of Sir Wm. Johnson, and Col. Butler. During the Revolution he held a colonel's commission from the king. At the close

of the war he removed to Canada,

and obtained from Governor Haldimand, for the Six Nations, the grant of a territory on the Grand river, six miles in width, from its source to its mouth. The town of Brantford, or Brant's ford, on the river, was named after him; as was also the county of Brant, in the same locality, and the township of Thayendanega, on the Bay of Quinté, where a number of the Mohawks had settled. He translated the whole of the Gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk language, and in many ways exerted himself to promote the temporal and spiritual welfare of his people. He was greatly respected and beloved by them and by the English. He visited England in 1783; and died near Burlington, Ontario, on November 24, 1807, aged sixty-five years. His remains were removed to the Mokawk village, Grand river, and interred near the church which he had erected there. His son John subsequently led the Mohawks at the victorious battle of Queenstown, in October, 1812. Joseph Brant was a noble specimen of a Christian Indian, and did much to alleviate the horrors of Indian warfare during the period of the American Revolutionary War.

9. With English reinforcements Canada had now a better heart to resist her foes and deceivers. The American invading force was driven out of Canada, and even from the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. However, under Gen. Burgoyne's poor management, the campaign ended in disaster in October, 1777.

CHAPTER XII.

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1760 TO 1774.

THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION -THE CAUSES WHICH LED TO THE REVOLT-A SKETCH OF THE WAR WHICH LOST THE COLONIES TO ENGLAND.

1. TURNING aside, for a few moments, to trace events in these revolting Anglo-American colonies, I find myself in a delicate position. It has ever been a practice of Canadian and American historians to color these records to suit the taste of their respective readers. This was an easy matter, as but one class was expected to read their works; not so, however, with my book, which must be read in both countries, and in both of which I desire my readers to perceive my loyalty to the British crown, together with my complete impartiality in treating these matters. On the one hand, Americans will prize my work the higher because of its independence; while, on the other, I fear that some of my own countrymen will, without a cause, think me American, because I cannot find a sufficient excuse for the wholesale condemnation of every American act during the war. This I frankly confess I cannot do, while I regret, as much as any one can, the struggle, or the termination of it, which separated America from England, yet, the more I study the history of the Revolution, the more I am convinced that it was not less England's lame policy than America's impudence that worked the unfortunate separation. But to my task.

There was leisure, after the French and Indian war, for men to consider the circumstances in which they stood. There was no longer an enemy at their doors stirring the worst blood of the Indians to spoliation and rapine, and the animosities which had separated the different nationalities from each other were gradually sinking to rest. Men were becoming neither British, French, Swedes, nor Dutch, but American; and in that sentiment there was, in one sense, true patriotism. The colonies, thirteen in all, numbered little short of two millions at the close of Pontiac's war, and there was but a small remnant of the religious rancor which at one time stirred souls against each other; so that there was more room for the consideration

of the claims of all mankind to equal justice in matters social and political.

3. Learning commenced to take root in the soil of America from the first landing, in December, 1620, at Forefathers' Rock, as the people were deeply impressed with the value of their sacred literature; and nine colleges, beside numerous schools, had been already established in the colonies, the endowment for Harvard from the funds of the colonists commencing when the New England settlement was only sixteen years old. Such institutions were due to the people themselves in every instance save that of one college. Consequent upon a love for learning, and zeal for the instruction of the community, came an early demand for the labors of the printing-press, which in the year 1639 was brought into operation in Cambridge, and upon the accession of King James II. was especially interdicted by royal proclamation. Most of the books published then were theological effusions, chiefly sermons, but in 1690 the first newspaper appeared in Boston, bearing date Thursday, September 25. The first number of "Publick Occurrences" contained so many unsound truths that the government censured Benjamin Harris, and suppressed the issue after only one paper had been circulated. The "News Letter" was published in Boston, in 1704; and among some others, the best paper of those early days, the "New England Courant," published by James Franklin, and written for by the compositor, his brother, Benjamin Franklin, came into existence in 1721, in the same town. The number did not very rapidly increase, but the influence of journalism was felt extensively. Besides the library at Harvard, and some small beginnings in other colleges, there was a public circulating library in New York. The first action for libel tried in the colonies was an attempt to suppress the "New York Weekly Journal," in 1735; but the effort was defeated by the jury. There was no newspaper in Virginia until 1736, and then it was a government organ.

