ZENO, SECT OF, founded by Zeno. This sect also took the name of Stoic, from a public portico, so called, from which the philosopher delivered his harangues. It was the most famous portico in Athens, and was called by way of eminence, Σroα, the porch. See Stoics. In order to form his own school of philosophy, and to collect materials for a new system, Zeno had attended the schools of various masters, and among others he offered himself as a disciple of Polemo. This philosopher, aware of Zeno's object, said, "I am no stranger, Zeno, to your Phoenician arts. I perceive that your design is to creep slily into my garden, and steal away my fruit." He taught about 312 B.C.

ZEUTA, BATTLE OF. Fought between the Germans under prince Eugene against the Turks, and memorable for the prodigious overthrow of the latter, A.D. 1697. This victory of the Austrian arms led to the peace of Carlowitz, negotiated in 1698, and ratified in January of the following year.

ZINC. The discovery of this metal, so far as the fact is known, is due to the moderns. It is said to have been long known in China, however, and is noticed by European writers as early as A.D. 1231; though the method of extracting it from the ore was unknown for nearly five hundred years after. A mine of zinc was discovered on lord Ribblesdale's estate, Craven, Yorkshire, in 1809. Zincography was introduced in London shortly after the invention of lithography became known in England, in 1817. See Lithography.

ZINDIKITES. These are a description of Mahometan heretics, or rather atheists, who neither believe in a providence, nor in the resurrection of the dead: they maintain that there is no god, nor other eternity than the four elements; that man is a mixture of these, and that after death he resolves into them; A.D. 950.

ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS. This shrub was brought to these countries from the south of Europe, about A.D. 1640. The ZiZYPHUS PALIURUS shrub, better known as the Christ's Thorn, was first brought from Africa, before 1596. See Flowers.

ZODIAC. The obliquity of the zodiac was discovered, its twelve signs named, and their situations assigned them in the heavens, by Anaximander, about 560 B.C. The Greeks and Arabians borrowed the zodiac from the Hindoos, to whom it has been known from time immemorial.-Sir William Jones. The invention of geographical maps, and of sun-dials, belongs also to Anaximander.—Pliny.

ZOE, REIGN OF. This extraordinary woman, daughter of the emperor Constantine IX., married Romanus, who, in consequence, succeeded to the throne of the Eastern empire, A.D. 1028. Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money-lender, caused her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and afterwards married her favourite, who ascended the throne under the name of Michael IV., 1034. Zoe adopted for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates, 1041. Zoe and her sister, Theodora, were made sole empresses by the populace; but, after two months, Zoe, although she was sixty years of age, took for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeded to the empire in 1042. See Eastern Empire.

of the evening with Struensee, and had retired to her chamber about two in the morning. About four, the queen-dowager and her party entered the king's chamber, and informed him that the queen, with Struensee, his brother, and Brandt, were at that moment busy in drawing up an act of renunciation of the crown, which they would immediately after compel him to sign, and they therefore demanded their arrest. Christian, through importunities and threats, consented, after some remonstrance, to this scandalous requisition, and count Rantzau was despatched to the queen's apartments, at this untimely hour, to execute the king's orders. She was conveyed to the castle of Cronenburgh, and Brandt and Struensee were also seized in their beds, imprisoned, and put in irons. The queen-dowager and her adherents now assumed the government. Struensee, threatened with torture, and to avoid it, after repeated examinations, confessed that he had conducted a criminal intrigue with Matilda, and at length he and Brandt were beheaded, April 28, 1772. The evidence against the queen consisted in a number of circumstances, all of them susceptible of an innocent explanation, sworn to by her attendants, who were employed as spies. It is true that her own signature affixed to a confession was alleged against her; but this signature proves nothing but the baseness of her enemies, and their malice. Schack, who was sent to interrogate her at Cronenburgh, was received by Matilda with indignation, when he spoke of her connexion with Struensee. When he showed Struensee's confession to her, he artfully intimated that the fallen minister would be subjected to a cruel death if he was found to have falsely criminated the queen. "What!" exclaimed Matilda, "do you think if I were to confirm his declaration, I should save the life of that unfortunate man?" Schack answered with a low bow. The queen took a pen, wrote the first syllable of her name, and fainted away. Schack completed the signature, and bore away the fatal document in triumph. Struensee's confession was obtained by threats of torture, facilitated by some hope of life, and influenced by a knowledge that the proceedings against the queen could not be carried beyond a divorce.

