Imperial subjects be cited before the Ottoman Court of Justice in Constantinople, such person, in the absence of the Interpreter, shall not be obliged to appear before the said Tribunal.

To whatever place in the Ottoman Empire the Imperial GrandDucal Merchants may go, they shall never be molested by demands of donations by Governors of Provinces, Prefects of the said Regions, Judges, or any other Authorities.

V. The Vessels belonging to the Merchants and Subjects of the Emperor of the Romans, Grand Duke of Tuscany, upon their having peaceably entered any Ottoman Port, and cast anchor in it, shall there remain, free from all disturbance and molestation, so long as may suit their convenience, and if they are not desirous of disembarking their goods, they cannot be forcibly compelled so to do.

VI. It shall be the duty of all the pilots and persons skilled in Navigation, belonging to the Ottoman Empire, to lend all the assistance in their power to any Imperial Ships which may be stranded by the tide, or driven on shore by rough weather, in their neighbourhood, and they must afford this aid with no other than a just and moderate remuneration for their labour and exertions; and in case any of the said Vessels should be shipwrecked, the merchandise or goods cast ashore shall all be consigned or delivered over to the care of the Imperial Consuls who may be stationed in the nearest vicinity, no more than a moderate charge being made for their conveyance to those Authorities.

It shall not be lawful for the Enemies of either State to equip and arm Ships of War in the respective Ports and Harbours of each Empire; and should there be any vessel of this description already armed, or any others lying in any of the respective aforesaid Ports, they cannot sail hence, except in 24 hours after the departure of the Ships of either of the Contracting Powers. The Ships of both Parties shall be safe and secure in the respective Ports, under the cannon of the said Ports.

VII. The merchant Vessels belonging to Subjects of His Imperial and Grand-Ducal Majesty, and which are engaged in peaceable navigation, shall in no way be molested on account of the violence and injuries done to the Subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Maltese or Corsairs which infest the Mediterranean in every direc

tion.

VIII. If any of the Subjects of the Ottoman Porte have occasion to embark either themselves or their goods, on board of Imperial Ships, they shall be required to pay the same duties which are paid to the English, French, and Dutch, and this in an amicable

manner.

IX. the vessels of the Merchants of His Imperial Grand-Ducal

Majesty cannot be forcibly compelled to transport the Ottoman Troops, or anything whatsoever for the public service.

X. Upon the Vessels belonging to both States meeting each other out at sea, both parties shall give the salute, or token of friendship, and shall abstain from any insult.

XI, The Subjects of His Imperial Majesty shall be allowed, either for the purposes of trade, or of religious pilgrimages, to proceed to any part of the Ottoman Dominions, travelling to and fro without any hindrance or interruption; and they shall be furnished with efficacious Letters of Protection from the Ottoman Porte, in order that they may be free in all places from any molestation by Tax Collectors or other persons.

XII. Jews shall not presume to act in the affairs of the Imperial Merchants, as licensed or authorized Agents of the Ottoman Porte, if not allowed so to do by the free will and pleasure of the said Merchants themselves: if Jews, therefore, without being so called upon to act, should by false agency, or in any other manner, dare to conspire to wrong the Imperial Merchants, they shall be severely punished as an example to others.

XIII. If any person in the service of the Consuls, Vice-Consuls, Agents, Interpreters, or Merchants, be accused, from private hatred, or any other unjustifiable motive, of having embraced Mahometanism, such accusation shall be considered as false until the accused shall, in the presence of the Imperial Interpreter, declare openly, and of his own free will, that he has so professed Mahometanism: and if any one, having so embraced it, shall be proved to be lawfully indebted to any one, his property shall be liable to the said debt.

XIV. If any of the Merchants, or Subjects of His Imperial Majesty, furnished with His Letters Patent, shall be found in any Corsair Vessel, having been forced on board the same; in the event of the said Vessel, with the Corsairs, being captured, such Subject or Subjects of His Imperial Majesty shall not be made Slaves, provided they have no concern therewith. And from henceforth the Subjects of both States cannot be made Slaves of, in any manner whatsoever.

