ratification of Treaty, 276. See also American Commission; League; Wil

son.

Latvia, Wilson and, 99; autonomy, 193. League of Nations, principles as subject

of disagreement, 8; as object of peace negotiations, 18; as reason for President's participation in Conference, 28; Wilson's belief in necessity, 28, 31; American support of idea, earlier plans and associations, 29-33; divergence of opinion on form, 33; political and juridical forms of organization, 34; Wilson's belief in international force and affirmative guaranty, 34, 35; affirmative guaranty in Fourteen Points, 35, 36, 316; Phillimore's report, 36; preparation of Wilson's original draft, House as author, 36, 37, 42, 122, 216; Lansing not consulted, reason, 37, 41, 42, 46; Lansing's opposition to affirmative guaranty, 37, 44, 48-50, 78, 85, 167-169; Lansing and non-intercourse peace plan, 40; draft impracticable, 43; and equality of nations, 44, 45, 67, 81, 85, 88-90, 135, 138, 164-167, 273, 274; Lansing's "self-denying covenant," 44, 52-54, 86; Lansing accepts guaranty as matter of expediency, 45, 49; diplomatic adjustment as basis of Wilson's draft, 46; guaranty in first draft, later draft, and Treaty, 54-56, 93, 94; Lansing's substitute, 56-59, 62-67, 74-76; his communications not acknowledged, 59, 60, 62, 79, 87; incorporation of detailed Covenant in Treaty, 61; irreconcilable differences between Wilson's and Lansing's plans, 67-70, 85; Lansing on diplomatic adjustment versus judicial settlement, 70-73; Lansing urges international court as nucleus, 73; three doctrines of Lansing's plan, 75; Lansing's first view of Wilson's draft, 79; his opinion of its form, 81; of its principles, 81; Wilson considers affirmative guaranty essential, effect on Treaty, 87, 124, 125; American Commission ignored on matters concerning, 87, 105-108, 143, 217; Cecil plan, 88, 89; Wilson's opposition to it, 89-92; question of selfdetermination, 94-105; Lansing's proposed resolution of principles in Treaty and later detailing, 109, 110, 170-172; detailed Covenant or speedy

peace, 109-112, 173-177, 209-211; Wilson utilizes desire for peace to force acceptance of League, 112, 119, 140, 173-177; Lansing proposes resolution to Wilson, 113, 114; and to Council of Ten, 115; drafted resolution of principles, 115-117; Commission on the League of Nations appointed, American members, 117; resolution and Wilson's return to United States, 117-119; Wilson's draft before Commission, 119; Wilson pigeonholes resolution, 119-121; revision of Wilson's draft, 122; Lansing's appeal for international court, 126-130; it is ignored, 130, 131; elimination of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected, 129, 131-133, 169; report of Commission, Wilson's address, 134; character of report and work of Commission, main principles unaltered, 134, 135, 137, 172; Wilson and American opposition (Feb.), 135, 139-143; American Commission and report, 136, 137; amendments to placate American opinion, 142, 143; reaction in Europe due to American opposition, 143, 144; change in character and addition of functions to preserve it, 145, 148, 154, 156; summary of Lansing's objections, 164-177; and French alliance, 179-181, 185; in a preliminary treaty as a modus vivendi, 206-208; as subject of Wilson's private consultations, 214; secrecy in negotiations, 216, 235; and Shantung bargain, 245-247, 261; Bullitt's report of Lansing's attitude, 269-272; and carrying out of the Treaty, 273, 274; as merely a name for the Quintuple Alliance, 273, 274; text of Wilson's original draft, 281-294; of Cecil plan, 295298; in Treaty, 299-313. See also Mandates.

League to Enforce Peace, 30; Wilson's address, 34, 35.

Lithuania, Wilson and, 99; autonomy,

193.

Lloyd George, David, Supreme War
Council, 14; and French alliance, 181,
182. See also Council of Four.
Log-rolling at Conference, 236.
London, Pact of, 223.

Makino, Baron, and Shantung, 254, 255.
Mandates, in Smuts plan, Wilson adopts

Schleswig-Holstein, disposition, 196. Scott, James Brown, drafts French alliance treaty, 182; and projet of a treaty, 199, 200.

Secret diplomacy, as subject of disagreement, 8; in negotiation of League, 136, 216, 235; as evil at Conference, 213; Lansing's opposition, its effect on Wilson, 213, 219, 221, 237; Wilson's consultations, 214-216; and Wilson's "open diplomacy," 217; in Council of Four, 218, 236; public resentment, 221, 222, 237; Fiume affair as lesson on, 233-235; perfunctory open plenary sessions of Conference, 235; Council of Ten, 235; effect on Wilson's prestige, 236; responsibility, 237; effect on delegates of smaller nations, 238, 239; climax, text of Treaty withheld from delegates, 239, 240; psychological effect, 240; great opportunity for reform missed, 241; and Shantung, 243, 244, 267; Fourteen Points on, 314. See also Publicity. Secretariat of the League, in Wilson's original draft, 283; in Cecil plan, 296; in Treaty, 301, 302. "Self-denying covenant" for guaranty of territory and independence, Lansing's advocacy, 44, 52; House and, 79; Wilson rejects, 86; suggested by others to Wilson, 123. Self-determination, in Wilson's draft of Covenant, 93, 283, 292; why omitted from treaty, 94; in theory and in practice, 96-98, 102-105; Wilson abandons, 98-100; violation in the treaties,

98, 99, 273; and Civil War, 100, 101; and Fiume, 229; colonial, in Fourteen Points, 314; Wilson's statement (Feb. 1918), 317.

Senate of United States, and affirmative guaranty, 125; opposition and Wilson's threat, 141; plan to check opposition by a modus vivendi, 207. Separation of powers, Wilson's attitude,

70.

Serbia, Jugo-Slavia, 194; territory, 195; Fourteen Points on, 315, 316.

Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. See JugoSlavia.

Shantung Settlement, as subject of dis-
agreement, 9; and secret diplomacy,
243, 244, 267; bargain, 243, 255, 261;
injustice, blackmail, 244; influence of
Japanese bluff not to agree to the
League, 245-247, 261-264; German
control, 247; Japanese occupation,
moral effect, 248, 257, 258; Chinese
agreement to Japanese demands, re-
sulting legal and moral status, 249,
258, 259; status after China's declara-
tion of war on Germany, 249-252;
attitude of Allied delegates, 252; at-
titude of American Commission, letter
to Wilson, 252, 254-265; argument
before Council of Ten, 253; Japanese
threat to American Commission, 253;
before Council of Four, 254; value
of Japanese promises questioned,
243, 259-262; and Fiume, 259, 260;
question of resignation of American
Commission over, 264, 265; China
refuses to sign Treaty, 265; Wilson
permits American Commission to
share in negotiations, 265, 266; Ameri-
can public opinion, 266, 267; text of
Treaty articles on, 318, 319.
Silesia, and Czecho-Slovakia, 194.
Slavonia, disposition, 194.
Slovakia, disposition, 194.
Small nations. See Equality.
Smuts, General, and disarmament, 75;
plan for mandates, 82, 155.
Society for the Judicial Settlement of
International Disputes, 30.
Sonnino, Baron Sidney. See Fiume.
Sovereignty, question in system of man-
dates, 151, 291.

Spitzbergen, disposition, 196.
Strategic influence on boundary lines, 103.
Straus, Oscar S., favors League as re-
ported, 136.