of two, and although it was pretty generally believed that at least that number of reformers held their seats illegally, the majority protected its own honor, possibly at the expense of the honor of the house, and succeeded in voting a want of confidence in the minority, which resigned. Mr. Young, a popular leader, was called on to form a ministry. The visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, to Halifax, in 1860, was an event that will never be erased from history. He was received with all the enthusiasm of true, loyal hearts, and for some time the capital put on her best appearance. In 1863 the liberals or reformers were again defeated, and were compelled to resign. Mr. Johnson was again called upon to form a ministry.

4. The new house met in February, 1864, and was opened by Sir Hastings Doyle, the acting administrator, the Earl of Mulgrave having retired, and his successor, Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, not having arrived. The speech from the throne referred to the then proposed federal union of the maritime provinces, and the subject of education. Improvement in educational matters was needed. In 1861, out of eighty-three thousand children in the province, between the ages of five and fifteen, only thirty-one thousand attended school, and onequarter of the whole population

could neither read nor write. The provisions of the bill proposed were ample, and were thus stated by Dr. Tupper in his speech introducing it: "The first thing proposed in the bill which he now submitted was the establishment of a council of public instruction. Difficulty was experienced in determining who should be the council, but, after anxious deliberation, it was thought that the executive council, at all times responsible to the people, could perform the important functions of the position more efficiently than any other body that could be selected. It would be acknowledged that, in order to secure efficiency in the department of public instruction, the services of a qualified superintendent, who should discharge the important duties of examining and reporting on the educational state of every

locality in the province, were indispensable. It was therefore proposed to appoint such an officer, under whose direction there would be a staff of paid inspectors, whose duty would consist in periodically inspecting all the schools within their respective districts. It was also proposed to appoint a board, with the view of surveying and arranging all the school districts, adapting the subdivision of them to the present condition of the country. Examiners were also to be provided for each district, one of whom should be the inspector; their duty being to ascertain the qualifications of applicants for license to teach. By this means it was hoped the status of the teachers would be materially raised. It was also intended that one of the trustees, who should be charged with the special business of management, should receive, as remuneration for his services, a moderate commission on the money collected. The bill also provided greater facilities for the carrying out of the principle of assessment, and a premium of twenty-five per cent. was to be offered to every school founded on the assessment principle and declared free. In order to meet the necessities of the poorer districts the bill provided that one-fifth of the entire amount placed at the disposal of each Board of Commissioners should be set apart for the purpose of supporting schools in the sparsely settled districts, in addition to the amount to which they were entitled under the law. It was proposed to classify the teachers, according to their proficiency, and to pay them without reference to the wealth and population of the district in which they might be located." The clevation of the Hon. Attorney-General Johnson to the judgeship of the Supreme Court caused a vacancy in the ministry, which was filled by Mr. Ritchie, who was appointed solicitor-general, and called to a seat at the council board.

5. During the session of 1864 Hon. Dr. Tupper introduced a series of resolutions with a view to the union of the maritime provinces, and this led, not to a union of those provinces alone, but the federation of all the provinces, and the formation of the present Dominion. As early as 1808 Mr. R. J. Uniacke introduced the subject of a confederation of the British provinces into the Assembly of Nova Scotia, but the matter was not acted on. During the attempts to impeach Judge Sewell, of Quebec, that gentleman urged on Lord Bathurst a union of all the provinces as the best cure for the troubles then openly existing in Quebec, and threatened in the other provinces. When

the question of a reunion of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada was proposed in 1822, Sir John Beverley Robinson, at the request of the colonial secretary, drew up a report on the feasibility of a confederation of

