalists, the American morphological society, and of other scientific organizations. He was president of the New York State science teachers' association in 1898. He was married, July 26, 1877, to Susan E., daughter of the Rev. Enoch G. Wood, D.D. of Indiana.

HARGROVE, Robert Kennon, M.E. bishop, was born in Pickens county. Ala., Sept. 17, 1829. He entered the sophomore class of the University of Alabama and was graduated in 1852, receiving his A.M. degree in 1855. He was instructor in mathematics, 1852-53, at the University of Alabama; succeeded Professor Benagh as professor of mathematics in 1853; and was associate professor of mathematics, 1854-57. He was licensed as a Methodist minister in 1857, and was pastor of churches in Columbus, Miss., Mobile, Ala., and elsewhere, 1857-65; was president of the Centenary institute, Summerfield, Ala., 1865-67; president of the Tennessee female college, Franklin, Tenn., 1868-73; and preached on stations, 1873-82. He was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, in 1882, and was the first to urge the adoption of the bond-scheme that saved the book concern at Nashville from bankruptcy. He originated the department of woman's work to secure comfortable homes for the clergymen of the church, forced by the itinerant system to make frequent changes of residence, and was a member of the commission which in 1876 established fraternal relations between the Methodist churches, north and south. He succeeded Bishop McTyeire as president of the board of trustees of Vanderbilt university in May, 1889, was a member of the committee on federation, Washington, D. C., January, 1899; secretary of the college of bishops, 1884-1900, and chairman of committees on applications, and on translation, for foreign missions. HARING, John, representative, was born in Tappan, N.Y., Sept. 28, 1739. His grandparents were natives of Holland and settled in Orange county, N.Y. He was a representative in the first four provincial congresses of the colony of New York and a delegate to the Continental con

was

HARK, Joseph Maximilian, educator, born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 4, 1849; son of Joseph and Marie Louise (Bute) Hark, and grandson of Gotlob Hark of Germany, and of George Bute, M.D. He was graduated from Nazareth Hall, Nazareth, Pa., in 1865 and from the Moravian college and theological seminary at Bethlehem, Pa., in 1870. He was pastor of the Moravian church at Lebanon, Pa., 1873-76; of the second Moravian church in Philadelphia, 1876-81, and of the Moravian church in Lancaster, Pa., 1881-93. In 1893 he became principal of the Moravian seminary and college for women at Bethlehem, Pa., the oldest women's school in America, having been established in 1749. He was one of the founders of the Lancaster county historical society, of the Pennsylvania German society, a member of the Cliosophic club and a founder and the first chancellor of the Pennsylvania Chautauqua. He received the degree of D.D. from Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., in 1887. He was associate editor of the Moravian and of the Pennsylvania School Journal. He is the author of The Unity of the Truth in Christianity and Evolution (1888); Chonicon Ephratense translated and edited (1889); and numerous contributions to the Outlook, the Sunday School Times, the Christian Union and the Andover Review.

HARKER, Charles G., soldier, was born in Sweedsboro, N.J., Dec. 2, 1837. He was graduated at the U.S. military academy in 1858, and assigned to the 2d U.S. infantry. He was promoted 1st lieutenant and transferred to the 15th infantry, May 14, 1861; and captain, Oct. 24, 1861, when he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 65th Ohio volunteers, being promoted to the rank of colonel, Nov. 11, 1861. He served with

his regiment at Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862, where he was in Garfield's 20th brigade of Wood's 6th division of the army of the Ohio, commanded by Gen. Don Carlos Buell. He then took part in the siege of Corinth and was assigned to the command of the 3d brigade of Wood's division and commanded the brigade in the battle of Stone's River, Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 3, 1863, where he so distinguished himself as to secure the commendation of his superior officers who forwarded his name to Washington for promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. At Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863, and on September 10, in the movements that led to the battle, he greatly distinguished himself, notably at Lee and Gordon's Mill, and his conduct caused the authorities to take action on the matter of his promotion that had been pressed on their attention after his action in the battle of Stone's River and he was promoted to the rank which he had filled in two great battles, his commission as brigadier-general of volunteers dating from Sept. 20, 1863. He commanded a brigade under General Howard in the Georgia campaign, and at Rocky Face Ridge, May 7, 1864, held the peak against a determined effort of the Confederates to dislodge him. He was leading his brigade at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.. June 27, 1864, and after passing an open field amid an iron hail from the Confederate line sheltered by a breast work, he gained the edge of the felled trees where his soldiers sought shelter behind the logs and rocks. Thus forced to stop he rallied them to a final charge and was cheering on his men when he fell mortally wounded, and he died on the battle-field, June 27, 1864.

