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cooled so slowly as more definitely to assume a crystalize structure. Volcanic rocks, on the contrary, appear to have been formed near the surface exposed to the action of the air, and to have cooled rapidly, and crystalized imperfectly. That they were formed under moderate pressure, is obvious from their want of compactness manifested in their vesicular and porous texture.

We have thus attempted to present a condensed view of the nature of the formations which constitute these four clases of rocks. In this arrangement we have preferred a classification of them according to their origin, rather than their relative ages.

The relative ages of the plutonic, metamorphic and volcanic rocks cannot be properly determined; but the fossiliferous strata are not liable to the same objection, and we have availed ourselves in the following table of the distinctions according to the priority. established among them by European and American Geologists:

3 Fossiliferous Rocks.

TABLE OF GEOLOGICAL EQUIVALENTS OF THE EUROPEAN, NEW YORK AND WESTERN FORMATIONS.

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Old red sandstone of Scotland & Wales. 28. Sandstones and schists,

Old red sandstone.

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3 Sandstone schists & bituminous lime

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2 Carboniferous or mountain limestone. 1 Waverly sandstones.

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3 Fossiliferous Rocks.

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27. Chemung group.
26. Portage group.
25. Genessee slate.
24. Tully limestone.
23. Hamilton group.
22. Marcellus slate.

21. Carniferous limestone.
20. Onondaga limestone.
19. Schoharie grit.

18. Cauda galli grit.

17. Oriskany sandstone.

16. Upper pentamerus limestone.

15. Delthyris shaly limestone.

14. Pentamerus limestone.

13. Water lime.

12. Onondaga salt group.

11. Niagara group.

10. Clinton group.

9. Medina sandstone.
8. Oneida conglomerate.
7. Gray sandstone.

6. Hudson River group.
5. Utica slate.

4. Trenton limestone.
3. Black River limestone.
2. Silicious limestone.
1. Potsdam sandstone.

ART. II.-ON THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING ON

THE OHIO RIVER.

"THE natural elements of a manufacturing district are these:

1. Power-cheap, ample, and certain.

2. Cheap living.

3. Facilities of transporting man and matter.

4. Proximity to the materials to be manufactured.

5. Nearness of the market to be supplied.

6. An healthy position and a climate so equable and temperate that man may sustain continuous labor, even in partial confinement.

7. A good site for buildings and near suitable building materials. Let us examine these in their order.

"1. POWER.-There is now scarcely any handicraft work, from the simplest to the most complicated, which is not materially aided by machinery. Hands seem to be merely required to set that machinery in motion and to direct its movements. So wonderful are the inventions of this century, that we dare not state the ratio of decrease of human labor in any branch of manufactures. A few years since we supposed that the cotton spindles and looms were perfect, or nearly so; yet, within four or five years, a few simple improvements have been made that have reduced the number of hands in a cotton mill more than one half; and it is now said that much of the cotton machinery in England and New England is scarcely worth having.

"The effect of these improvements is to make cheap power more important than cheap labor.

"It cannot be necessary to adduce many reasons why manufacturing should be carried on where the power is found; water power of course is stationary; and, where steam is the motive power, it is generally far cheaper to move the raw material than the coal. For example: 1,000 tons of coal are required in the manufactory for 600 tons of cotton, and from three to five tons of coal for one of iron. Certainly there are exceptions to the rule; it is cheaper to transport coal from Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania to New England, than to pay the aggregate freight on the cotton, dry goods, and provisions to and from the bleak coasts of Sidney and Pictou, or the barren hills around Frostburg and Pottsville. Perhaps this exception will be but temporary.

"All the manufacturing towns of England are in the vicinity of coal-fields. Even the woolen mills of Sussex and Essex have yielded in competition with those of the coal districts.

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When the two are to be combined, the tendency of the bulky is to draw the heavy article to it; and the more valuable the material the better it will bear transportation.

"The copper and tin ores of Cornwall are taken to the Welsh coal fields to be smelted; so also have been the copper ores of Cuba and Lake Superior. The

coal at Pittsburg has drawn to it the lead of Illinois and the iron of the Juniata, of Ohio, and Kentucky, and even of Tennessee and Missouri.

"The same rules are applicable to the next element-cheap living.

"The coal of England attracted our cotton; but, although South Wales was nearer than Lancaster, Manchester became the seat of cotton manufactures, because, besides being in a coal district, it was the centre of a rich agricultural country. The same causes placed Sheffield, Birmingham, and Leeds where they are, instead of on the Tyne, or the Wear. The Staffordshire potteries are over the beds of coal and clay.

"While colonies, we were (as Canada is now) compelled, by direct or indirect legislation, to wear English goods; and for half a century after the revolution had emancipated us from this quasi necessity, the English artisan was (practically) confined within prison limits; he was not permitted to emigrate, and he could not send plans, models, or machinery abroad.

"Slater, the father of the cotton manufacture in America, could not (so closely was he watched at the custom-house) even smuggle over a single drawing or pattern. He had, however, acquired a full knowledge of the Arkwright principle of spinning, and, from recollection and with his own hands, made three cards and seventy-two spindles, and put them in motion in the building of a clothier, by the water wheel of an old fulling mill.

"Let him who doubts the practicability of manufacturing here, look at this humble beginning and take courage. This pioneer, with very slender means and with few friends, surmounted every difficulty, amassed a fortune, and lived to see New England a manufacturing rival of England.

Although we have coal at home and at from one-half to one-sixth of its cost in Lancaster or Massachusetts, the most of our cotton and no small part of our hemp and wool is sent from three to six thousand miles to be manufactured; and then our flour and corn and pork are sent in the same direction to make up the deficiency of food among the manufacturers.

"It is not very strange that this state of facts has existed, but it will be passing strange if it continue to exist much longer. It will not even require another year of famine abroad to show clearly and practically that it is far cheaper to transport the spinner, the weaver, and the machinist to our coal, corn, and cotton, than to pay one freight on the corn, and two on the cotton.

"The third, fourth, and fifth elements of a manufacturing district are facilities of moving man and matter, and proximity to the raw material and to the market. These are resolved into cost of transportation.

"General impressions on this point are very erroneous; and, as the result of my statistics may far exceed the belief of those who have not investigated the subject, I give the facts for the full examination of all who feel an interest in them. "In these articles I refer specially to the cost of manufacturing and vending

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