ZOOLOGY. The animal kingdom was divided by Linnæus into six classes; viz:Mammalia, which includes all animals that suckle their young; Ares, or birds; Amphibia, or amphibious animals; Pisces, or fishes; Insecta, or insects; Vermes, or worms; A.D. 1741. From this period, the science of zoology has had many distinguished professors, the most illustrious of whom was the baron Cuvier, who died in Paris, May 13, 1832. The Zoological Gardens of London were opened in April, 1827; the society was chartered March 27, 1829. On the demolition of Exeter 'Change, in 1829, the menagerie of Mr. Cross was temporarily lodged in the King's Mews, from whence it was removed to the Surrey Zoological Gardens, 1832. The Zoological Gardens of Dublin were opened in the same year.

ZORNDORFF, BATTLE OF. Between the Prussian and Russian armies, the former commanded by the king of Prussia, obtaining a memorable victory over the forces of the Czarina, whose loss amounted to 21,529 men, while that of the Prussians did not exceed 11,000, Aug. 25 and 26, 1758.

ZUINGLIANS.

The followers of Ulricus Zuinglius. This zealous reformer, while he officiated at Zurich, declaimed against the church of Rome and its indulgences, and effected the same separation for Switzerland from the papal dominion, which Luther had for Saxony. He procured two assemblies to be called; by the first be was authorised to proceed, and by the second the ceremonies of the Romish church were abolished, 1519. Zuinglius, who began as a preacher, died in arms as a soldier; he was slain in a skirmish against the Popish opponents of his reformed doctrines, in 1531. The reformers who adhered entirely to Zuinglius were called after his name, and also Sacramentarians.

ZURICH. It was admitted to be a member of the Swiss confederacy, of which this canton was made the head, A.D. 1351. Cession of Utznach, 1436. This was the first town in Switzerland that separated from the church of Rome, in consequence of the opposition given by Zuinglius to a Franciscan monk sent by Leo X., to publish indulgences here, 1519 et seq. A grave-digger of Zurich poisoned the sacramental wine, by which eight persons lost their lives, and many others were grievously injured, Sept. 4, 1776. The French were defeated here, losing 4000 men, June 4, 1799. The Imperialists were defeated by Massena, the former losing 20,000 men in killed and wounded, Sept. 24, 1799. See Switzerland.

Apollodorus, 589

Apollonius; Syria, 573
Appius Claudius, 617

Applegarth; printing-rollers, 484
Apries; Egypt, 216

Alypius of Alexandria; dwarf, 206 Aram, Eugene, 233, 592

Archytas; automaton, 48
Archytas, of Tarentum, 490
Ardesoif, Mr., cock-fighting, 149
Ardysus, king of Lydia, 370
Aretin, Gui; music, 402
ARGOS, Kings of, 34

Argyle, duke of; Sheriffmuir, 541
Ariarathes, of Cappadocia, 116
Ariarathes, crucified, 178
Ariobarzanes, of Pontus, 465
Aris, governor; prisons, 485
Aristarchus, of Samos, 269, 567
Aristaus; Cyrene, 182

Aristæus; conic sections, 160
Aristides the Just, 43, 380
Aristippus the Elder, 182
Aristocrates, of Arcadia, 31
Aristophanes, 506

Aristotle; botany, 86; Alexander's
tutor, 372; mechanics, 388;
metaphysics, 392; philosophy,

447

Arius; the Arians, 34
Arkwright; cotton-spinning, 171,
378, 558

Arlington, lord, cabal, 105; intro-
duces tea, 576
Arlotta, of Falaise, 287
ARMENIA, Kings of, 35
Arminius; the Arminians, 36
Arnold, Mr.; balloons, 52
Arsaces; Parthia, 442

Artabazes, king of Pontus, 465
Artavasdes, king of Armenia, 35
Artaxerxes, 448, 505

Artaxias, king of Armenia, 35
Artemisia; mausoleum, 386
Artois, Count d'; duel, 203
Arundel, lord; Parian marble,
38, 439

Ascanius founds Alba, 14
Asdrubal; Carthage, 120
Asellius; lacteal veins, 340; lym-

phatics, 371

Ashburton, lord; U. States, 607
Ashe, American general, 92
Ashford, Mary; murdered, 29, 60
Ashley, lord; cabal, 105

Ashley, of Dorset, sir Arthur, 105
Ashmole, Elias, 39

Ashton, colonel; Wigan, 636
Ashur, builds Nineveh, 49
Asicus, St.; Elphin, 219

Aske; pilgrimage of grace, 455
Aslett, Rob.; his trial, 593
Assheton, William, 146