HARKINS, Mathew, R. C. bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 17, 1845. He was graduated at the Boston Latin school in 1862, carrying off the Franklin medal. He then took a year's course at the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass., and a course in theology at the English college of Douay and in the seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. His theological course consumed the years 1864-69, and he was ordained a priest May 22, 1869, at the church of St. Sulpice, Paris, by Bishop Meret; visited Rome, and returned to

CATHEDRAL OF ST.PETER AND ST. PAUL

America in 1870. He was curate at the church of the Immaculate Conception, Salem, Mass., 1871-76, rector of St. Malachi's church, Arlington, Mass., 1876-84, and rector of St. James's church, Boston, Mass., 1884-87. He was nominated as bishop of the diocese of Providence, R.I., in January, 1887, to succeed the Rt. Rev. Thomas F. Hendriken, D.D., deceased, and was consecrated at Providence, R.I., April 14, 1887, by Archbishop Williams, assisted by Bishops O'Reilly and McMahon. He had under him 175 priests, 96 churches, and 19,000 young people under the educational care of the church in parochial schools and asylums. The Catholic population in his diocese in 1900 was 225,000.

HARKNESS, Albert, educator, was born in Mendon (now Blackstone), Mass., Oct. 6, 1822; son of Southwick and Phebe (Thayer) Harkness. He was graduated from Brown in 1842, taught in the high school at Providence, R.I., 1843-53, and was a student in Germany, 1853-55, attending the universities at Bonn,

at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin and travelling in different parts of Europe. He made several subsequent visits to Europe, carefully studying the educational systems of England and Germany. He was one of the founders of the American philological association, vice-president of the same in 1869, and president, 1875-76. He was also a member of the Archæological institute of America and one of the founders of the American school of classical studies at Athens. On May 28, 1849, he was married to Maria A., daughter of Scott and Ada (Aldrich) Smith of Providence, R.I., and they had two children, Albert Granger and Clara Frances. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University of Bonn in 1854 and that of LL.D. by Brown in 1869. He is the author or editor of a number of text-books, including Arnold's First Latin Book (1851); Second Latin Book (1853); First Greek Book (1860); Latin Grammar (1864); Latin Reader (1865); Introductory Latin Book (1866); Elementary Latin

Grammar (1869); Practical Introduction to Latin Prose Composition (1869); Cæsar's Commentaries on the Gallic War (1870); Cicero's Select Orations (1873); Sallust's Catiline (1878); Preparatory Course in Latin Prose Authors (1878); Progressive Exercises in Reading and Writing Latin (1883); First Year in Latin (1883); Easy Method for Beginners in Latin (1890); Complete Latin Grammar (1898); Short Latin Grammar (1898); and contributions to the Transactions of the American philological association and to Bibliotheca Sacra.

HARKNESS, Albert Granger, educator, was born in Providence, R.I., Nov. 19, 1857; son of Albert and Maria A. (Smith) Harkness. He was graduated at Brown in 1879; was a teacher of classics in Peddie institute, Hightstown, N.J., 1880-81; studied in the universities of Germany, 1881-83; was professor of Latin and German in Madison university, Hamilton, N.Y., 1883-89; associate professor of Latin at Brown university, 1889-93; and was then appointed to the chair of Roman literature and history at Brown. He was given leave of absence and spent the years 1894-95 in Europe for study and travel.

HARKNESS, William, astronomer, was born in Ecclefechan, Scotland, Dec. 17, 1837; son of the Rev. James and Jane (Weild) Harkness; and grandson of William and Cecilia (Riddell) Harkness and of David and Margaret (Gass) Weild. His father was a physician, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, a Presbyterian clergyman in Scotland, 1832-39, and pastor of churches in New York city, Fishkill Landing and Rochester, N. Y., 183959, and in Jersey City, N.J., 1862-78. The son studied at Lafayette college, 1854-55, and was graduated from the University of Rochester in 1858. He was graduated in medicine in 1862

W Harkness. and was appointed гри aide at the U.S. naval observatory, Washington, D.C., in August, 1862. He served as a volun teer surgeon in the second battle of Bull Run, and in the repulse of Early in his attack on the national capital in July, 1864, he again served with the army. He was professor of mathematics in the U.S. navy with the relative rank of heutenant-commander from August, 1863, and continued at the naval observatory. In 1865–66, he made a cruise on the U.S. monitor Monadnock to study the action of her compasses, and to observe terrestrial magnetism, visiting during

UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY, WASHINGTON, DC

eclipse of December, 1870, in Sicily, and that of August, 1878, in Creston, Wyoming. In 1874 he visited Hobart Town, Tasmania, to observe the transit of Venus, and afterward completed the tour of the world, returning to the United States in 1875. He was promoted to the relative rank of commander in 1872 and captain, April, 1817, 1878. He was appointed a member of the U.S. transit of Venus commission in 1871, and finally became its executive officer, fitting out all the expeditions of 1882 to various parts of the world. He designed most of the instruments used by the transit of Venus expeditions, including the comparator for measuring the astronomical photographs obtained, a duplicate of which was subsequently made for the Lick observatory. After the transit of December, 1874, the problemi of devising an accurate method of measuring the photographs obtained by the various United States parties was assigned to him, and he solved it in a perfectly satisfactory manner, although the difficulties involved were so great that the most eminent astronomers of England and Germany failed to obtain any useful results from the photographs taken by their parties. All the observations of the transit of December, 1882, made under the direction of the United States commission, were entrusted to Professor Harkness for reduction, and with the aid of a small corps of assistants he completed that work in a little more than six years. From 1891 until December, 1894, he was occupied in the new Naval observatory, designing and mounting its instruments and apparatus, and in establishing a suitable system of routine observing. On Oct. 21, 1892, he was appointed chief astronomical assistant to the superintendent of the Naval observatory, and on Sept. 21, 1894, he was appointed astronomical director of the U.S. Naval observatory. In addition to the astro

nomical directorship, he was appointed director of the Nautical Almanac on June 30,1897, and both of these offices he held until his detachment from all duty on Dec. 15, 1899, preliminary to his retirement for age on Dec. 17, 1899, when he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. Professor Harkness was given the degree of A.M. by Lafayette college in 1865, and LL.D. by the University of Rochester in 1874. He wrote many scientific papers, was a member of numerous scientific societies, and president of the American association for the advancement of science in 1893. He died in Jersey City, N.J., Feb. 28, 1903.

HARLAN, Andrew Jackson, representative, was born in Clinton county, Ohio, March 29, 1815; son of Jonathan and Hannah (Morrison), and grandson of Enoch and Edith (Carter) Harlan. He taught school at Evansville, Ind., 1836-38, when he removed to Marion, Ind., and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He was clerk of the house of representatives of the state, 1842-43; represented Grant county in the state legislature, 1846, 1847 and 1848; was a Cass and Butler elector in 1848, and a representative in the 31st and 33d congresses, 1849-51 and 1853-55. In congress he opposed the Missouri compromise and was censured by his party when he joined the Republicans. In 1861 he settled in Dakota Territory and was a member, and speaker of the house of delegates, 1862-63. He removed to Savannah, Mo., in February, 1863; was a member of the state legislature, 1864-68, and speaker, 1866-68. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1864, 1868, and 1876, and a candidate for lieutenant-g -governor of Missouri in 1870. He removed to Wakeeney, Kansas, in 1885: was postmaster, 1889-94, and returned to Savannah, Mo., in 1894.

HARLAN, George Cuvier, surgeon, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 28, 1835; son of Richard and Margaret Hart (Simmons) Harlan. He attended Delaware college and was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1858. He made a special study of the eye and in 1857 was resident physician of Wills eye hospital of Philadelphia. In 1858 he became resident physician of St. Joseph's hospital and in 1859 of the Pennsylvania hospital. During the civil war he was surgeon in the Federal army, being for a time attached to the gunboat Union, and for three years serving with the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry. In 1893 he was elected professor of diseases of the eye in the Philadelphia polyclinic. He also became surgeon to the Wills eye hospital and to the eye and ear department of the Pennsylvania hospital, and was president of the American ophthalmological society. He was elected a member of the American academy of medicine in 1882. He contributed Diseases of the

Orbit to Wood's Reference Hand Book, and Diseases of the Eyelids and Operations Performed Upon the Eyelids to the System of Diseases of the Eye by Norris and Oliver. He also revised the ophthalmological portion of the American edition of The System of Surgery by Holmes and of The System of Surgery by Gross; and contributed articles on his specialty to various professional journals.

HARLAN, James, representative, was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, June 22, 1800; son of James and Mary Harlan. His father was born in Berkeley, Va., and removed to Kentucky in 1774, with his brother, Maj. Silas Harlan, who was killed at the battle of Blue Licks in 1782. James attended the public schools and at the age of seventeen became a clerk in a mercantile house, remaining in that business until 1822. He then took up the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in 1823 and settled at Harrodsburg, Ky. In 1829 he was appointed prosecuting attorney for the circuit in which he resided and held the office four years. He was a Whig representative from Kentucky in the 45th and 46th congresses, 1877-81. He was secretary of state of Kentucky, 1840-44; served in the lower house of the legislature in 1845; and was attorney-general of the state, 185063. He was one of the authors of the Kentucky civil and criminal codes. He died in Harrodsburg, Ky., Feb. 23, 1863.

HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark county, Ill., Aug. 26, 1820; son of Silas and Mary (Conley) Harlan. The Conleys came from Maryland and the Harlans from Pennsylvania, both emigrating to Warren county, Ohio, and there Silas and Mary were married, removed to Clark county, Ill., and settled on a farm. In 1824 they removed to the forests of Indiana, where they cleared a farm and made a new home. In May, 1841, James received his freedom and a gift of $100 from his father. He entered Indiana Asbury university, Greencastle,

Ind.,

ent of public schools, and in 1848 was admitted to the bar. He stumped the state for Gen. Zachary Taylor in 1848; and declined the nomination of his party for state senator in 1849, and for governor of the state in 1850. He was the first president of Iowa Wesleyan university and also filled the chair of mental and moral sciences, 1853-55. He was U.S. senator, 1855-65, and resigned his seat during the special session of the senate, May 13, 1865, to take his seat in the cabinet of President Johnson as secretary of the interior, having been nominated by President Lincoln in March, 1865. He was again elected to the senate in 1866 and resigned from the cabinet, March 4, 1867, to take his seat for a third senatorial term. He was a candidate for a fourth term, but was defeated by W. B. Allison. At the close of his term, March 3, 1873, he retired to his home at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. He was presiding judge of the court of commissioners of Alabama claims, 1882-85. His fame as an orator and debater was second only to Webster and Sumner, and in the reply to the latter in the Santo Domingo question his speech attracted wide attention as an example of convincing oratory. He was for a time editor of the Washington Chronicle. He received the degree of LL.D. from Indiana Asbury (Depauw) university in 1858. Senator Harlan's mother died in 1896 in Park county, Ind., aged one hundred years and five months. He died in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, Oct. 5, 1899.

HARLAN, John Marshall, jurist, was born in Boyle county, Ky., June 1, 1833; son of the Hon. James (1800-1863) and Mary Harlan; and grandson of James Harlan. He was graduated from Centre college, Kentucky, in 1850, studied in the law department of Transylvania university, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He was married Dec. 23, 1856, to Malvina F., daughter of John Shanklin of Evansville, Ind. In 1858 he was elected judge of the Franklin county court, holding the office one year. In 1859 he was nominated as the candidate of the Whig party for the office of representative in congress and failed of election by sixty seven votes. The next year he was on the Bell and Everett electoral ticket in Kentucky, and following that election he removed to Louisville, in 1861, and became associated in the practice of law with the Hon. W. F. Bullock.

When the civil war broke out he took an active part in the support of the Union cause. He raised the 10th Kentucky volunteer infantry, one of the regiments constituting the original division of Gen. George H. Thomas, and remained in active service in the field until the death of his father in February, 1863, when he resigned, his presence being required at home. At this time his nomination for brigadier-general was before the senate, but he was compelled to remain in civil life. He was attorney general of Kentucky, 186367, and then resumed his law practice in Louisville. In 1871 and 1875 he was defeated as the Republican candidate for governor of Kentucky. He served as a member of the Louisiana commission in 1877, and on Nov. 29, 1877, was commissioned as associate justice of the U.S. supreme court, in place of David Davis, resigned. He was connected with the Columbian university, Wash ington, D.C., as professor of the constitutional jurisprudence, 1889-91; professor of public and private international law, 1890-91; and professor of the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States, of the law of domestic relations, of commercial paper and of torts after 1891. In 1892 he was appointed by President Harrison a mer her of the Bering Sea tribunal of arbitration. He received the degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1883, and from Centre college, Kentucky, and the College of New Jersey in 1884.

HARLAN, Richard, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 19, 1796. He attended school in his native city, studied medicine, and made a voyage to Calcutta as ship's surgeon. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1818, and settled in Philadelphia, where in 1821 he was made professor of comparative anatomy in the Museum. He was on the board of cholera commissioners in 1832 and at one time was surgeon to the city hospital. He went to Europe in 1839 and remained abroad till 1843. He then removed to New Orleans, and the same year was elected vicepresident of the Louisiana medical society. He was a member of other professional and learned organizations in the United States and Europe. He is the author of: Observations on the Genus Salamandra (1824); Fauna Americana (1825); American Herpetology (1827); Medical and Physical Researches (1835); and published a translation of History of Embalming by Gannal (1840). He died in New Orleans, La., Sept. 30, 1843.

HARLAND, Henry, author, was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, March 1, 1861. He attended the College of the city of New York and also Harvard university, but was not graduated. He was employed in the office of the surrogate of New York, 1883-86, and then devoted himself to literary pursuits, writing under the pen-name