the master for whom he had made such heavy sacrifices. Aspersions, too, were thrown on his character by one who in private had always asserted his belief in his chosen agent's fidelity and zeal. Towards the close of the year 1645, Lord Glamorgan found himself suspected of high treason, and was committed a close prisoner to the custody of the Constable of Dublin Castle. When released, Glamorgan was not allowed to leave Ireland, and the anger of the old Marquis, his father, was roused by the treatment meted out to him. So eager had the son been to serve Charles that the father had expostulated at the greatness of the loans the former had made. Now Lord Worcester made no secret of his anger at the way Glamorgan had been treated; but, in spite of his wrath at the king's duplicity and his son's disgrace, he held his castle loyally for the royal cause. He himself had been promised the Garter and the Dukedom of Somerset for the assistance he had given to his royal master.

Now at seventy years of age he underwent a close siege in his castle of Raglan. The garrison of the castle was 800 strong, and although they were closely pressed by a far larger body of Parliamentarians under Colonel Morgan, and later under General Fairfax, they held out successfully for ten weeks. But at last, when the weaker parts of the castle had been destroyed by the enemy's guns, a breach was made in the eastern wall, and

the fall of the place could no longer be prevented. Then the gallant old lord consented for the first time to treat.

He stipulated that the garrison should march out "with horses and arms, colours flying, drums beating, trumpets sounding, matches lighted at both ends, bullets in their mouths, and every soldier with twelve charges of powder and ball; with permission to select any place within ten miles of the castle, for the purpose of delivering up their arms to the general in command; after which the soldiers were to be disbanded and set at liberty, and safe conduct and protection given to all the gentlemen and others who had sought refuge within the walls of Raglan Castle.”

On Wednesday, the 19th of August, 1646, the garrison marched out, and the castle was taken possession of for the Parliament by General Fairfax. Raglan was almost the last stronghold to fall. The Marquis of Worcester was accompanied by his son, Lord Charles Somerset, governor of the castle; by his eldest son's wife, the Countess of Glamorgan ; by Dr. Thomas Bayley, the chaplain, who had acted as one of the commissioners to arrange the terms of the surrender; by the officers of the garrison, and the visitors and members of his household. The terms of the capitulation were shamefully broken in regard to the aged Marquis, for he was taken prisoner and kept in confinement till the time of his death. This occurred less than

four months later, before the close of the year 1646.

The Parliament, which had already ordered the destruction of Raglan and the confiscation of the Marquis's estates, debated the question of allowing £500 out of the spoils for the funeral of their late owner. This was agreed to, and it was apparently also decided during Lord Worcester's lifetime that he was to be buried in the Beaufort Chapel at Windsor, as he is reported to have said that he should be indebted to the Parliament when he was dead, for a better castle than they had taken from him during his lifetime.

So the fifth Earl and first Marquis of Worcester passed away, leaving his son to struggle throughout the remainder of his life with the troubles that had descended on the hitherto prosperous family. The rich Somerset estates were given by Parliament to Cromwell, as a reward for his services. There were not wanting lawyers, indeed, who were ready to ease the Lord General's conscience by assuring him that there was a flaw in the Somerset title deeds, though possibly without this he would not have seen his way to refuse the princely gift offered, Glamorgan-or the Earl of Worcester, as he seems to have been called after his father's death, the parliamentary Government refused him any higher title-presented a petition for the return of the family lands. The commission before whom the case was brought decided that these had been

"forfeited unto the Commonwealth," and that they were therefore to remain in the possession of Cromwell and his heirs. After bringing forward

a second petition for the restitution of his rights, which seems to have been equally barren of results, Edward, the sixth Earl and second Marquis of Worcester, went to Paris, where he remained in poverty and exile till the year 1652.

Possibly it was the urgent state of his private affairs that caused Lord Worcester to return to England. He was immediately arrested by order of the Parliament and committed to the Tower.

No steps were, however, taken for bringing him to trial, and it was only after many petitions had been made by the impoverished Worcester for a "competent maintenance for himself and family," that at last the magnificent sum of £3 per week was ordered to be paid "for the subsistence of the Earl of Worcester, prisoner in the Tower, weekly or otherwise as the Earl shall desire."

In 1654 he was released on bail, and he then sought to forget his cares in the mechanical studies he loved so well. To the perfecting of his "watercommanding engine" he devoted himself, this having been set up in his "operatory," as the Marquis called his workshop, in Vauxhall, The Century of Inventions was also written, though the work was not published till some eight years later. At the time of the Restoration, when the Marquis must have hoped to be indemnified for some at least

of his sufferings in the Royalist cause, he seems to have found himself "an object of general suspicion." One of the first acts of the new Parliament was to consider whether the Marquis of Worcester had a right to the title of Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,' a patent to give him this title having been bestowed by Charles I. The history of this patent is wrapped in obscurity, but it was promised by the king to Lord Glamorgan before the latter started on his disastrous mission to Ireland. The Dukedom of Somerset also seems to have been promised to his father Henry, first Marquis of Worcester, but, be this as it may, the claims were now relinquished.

Partly owing to his religious opinions-the "obnoxiousness of his religion," as an old writer calls it-Lord Worcester found himself out of favour at court, and with difficulty obtained a hearing as to the restoration of his estates. When at last these were restored he was still a ruined man, for the vast sums he and his father had given to the royal cause had been raised on the security of their interests in the family property, and his creditors now seized on the restored estates. This left nothing for the Marquis's "support and maintenance," as is pointed out in a petition presented by the Marchioness to the House of Lords in 1666.

More interested in the perfecting of his invention, and in obtaining a patent for it, than in recovering 1 Conferred by patent dated March 4th, 1646.