all the provinces, and proposed what he would consider an equitable basis for such an union. Again, in 1839, Lord Durham, in his report on the condition of the different provinces, strongly urged confederation as the best remedy to be applied to the troubles affecting all of them, and, in fact, at every period when one or more of the provinces was suffering from internal commotion, confederation was recommended as a sort of universal panacea, warranted to cure every known or unknown ill. The next positive effort in favor of confederation was made in the Nova Scotia Legislature by Mr. Johnson, in 1854, when the subject was introduced and discussed, Mr. Johnson warmly advocating it, but Mr. Howe opposing it and favoring colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament. In 1857 the matter was put into more tangible form by the Nova Scotia Legislature appointing a committee to proceed to England and confer with the colonial secretary on the subject. The Canadian government now took up the matter, and, as we have seen, by the joint efforts of the leading statesmen in each of the provinces the grand scheme of confederation was consummated. Hon. Dr. Tupper must be written in history as the champion of confederation in Nova Scotia. The scheme was bitterly opposed by Mr. Howe, and most of the leading reformers, and was finally carried in the face of a deadly opposition, to which we shall have occasion to refer hereafter. Nova Scotia, in 1867, became a member of the Dominion of Canada. The following is a list of the governors of Nova Scotia, from 1749 to the confederation of 1867:

1. THIS history of New Brunswick dates from its crection into a separate province, in 1784, previous to which it formed a part of Nova Scotia. The first governor of the new province was Colonel Thomas Carleton, a brother of Lord Dorchester. He arrived at St. John in November, 1784, and on the following day he issued a proclamation declaring the existence of the new province which he had come to govern. The government consisted of a Council, which was both executive and legislative, of twelve members, and a House of Assembly, of twentysix members. This first council was composed almost entirely of united empire loyalists, who had occupied prominent positions in their native States, and who had lost their fortunes by their loyalty to the British cause during the Revolution. The following short sketches, taken from Archer's "History of Canada," will prove interesting, as relating to the twelve most remarkable men in the early history of the province: "ChiefJustice Ludlow had been a judge in the Supreme Court of New York; James Putnam was considered one of the ablest lawyers in all America; the Reverend and Honorable Jonathan Odell, first provincial secretary, had acted as chaplain in the royal army, practised physic, and written political poetry; Judge Joshua Upham, a graduate of Harvard, abandoned the bar during the war and became a colonel of dragoons; Judge Isaac Allen had been colonel of the second battalion of New Jersey

volunteers, and lost an estate in Pennsylvania through his devotion to the loyalist cause; Judge Edward Winslow, nephew of Colonel John Winslow, who executed the decree that expelled the Acadians from Nova Scotia, had attained the rank of colonel in the royal army; Beverley Robinson had raised and commanded the Loyal American Regiment, and had lost great estates on the Hudson river; Gabriel G. Ludlow had commanded a battalion of Maryland volunteers; Daniel Bliss had been a commissary in the royal army; Abijah Willard had taken no active part in the war. He was one of fifty-five gentlemen who petitioned Sir Guy Carleton to grant them each a field-marshal's allowance of land (five thousand acres), on account of the great respectability of the position that they had held. William Hazen and Gilfred Studhome were settled in the province before the landing of the loyalists." This council conducted the affairs of the young province for many years with only one change, the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Putnam being filled by Judge John Saunders, who was descended from an old cavalier family that settled in Virginia at the time of the Commonwealth. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War.

2. Governor Carleton, in opening the first Assembly, spoke of the prosperity of the young province, and thanked the people for their loyalty. The capital was removed from St. John to St. Anne's Point, in 1788. The place was named Fredericton, and has remained the capital of the province ever since. The removal of the capital to Fredericton was an improvement in point of location in a geographical point, but, of course, had no particular effect over the politics of that day; for the government had scarcely been settled in the new quarters when disputes grew up between the Council and the Assembly concerning the control of the revenues of the province. Following this came the struggle for responsible government, similar to that in Nova Scotia, which we have already noticed. The first general dead-lock between the two branches of the government came up on a question of the pay of the members of the house. They voted themselves a dollar and a half a day, and the council threw out the bill. The house then referred the matter to the colonial secretary in London, the Duke of Portland, who remonstrated with the assemblymen. Before this, however, the house had shown its knowledge of parliamentary intrigue, by refusing to pass any of the appropriations, except with the passage of the appropriation for their own pay.