XV. Should this most excellent Peace, concluded between the two most Serene and Mighty Emperors, and this sincere and (as it is to be hoped) lasting friendship, be changed into enmity (which God forbid!), the Merchants and Subjects of the two Contracting Powers, whether on land or at sea, must be informed of it in time, in order that, having duly arranged all their affairs, and paid and received all debts, they may quit the respective States in perfect safety, with all their property.

XVI. The Articles now agreed upon shall be communicated to the Provinces of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, by the Sublime Porte, and

such means as are considered necessary shall be employed, to establish a free and safe navigation between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the aforesaid Provinces; and in order that the latter may be included in the present Articles, Negotiations shall be entered into to that effect at the Sublime Ottoman Porte, or else Official Deputies shall be dispatched by it to the said Provinces, who, in conjunction with the Imperial Grand Ducal Commissiouers, hereafter to be appointed, may take the necessary measures for effecting peace.

XVII. When the present Articles, and above expressed Condi tions, of this Treaty of Peace, good Friendship, and Commerce, shall be duly signed and sealed by the Commissioners furnished with powers and instructions to that effect; from that time forward, no consent or permission shall be given to any action or proceeding whatsoever tending to the contrary. The High Contracting Powers pledge themselves, that the Instrument of the present concluded Treaty shall within 60 days from the time of its being signed, be solemnly ratified in writing and accepted by both of them, and that the aforesaid 17 Articles shall be faithfully kept and observed by both Powers, without the least change or alteration.

And since the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent accredited Representative and Plenipotentiary of the Sublime Porte, by virtue of his Full Powers, has exhibited to me the undersigned, a Copy of the present Treaty, written in the Turkish language, and duly signed according to regular form; I also, in virtue of the Power invested in me as Plenipotentiary, have handed over to him in exchange, this Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Commerce, written in the Latin language, and duly signed, according to regular form, with my own hand, and sealed with my own Seal.

Given at Constantinople, the 25th May, 1747.

(L.S.) ARRIGO CRĪS. DI PENCKLER. (L.S.) HAGI MAHMED PASHA.

[Solemnly ratified at Vienna by His Imperial Majesty, on the 27th June; and at Constantinople by His Ottoman Majesty, the 27th July, 1747; or, in the original, the 20th of the month of Retscheb, in the year of the Hegira 1160.]

No. 2.-Treaty. (Commerce, &c.) Constantinople,
February 12, 1833.*

Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Commerce, between Tuscany and The Ottoman Porte.-Signed at Constantinople, 12th February, 1833.

Nous Léopold II, par la grâce de Dieu, Prince Impérial d'Autriche, Prince Royal de Hongrie et de Bohême, Archiduc d'Autriche, Grand Duc de Toscane, etc. etc. etc.

Vu et examiné le Traité conclu, réglé, et signé à Constantinople le 12 Février de cette année 1833, de l'Ere Chrétienne (23 de la lune de Ramazan, an de l'Hégire 1248) par le Baron François d'Ottenfels Gschwind, Internonce et Ministre Plénipotentiaire de Sa Majesté l'Empereur d'Autriche, notre Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire auprès de la Sublime Porte, Chevalier Grand'-Croix de l'Ordre Toscan de Saint Joseph, Chevalier Commandeur de plusieurs autres Ordres, etc., en vertu des Pleins-pouvoirs qu'à cet effet nous lui avons conférés, et par Mustafa Bedschet Efendi, Cadi-Asker de la Romélie, et Elhadsch Mehemed Akif, Reis-Efendi ou Grand-Chancelier de l'Empire Ottoman, munis des Pleins - pouvoirs de Sa Majesté l'Empereur des Ottomans, Sultan Mahmoud Second, leur Souverain, lequel Traité est de la teneur suivante;

