"had also been instructed to take the opportunity of demarcating in conjunction with a Persian COMMISSION a portion of the Perso-Beluch frontier, which was settled, but not actually demarcated, by a Joint Anglo-Persian Commission in 1896, but regarding which some misunderstanding has recently arisen."

References: Hansard; Hazell's Annual, 1897, p. 41; London Times, March 4th, 1903; Herald of Peace, April, 1903, p. 40.

56. CHINA and GREAT BRITAIN, in 1903. The Tibet Sikkim Boundary. A Ministerial statement in the House of Commons, in August, 1903, by Lord G. Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, stated that "on June 3rd last the Viceroy of India, under instructions from His Majesty's Government, had informed the Chinese Government that Colonel Younghusband, C.I.E., had been appointed British Representative on the Tibet-Sikkim Commission for the settlement of frontier questions. The Chinese Government had previously appointed Mr. Parr, of Ya-tung and Ho-Kwang-shi, on the staff of the Imperial Chinese Resident at Lhasa, as Chinese Commissioners. These appointments were in pursuance of a Convention, signed at Calcutta, March 17th, 1890." It is true that the boundary in question was described in Art. 1 of that Convention, but demarcation was not at all provided for in the Treaty of 1890. It was first formally proposed by a letter of the Viceroy of India, dated August 9th, 1894, to the Chinese Resident at Lhasa, and on May 18th, 1895, Chinese delegates joined Mr J. C. White, the English delegate, at the Jeylap La, and proceeded to the marking of the boundary. They desisted, however, because of the suspicions of the Tibetan Lamas. On May 7th, 1903, the Viceroy of India telegraphed to the Secretary of State of India that he was appointing Major Younghusband, Resident at Indore, as British Commissioner, with Mr. J. C. White, Political Officer at Sikkim, as Joint Commissioner. The Chinese delegates already accredited by Amban Yu, were Mr. Ho and Captain Parr, April 16th, 1903. Exception was taken to these as not being of sufficiently high rank, and others were appointed, Lo Pu Tsang, a Secretary of State, and Wang Chu Chieh Pu, a Military Commandant, to negotiate in company with the Chinese Commissioners. Meanwhile Mr. White proceeded to Kanpa with 200 men, while Colonel Younghusband followed with 300 more, and, practically, the "Peaceful Mission" for the settlement of the frontier, resolved itself into an armed invasion of Tibet, the British army marching, as originally intimated, to Lhasa.

References; Parl. Papers [Cd. 7312] Treaty Series, No. 11, 1894; Cd. [1920] East India (Tibet), 1904.

57. AFGHANISTAN and GREAT BRITAIN, in 1904. The delimitation of that portion of the Indo-Afghan boundary which adjoins the Mohmand Country, was, at the beginning of the year, according to advices received at Peshawar from Kabul, dated January 26th, 1904, referred to a JOINT COMMISSION, the Afghan members of which were chosen by the Ameer's Council at that date. The work entrusted to the Commission had reference to a portion of the boundary fixed by the Durand Agreement in 1893, but not carried out at the time, owing to the unsettled condition of the country. The chief British Member of the Commission was Major Roos Keppel, political officer in the Khaibar. Among the members of the Afghan section, it was said, were Sayad Ahmad Shah, General Bhawal Khan, and Malik Khwas Khan. This section was to be under the general supervision of the Governor of Jalalabad, who had the provisioning of the Commission with its escort of from 2,000 to 3,000 men. The results of its labours have not yet transpired.

References: Parl. Papers [C. 8037] 1896; London Times, February 23rd, 1904, p. 3; Daily News, February 23rd, 1904; Herald of Peace, March, 1904, pp. 188, 189, and April, 1904, p. 200.

58. FRANCE and SIAM, in 1904. By a Treaty, signed at Paris, February 13th, 1904, the delimitation of the frontiers was agreed upon, and it was provided that a MIXED COMMISSION should be appointed for that purpose. Clause 3 of the Treaty, however, provided that before this appointment was made, the two Governments would agree on the chief points of this delimitation, and, in

particular, on the point where the boundary line ran into the sea. This agreement has been arrived at, and the terms were officially announced in the Chamber by M. Delcassé on July 1st, 1904. Presumably, therefore, the reference will now be proceeded with.

Reference: London Times, February 15th, 1904, p. 6, and July 2nd, 1904.

