8. Local Government and Interests.-The local intereststownship, taxation, schools and the administration of law -are the same in a Territory as in a State, except that the citizens of a Territory cannot vote in national elections. 9. Advantages of this System.--The system of government in a Territory is much like the government of one of the American colonies previous to 1776. The people of a Territory gradually develop the Territory into a State. California is the only State in the Union that never was a Territory. It was settled so rapidly after the discovery of gold in 1848 that Congress had not time to organize it into a Territory before its population of two hundred and fifty thousand people had framed a State constitution, elected a governor and become in fact a flourishing State. It was admitted at once as a State.

10. Difference between a Territory and a State.-The essential difference between a Territory and a State is found in the relation that each bears to the Federal government. The State is a political unit constituting a self-governing part of the people of the United States. The Territory is not wholly self-governing, is weaker in population than a State, and on that account is the special care of the nation as represented in Congress.

209. Definition of Government.-Having traced government from rude beginnings among savage tribes to some of its highest results among civilized people, we are now ready for a statement of its meaning. Government is the direction and control of human interests, and is founded upon human rights.

PART III.

THE NATION.

The Nation is formed as a power on the earth. It is invested with power of God; its authority is conveyed through no intermediate hands, but is given of God. It is clothed with His majesty on the earth. It is ordained of God to do His service.-Mulford.

You will have to look back upon a century of national advancement without a parallel in history, and to look forward to its probable continuance upon a still larger scale, with an accumulation of high duties and responsibilities proportioned to an evergrowing power.—GLADSTONE.

To the efficiency and permanency of your Union a government for the whole is indispensable. This government, the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers uniting security with energy, and containing within itself the provisions for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty.-WASHING

TON.

CHAPTER I.

THE MAKING OF THE NATION.

210. Elements of Nationality. The elements of nationality are two: the People and the Land. The Nation has human nature for its foundation, men in political, industrial, moral and race association, the geographical unity of the land, the conscious life of the people, common interests and a moral personality. land, one law, make a Nation.

One race, one

211. The Nation Different from the State.-The State is a political division of the Nation: it is a part of the whole political life of the people. Each State has local interests equal in importance with those of other States, but limited chiefly to the people of that State. The interests of the Nation are unrestricted by State boundaries, and are comprehensive. The rights of the Nation are true of all its citizens, the political people; the rights of the State are true strictly of the people who comprise that State. Therefore the Nation has a broader foundation than the State, because its rights are the most comprehensive rights of the people. The sovereignty of the State is local; the sovereignty of the Nation is general. There need be no collision of these two authorities : each of them is an expression of the will of the people. The two sovereignties are two expressions of the association of rights and interests. Nor are these interests of State and of Nation far remote from each other; they unite in the citizen. As a citizen of a State I am interested in things immediately near me: I am interested in the choice of local officers, in the honesty of the assessor