INDEX Abrogation of treaties contrary to the League, in Wilson's original draft, 291; in Treaty, 309, 310. Affirmative guaranty of territory and independence, plan, 33; Wilson adopts, 34, 35; in Fourteen Points, 35, 36, 316; Lansing's opposition, 37, 44, 85; constitutional and political arguments against, 48-50, 167-169; Lansing's "self-denying covenant" as substitute, 52-54; in Wilson's original draft and in Treaty, 54-56, 93, 283, 303; as continuing balance of power, 78; Wilson adheres to, 86, 124; not in Cecil plan, 91; in Lansing's resolution of principles, 116; other substitute, 123, 124; as reason for rejection of Treaty by Senate, 125; retained in reported Covenant, 135; and dominance of Great Powers, 166. See also Equality of nations; League; Self-denying covenant. Albania, disposition, 195. Alliances. See French alliance. Alsace-Lorraine, to be restored to France, 196, 315. Amendment of League, provision for, 313. American Bar Association, Lansing's address, 70. American Commission, members, 15, 48; ignored in League negotiations, 37, 41, 42, 46, 87, 105-108, 137, 143, 217; conference of January 10, 106-108; ignorant of preliminary negotiations, 214, 216, 217; question of resignation over Shantung settlement, 264, 265; shares in Shantung negotiations, 265, 266. See also Bliss; House; Lansing; White; Wilson. American Peace Society, 30. American programme, lack of definite, as subject of disagreement, 8; Fourteen Points announced, 17; not worked out, 190; insufficiency of Fourteen Points, 191; Lansing's memorandum on territorial settlements, 192-197; effect of President's attendance at Conference, 198; embarrassment to delegates of lack, 198, 199; projet of treaty prepared for Lansing, 199; President resents it, 200; no system or team-work in American Commission, 201, 202, 204, 303; reason for President's attitude, 202, 203, 211, 212; no instructions during President's absence, 203, 208, 209; results of lack, 206; and Preliminary Treaty, 211, 212; influence of lack on Wilson's leadership, 212; text of Fourteen Points, 314-316. Annunzio, Gabriele d', at Fiume, 233. Arabia, disposition, 196. See also Near East. Arbitral Tribunal, in Lansing's plan, 6365. Arbitration, as form of peace promotion, 33; in Lansing's plan, 63-65; in Wilson's original draft, 285, 286, 289, 290; in Cecil plan, 297; in Treaty, 304, 305, 308, 309. See also Diplomatic adjustment; Judicial settlement. Armenia, mandate for, 159; protectorate, 195. See also Near East. Armistice, American conference on, 15. Article X. See Affirmative guaranty. Assembly (Body of Delegates), in Wilson's original draft, 281, 282; analogous body in Cecil plan, 295; in Treaty, 300. Auchincloss, Gordon, and drafting of League, 122, 123, 131. Austria, Archduchy and union with Germany, outlet to sea, 99, 195. Austria-Hungary, dissolution, 194, 224; Fourteen Points on subject people, 315. Azerbaidjan, Wilson and, 99. Baker, Ray Stannard, and Shantung, 261. Balance of power, Clemenceau advocates, 77; Wilson denounces, 77; and Cecil plan, 89; League and, 165. See also Affirmative guaranty; Equality of nations. Balfour, Arthur, signs French alliance, 182. Balkans, Fourteen Points on, 315. See also states by names. Belgium, and Anglo-Franco-American alliance, 179; full sovereignty, 196, 315. Bessarabia, disposition, 194. Bliss, Tasker H., American delegate, 48; opposes affirmative guaranty, 124; and Covenant as reported, 137; and proposed French alliance, 179; and Shantung, letter to President, 255261. See also American Commission; American programme. Body of Delegates. See Assembly. Bolshevism, peace as check to spread, 110. Bosnia, disposition, 194. Boundaries, principles in drawing, 102. Bowman, Isaiah, Commission of Inquiry, 18. Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to be abrogated, 193. Bucharest Treaty, to be abrogated, 193. Buffer state on the Rhine, 179, 180. Bulgaria, boundaries, 195. Bullitt, William C., on revision of Covenant, 123; testimony on Lansing interview, 268, 269; Lansing's telegram to President on testimony, 270; no reply received, 271; and Wilson's western speeches, 272. Canada, Papineau Rebellion and selfdetermination, 103. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 30. Cecil, Lord Robert, plan for League, 88, 89; Wilson opposes it, 89-92; text of plan, 295-298. Central Powers, Wilson and need of defeat, 17; hope in Wilson's attitude, 20; peace or Bolshevism, 110. See also Mandates, and states by name. China. See Shantung. Chinda, Viscount, and Shantung, 254, 255. Civil War, and self-determination, 100, ΙΟΙ. Clemenceau, Georges, Supreme War Council, 14; advocates balance of power, 77; and Cecil plan. 89; and Franco-American alliance, 180. See also Council of Four. Codification of international law, in Lansing's plan, 64, 65. Colonies, disposition of, in Lansing's plan, 187; Fourteen Points on, 314. See also Mandates. Commerce. See Non-intercourse; Open Door. Commission of Inquiry, work, 17, 18. Commission on the League of Nations, appointed, 117; and Wilson's return to United States, 117, 118; meets, Wilson's draft as groundwork, 119; meetings and report, Wilson's address, 134; character of report and work, 134, 137, 172; secrecy, 136, 235; Wilson's domination, 138. Constantinople, disposition, 195. Constitutional objections, to affirmative guaranty, 50-52, 167; and to Cecil plan, 91. Council of Foreign Ministers, established, nickname, 219. Council of Four, self-constituted, 214; secrecy, 218, 236; "Olympians," 222; gives only digest of Treaty to other delegates, 239, 240; Shantung bargain, 243, 254, 255, 261, 267. See also Secret diplomacy. Council of Ten, and Lansing's substitute resolution on League, 115; during Wilson's absence, 204; self-constituted organization, 213, 214; and Supreme War Council, 213; divided, 218; and secrecy, 235. Council of the Heads of States. See Council of Four. Council (Executive Council) of the League, in Wilson's original draft, 282, 283; analogous body in Cecil plan, 295; in Treaty, 300, 301. Covenant. See League of Nations. Croatia, disposition, 194. Czecho-Slovakia, erection, 194, 224. Dalmatia, in Pact of London, 223. Diplomacy. See Secret diplomacy. Diplomatic adjustment, as basis of Covenant, 46; exalted, 67-70, 82, 169; Lansing on judicial settlement and, 70-73; in Wilson's original draft, 285287; in Treaty, 305-307. See also Judicial settlement. Disarmament, not touched in Lansing's Egypt, and self-determination, 97; disposition, 196. Election of 1918, as rebuke to Wilson, 32. Entangling alliances. See Isolation. Equality of nations, sacrifice in Wilson's draft of League, 44, 45, 67, 81, 85, 90; | in Lansing's form for League, 58, 59; ignored in Cecil plan, 88, 89; primacy of Great Powers retained in reported Covenant, 135, 138; violation by Treaty, 164-167, 273, 274; and secret diplomacy at Conference, 219, 238 240. Esthonia, Wilson and, 99; autonomy, 193. Ethnic influence on boundary lines, 103. See also Racial minorities; Self-determination. Finland, question of independence, 193. Fiume affair, Lansing's attitude, 222; Pact of London in light of dissolution of Austria-Hungary, 223-225; resulting increase in Italian claims as basis for compromise, 225; attitude of Italy toward Jugo-Slavia, 225, 226; commercial importance of Fiume to Jugo-Slavia, 226; campaign of Italian delegates for Fiume, 227, 228; Italian public sentiment, 228; character of population, self-determination question, 229; efforts to get Wilson's approval, 229-231; threat to retire from Conference, 231; Wilson's statement against Italian claim, 232; withdrawal of delegation, 232; Italian resentment against Wilson, 232; as lesson on secret diplomacy, 233-235; delegation returns, 235; and Shantung, 259, 260. Fourteen Points, announced, 17; affirmative guaranty in, 35, 38; insufficient as programme, 191; text, 314316. France, Alsace-Lorraine, 196, 315; restoration, 315. See also Clemenceau; French alliance; Great Powers. Freedom of the seas, in Fourteen Points, 314. French alliance, as subject of disagreement, 8; provisions of treaty, 178; relation to League, 179, 185; and removal of certain French demands from Treaty of Peace, 179, 180; and