59. GREAT BRITAIN and PORTUGAL, in 1904. A JOINT COMMISSION has been sent out by the British and Portuguese Governments to delimit the boundary between South and North-Eastern Rhodesia and Portuguese East Africa. The British Representatives, Major O'Shee, R.E., and Lieutenant Cox, R.E., left England, in March last, and were reported to have arrived at Chinde (Zambesia), on March 16th. From thence they were to proceed to Tete where the Portuguese officers would join them. The Commission has been sent out to complete the delimitation of the boundary between the Portuguese territory and that of the British South Africa Company, which was begun some years ago by Colonel Leverson on the broad lines laid down by the Treaty of 1890. The work is expected to occupy about two years, and with its completion practically the whole of the eastern boundaries of Rhodesia will have been fixed.

References: Hertslet, Map of Africa, etc., II. 715-727; Herald of Peace, April, 1904, pp. 200, 201, and May, pp. 212, 213.

60. GERMANY and GREAT BRITAIN, in 1904. The delimitation of the boundary between German East Africa and Uganda and British East Africa -i.e. on the eastern side of Lake Victoria-was committed to a Joint Commission, towards the expenses of which 70,000 marks (£3,500) was voted in the German Reichstag on March 16th, 1904. Colonel G. E. Smith, R.E., was appointed Chief British Commissioner; and Major R. G. T. Bright, the Assistant Commissioner, together with Lieutenant Behrens, who went out with the Boundary Commission in July, 1902, on the completion of its work on the western side of Lake Victoria, proceeded to join Colonel Smith on the spot. The Commission is now at work. Much of the boundary to be fixed is in quite unknown country, which in portions is without water. It is hoped that the Commission will be back in Europe by the end of the year.

References: London Times, March 30th, 1904; Herald of Peace, April, 1904, p. 200, May, 1904, p. 212.

IV. NATIONAL ARBITRATIONS AND COMMISSIONS.

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61. GREAT BRITAIN and NEWFOUNDLAND, in 1902. Construction Contracts. This Arbitration was strictly domestic. It took place between the Government of Newfoundland and the Reid Newfoundland Company of St. Johns, and dealt with claims for stations, piers, and wharves, fences and snowfences constructed, and for additional rolling stock, equipment and accommodations furnished by the claimant company. By a Deed of Submission, dated June 19th, 1902, and made between the parties, it was referred to three ARBITRATORS, one each to be named by the parties, and the third by the Supreme Court or a judge thereof, and in the event of their disagreement, to any two of them." The Arbitrators appointed were Charles Currie Gregory, by the Company, the Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, by the Government, and Peter Suther Archibald, by a judge of the Supreme Court. The Court opened at St. Johns, on September 1st, and the Award was given on October 7th, 1902, and adjudged 894,130 dollars to the claimant Company with the completion by it of certain unfinished works and the cancelling of the Agreement of June 19th, 1902, for referring the claim of the Government against the claimant.

References: Award in the Daily News, St. Johns, Newfoundland, October 9th, 1902; London Times, September 2nd, 1902, October 9th, 1902; Corresp. Bimens. (Berne), January 25th, 1903, p. 9; Herald of Peace (1901-1902), pp. 285, 297, 308, 322; Advocate of Peace, December, 1902, p. 224.

62. GREAT BRITAIN and INDIA, in 1903. British Soldiers' Pay. This also was strictly a Domestic Arbitration. A question of the increase of pay of the British soldier in India, and the proportion of the cost which should fall upon India, had arisen between the Secretary of State for India, the Government of India, and the War Office. By letters from the India Office, of February 20th, 1903, and the War Office, of March 5th, 1903, Lord Alverstone, the Lord Chief Justice of England, was invited to act as ARBITRATOR. He consented, and on April 3rd, 1903, the respective cases were submitted to his Lordship, who, on May 4th, 1903, gave his Award that the whole additional pay issued in India shall be borne by the revenues of India.

References: Parl. Papers No. 237, East India (liability for increase in British Soldiers pay), issued by India Office, July 2nd, 1903, and ordered to be printed, July 6th, 1903.

63 FRANCE and VENEZUELA, in 1903. A Commission was appointed in November, 1903, at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, in Paris, to distribute the sum of 1000,000 bolivars awarded by Señor Leon y Castillo, the final Arbitrator appointed under the Convention, signed at Paris, February 19th, 1902, to the French sufferers by the insurrection in Venezuela of 1892. The members of this Commission were the following:-MM. Louis Renault (President), Michel Tardit, Toutain, E. Martin, and Lenepveu, Boussaroque de Lafont, with M. de Peretti della Rocca, as rapporteur, and M. Henry Quievreux, as secretary. The Commission was to hold its meetings at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Paris. No report of its proceedings has yet reached us.

Reference: La Justice Internationale, December, 1903, p. 439.