Son Altesse Impériale et Royale le Très-haut Prince Léopold Second, par la grâce de Dieu, Prince Impérial d'Autriche, Prince Royal de Hongrie et de Bohème, Archiduc d'Autriche, Grand-Duc de Toscane, etc. etc., étant animé du désir de faciliter et d'étendre de plus en plus les Relations entre ses Sujets et ceux de la Sublime Porte Ottomane, à fin de cimenter et de resserrer davantage cette parfaite amitié qui subsiste depuis si long tems entre les 2 Augustes Souverains et leurs Etats; et Son Altesse Impériale et Royale ayant dans cette vue pris la détermination de stipuler un nouveau Traité de Paix et de Commerce qui, tout en confirmant les liens de l'ancienne union et les dispositions du Traité antérieur du 25 Mai, 1747 (20 de la lune Redscheb de l'an de l'Hégire, 1160), puisse offrir un nouvel encouragement aux Relations de commerce et de navigation entre les Sujets respectifs ;

Et Sa Majesté le Très-haut et Très-puissant Empereur des Ottomans, Gazi Sultan Mahmoud Chan Second, animé des mêmes sentimens, voulant correspondre de son côté à ce désir de Son Altesse Impériale et Royale, et manifester dans cette occasion la parfaite union et amitié qui subsistent entre Elle et Sa Majesté l'Empereur

* State Papers, (Italian and French). Vol. 20. Page 81.

d'Autriche, l'Allié et le proche parent de Son Altesse Impériale et Royale;

Les 2 Augustes Souverains ont à cet effet nommé leurs Ministres Plénipotentiaires, savoir:-Son Altesse Impériale et Royale le GrandDuc de Toscane, le Sieur Baron François d'Ottenfels Gschwind, Internonce et Ministre Plénipotentiaire de Sa Majesté l'Empereur d'Autriche, et Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire de Son Altesse Impériale et Royale près la Sublime Porte Ottomane, Chevalier Grand'-Croix de l'Ordre Toscan de Saint Joseph, Chevalier Commandeur de plusieurs autres Ordres, &c.; et Sa Majesté l'Empereur des Ottomans, les Très-illustres et Excellens Sieurs Mustapha Bedschet Efendi, Cadi-Asker de la Romélie, et Elhadsch Mehemed Akif, Reis Efendi, ou Grand-Chancelier de l'Empire:

Lesquels, après s'être communiqué réciproquement leurs Pleinspouvoirs respectifs, trouvés en bonne et due forme, et avoir tenu plusieurs Conférences, sont convenus et ont arrêté d'un commun accord le Traité suivant, consistant en 21 Articles et une Conclusion.

ART. I. Il y aura paix et amitié perpétuelle entre Son Altesse Impériale et Royale le Grand-Duc de Toscane et Sa Majesté Ottomane, et liberté réciproque de commerce par terre et par mer entre leurs Sujets respectifs. Tous les Navigateurs et Négocians Toscans, munis du pavillon et de patentes Grand-Ducales, pourront se rendre avec leurs propres Navires dans tous les Ports de l'Empire Ottoman, aller et venir, y décharger leurs marchandises, les vendre ou échanger, y exercer librement le commerce, et en répartir sans être molestés; ils pourront y réparer leurs Navires qui auraient été endommagés par la tempête ou quelque autre accident, et s'y pourvoir aux prix courans des choses nécessaires à cet effet et pour leur nourriture. Les mêmes avantages seront accordés aux Négocians qui, sous Pavillon Ottoman, entreront dans les Ports et Echelles du Grand Duché de Toscane, et il est entendu que, soit dans les Ports, soit dans l'intérieur du territoire de l'un des 2 Etats, les Sujets et Négocians de l'autre Etat ne seront soumis à d'autres charges et obligations que celles auxquelles en pareille circonstance y sont soumis les Sujets de Sa Majesté l'Empereur d'Autriche; l'intention des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes étant, que les Sujets de l'un trouvent dans les Etats de l'autre, et réciproquement, les plus grandes facilités, assistance, et avantages.

II. Le passage du détroit des Dardanelles et du Canal du Bosphore sera désormais entièrement ouvert aux navires marchands sous Pavillon Toscan, avec ou sans chargement, soit qu'ils viennent de la Mer Méditerranée pour entrer dans la Mer Noire, soit qu'ils proviennent de la Mer Noire pour passer dans la Méditerranée, et les dits Navires Toscans ne pourront étre arrêtés ou retenus en aucun cas et sous aucun prétexte, en sorte que les véritables Bâtimens marchands cou