French adherence to League, 179-181, 185; Lansing's opposition, 182, 183, 185, 186; drafted, signed, 182; Lansing and signing, 183; arguments for, 183-185. Geographic influence on boundary lines, 103. Georgia, Wilson and, 99. Ginn Peace Foundation, 30. Great Powers, and mandates, 156-160. Greece, territory, 194. Gregory, Thomas W., and Wilson's modus vivendi idea, 207. Guaranty. See Affirmative; Self-denying. Hague Conventions, and international peace, 30. Hague Tribunal, and Lansing's plan, 65, 73; Wilson's contempt, 130; recognition in Cecil plan, 296. Hands Off, as basis of Lansing's plan, 75. Health, promotion in Treaty, 312. Heligoland, dismantlement, disposition, 196. Herzegovina, disposition, 194. Historic influence on boundary lines, 103. Hostilities. See Prevention of war. House, Edward M., joins Supreme War Council, 14; conference on armistice terms, 15; selection as peace negotia tor, 15; and President as delegate, 15, 25, 26; Commission of Inquiry, 18; and drafting of League, 36, 42, 122, 216; and international court, 73, 131, 132; and "self-denying covenant," 79, 124; and balance of power, 78; of Commission on the League of Nations, 117; and mandates, 153, 160; and data, 202; ignorant of Wilson's programme, 205; and Preliminary Treaty with detailed Covenant, 210, 211; and private consultations, 214. See also American Commission. Hungary, separation from Austria, 194, tlement. International enforcement. See Affirmative guaranty. International military force, in Wilson's original draft, 287; in Treaty, 308. International military staff, proposal, 179, 185. Interparliamentary Congress, in Cecil plan, 296. Inviolability of League property, 302. Irish, and self-determination, 97. Isolation, policy, and affirmative guaranty, 39, 168; and mandates, 149; and French alliance, 180, 185, 186. Italy, and Cecil plan, 89; territory, 194, 315. See also Fiume; Great Powers. Japan, and Cecil plan, 89; in Council of Ten, 213. See also Great Powers; Judicial settlement of international dis putes, Lansing's plan, 62-64; subordinated in Wilson's draft, 67, 74, 82, 169; Lansing on diplomatic adjustment and, 70-73; Lansing urges as nucleus of League, 73; in Lansing's resolution of principles, 116, 117; Lansing's appeal for, in Covenant, 126-130; arbitrators of litigant nations, 127; difficulties in procedure, 127, 128; cost, 128; elimination from Covenant of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected, 129, 131-133, 169; Lansing's appeal Jugo-Slavia, and Anglo-Franco-Ameri- Labor article, in Wilson's original draft, 293; in Treaty, 312. Lansing, Robert, resignation asked and given, 3; divergence of judgment from President, 3, 4; reasons for retaining office, 3, 137, 162, 187-189, 264, 265; reasons for narrative, 4; imputation of faithlessness, 5, 24, 106, 163, 270; personal narrative, 6; subjects of disagreement, 8, 9, 278-280; attitude toward duty as negotiator, 7, 8, 10; policy as to advice to President, 10; President's attitude towards opinions, 11, 23, 59, 60, 62, 79, 87, 105-108, 130, 131; method of treatment of subject, 12, 26, 27; conference on armistice terms, 15; selected as a negotiator, 15; opposition to President being a delegate, 15, 21-23, 25; President's attitude toward this opposition, 23; and Commission of Inquiry, 18; arrival in Paris, 48; and balance of power, 78, 79; and paramount need of speedy peace, 110-113, 209, 210; opposition to mandates, 150-154, 160; opposition to French alliance treaty, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 186; signs it, 182, 183; personal relations with President, 186; memorandum on American programme (1918), 192-197; has projet of treaty prepared, Wilson resents it, 199-201; on lack of organization in American Commission, 201; and lack of programme, 205, 206; and American Commission during President's absence, 203, 204, 208, 209; on Wilson's modus vivendi idea, 207; opposition to secret diplomacy, effect on Wilson, 219-221; and Fiume, 222, 230; and Shantung, 254-256, 261-263; Bullitt affair, 269-272; views on Treaty when presented to Germans, 272-274; and |