4. Industries and manufactures were identical with the commencement of the New England colonies, and even in Virginia, where such employments were less kindly embraced, necessity compelled the settlers to work or starve. Agriculture commanded first attention, and even the Indians learned something in that direction, as one of the tribes, having procured a supply of powder, planted it as seed, expecting to reap a harvest of ammunition. Some kinds of manufactures, rudely carried on, were prosecuted from the beginning of the colonies,

and in Boston ship-building dates from the first year. Cloths and cloth-weaving, shoes, paper, hats, farming implements, furniture, and cutlery were manufactured, although there was a long series of complaints that English manufactures were injured by such action. Commerce was crippled by the operation of the English Navigation Laws, which were supplemented by regulations under which it was provided that the productions of the colonies must be shipped to England in British vessels only, and that no manufactures nor supplies of any kind should be sent into any colonial port except through the intervention of English vessels, sailing from the ports of that country. These restrictions were not rigorously observed by the colonists, but wherever the government was strong enough the system was enforced. Besides these important industries the fisheries of Newfoundland were improved as far as possible, and whaling enterprises to the far north were also undertaken.

5. Travel and traffic between the colonies come next in importance to industries and intellectual culture, and are identified with each. For a long time journeys were made on foot, on horseback, or by means of coasting sloops. From New York to Philadelphia was a three days' trip, with fair winds, and a wagon ran twice a week between New York and different localities in New Jersey. It was an immense improvement when conveyances, called "flying-machines," for their speed, in 1766, made the journey from Philadelphia to New York in two days, and a stage-route from Providence to Boston occupied the same time. The post-office had been inaugurated, and its influence was so highly appreciated, that Franklin, when postmaster-general, occupied five months in his carriage, travelling through the colonies to perfect the arrangements of his department, and he took an extra horse with him for occasional service. The monthly mail was commenced in 1672, between Boston and New York, by way of Hartford, Connecticut.

6. Sumptuary laws and customs reveal the life of a people, and New England lived by line and rule. Scriptural teaching was the standard of conduct, ministers were the recognized censors, and were themselves above reproach for some time. Cards and games were prohibited, Sabbath-breaking was an offence, and a man who shot some birds on Sunday was whipped. Tavern-keeping was strictly under surveillance, and drunkards could not buy liquor. Connecticut forbade tobacco to youths under twenty, nor could any one indulge more than once in twenty-four hours, and he must then be distant from

any residence. The clothing to be worn by the different classes was regulated in regard to their wealth and condition. Grand dames rode pillion with their husbands, theological questions were engrossing topics, and a reproof in church was the ultimatum of social severity. The manners of New York closely approximated in simplicity to those of New England, plus a trifle more of sociality, which remains crystallized in the custom of New Year's visitings.

7. The plantations in the southern colonies, wherein large estates and numerous servants, often negro slaves, made the rule, had an effect in changing the manners of the people. The negroes had their own quarters, and were kindly treated generally. Tobacco was the staple production, and the planter made his own establishment serve every purpose. He shipped his own tobacco to agents in London, ground his own flour from corn and wheat raised by his slaves; his bondsmen were taught such trades as he required in operation; luxury was the rule among such men; labor fell more and more daily into disrepute; hospitality was the rule everywhere, and display became the fashion in dress, furniture, and equipages, stamping characteristics upon a people which may yet be seen in action. 8. Schools and teachers were obliged to labor under difficulties in the southern colonies, as the governors appointed from England were in some measure opposed to such innovations upon the rule of ignorance, especially for the workingclass. Free schools were denounced in connection with printing-presses, by Governor Berkeley, in Virginia, with great emphasis; but in Maryland, under the rule of the Baltimore family, there were free schools in 1696, and in 1712 Charleston, South Carolina, followed that example. Private schools were more generally established, and church rule was ample for all purposes. The minister had a farm of one hundred acres, and a share in the best corn and tobacco first gathered. Non-attendance at church, or disrespectful words to the minister, were offences punished among the slaves by whipping and deprivation of food, with cumulative sentences of terrible import. Even freemen were held under heavy restrictions in many parts, fines being substituted for corporal punishments. Slave-owners in Georgia were liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars if they failed to send their slaves to church.

9. Massachusetts and Connecticut esteemed education next to religion itself, and with the colonists life was a worthless burden, unless sanctified by worship. The endowment of