Assise, Francis de, 254

ASSYRIA, Kings of, 41
Astley, lord; Naseby, 406
Aston, sir A.; Drogheda, 201
Aston, Mr. Harvey; duel, 203
Astor, of Amphipolis, 32
Astyages; Media, 388
Athanasius; the Creed, 42
Athelstan; the Mint, 395
Athenodorus; Laocoon, 343
ATHENS, Kings, &c., of, 43
Athlone, earl of, 44
Athol, duke of; Man, 377
Athol, earl of; Edinburgh, 214
Athol, earl of; the regicide, 449
Athothes; hieroglyphics, 19, 294
Atossa; marriage by sale, 383
Attila, the Hun, 45, 298
ATTORNEY GENERALS, 45

Auchmuty, sir Samuel, 59, 398
Auckland, lord; India, 310
Augustin, St., 94, 114, 139, 366, 509
Augustus Cæsar, 5, 426, 572
Auletas; Egypt, 216
Auliana; Dublin, 202
Aumaile, duke de, 251
Aurelian, emperor of Rome, 514
Aurelius, Ambrosius, 168
Aurelius Carus; Rome, 514
Aurelius Marcus; Rome, 514
Aurelius Probus; Rome, 514
Aurungzebe; India, 309
Austin, St.; see Augustin, St.
AUSTRIA, Emperors of, 48
Austria, don John of; battle
Lepanto, 348

Averani; diamonds, 192
Avisa, queen of John, 494

B.

Babington; his conspiracy, 49
BABYLON, Kings of, 49, 50
Bacchus, 50

Basil, St.; Basilians, 5
Basil, of Russia, 519
Basilowitz, John, of Russia, 519
Bass; Bass's straits, 58
Bathurst, earl; minister, 128
Bathyllus; pantomimes, 437
Bayle; his dictionary, 193
Bayley, lieut.; duel; killed, 204
Baynard, Geoffrey; combat, 154
Bean, trial of, 596
Beauchamp, Henry de, 636
Beauharnais, Eugene, 322, 396
Beaulieu, general; Lodi, 359
Beaumont, Mr.; duel, 204
Beaumont, viscount, 617

of Beauvoir, sir J. de; trial of, 595
Beazley, Mr.; theatres, 580
Becket, Thomas à, 68, 114

Back, Capt.; his expedition, 422
Bacon, lord Verulam, 42, 345
Bacon, sir Nicholas, minister, 6
Bacon, Roger; camera lucida, 110;
loadstone, 358; magic-lantern,
374; magnet, 375; optics,
429; spectacles, 558
Baffin, Wm.; Baffin's bay, 50
Bagnal, lieut.; duel, 204
Bagration, prince; Mohilow, 396
Bagster, Miss M.; murdered, 595
Bagueley, Drummond, &c.; trial,

594

Bailey, rev. W., trial for forgery,
596

Baillie, colonel; Arcot, 33
Baillie, general; Alford, 16
Bain; aims at the queen, 223
Baird, major-gen.; India, 373, 539
Baird, sir David, 115
Bajazet, of Turkey, 600
Balchan, admiral; Alderney, 15, 16
Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, 577
Bales, P.; stenography, 109, 562
Balfour, John, of Burley, 533
Baliol, Edward, king, 536
Baliol, John; Oxford, 434
Baliol, John; Scotland, 532
Ballasteros; Ximera, 649
Balmerino, lord, 233, 502, 533, 592
Baltimore, lord, the notorious, 592
Bannister, Mr.; theatres, 581
Baradæus, Jacob; Jacobites, 322
Barbarossa; Tunis, 600
Barber, Fletcher, Saunders, and
Dorey; trial, 596
Barclay, captain; pedestrian, 56
Barclay, Robert, of Ury, 492
Barclay, Perkins, & Co.; brewers,
473

Barentz; his expedition, 422
Barker, Robert; panoramas, 437
Barlow; repeating watches, 147
Barlowe, William, 158
Barnett, Geo.; his trial, 594
Barrett, captain; the ship Cumber-
land, 180

Barrie, captain; naval action, 410
Barrington, Mr.; duel, 203

Barrington; pickpocket, 509, 592
Barron, the Misses; drowned, 636
Barton, Dr.; insurance, 314
Barton, Elizabeth, 297, 306

Beckford, Mr.; Fonthill abbey, 246
Bedford, duke of; duel, 204

Bedford, duke of; lord lieut, 13

365

Bedford, duke of; France, 250
Bedford, Geo. Neville, duke of, 420
Bedingfield, Anne; burnt, 592
Beeby, William; longevity, 363
Behem, Martin; the Azores, 49
Behring; Behring's straits, 69
BELGIUM, Kings of, 69, 70
Belinus, Magnus, 76
Belisarius, 385, 426
Bell, Dr.; Lancasterian schools, 342
Bell, professor, 362

Bellamont, lord; duel, 203
Bellingham; assassin, 233
Bellingham, sir Daniel, 366
Belus; temple of Babel, 49
Ben-Asher; the Bible, 75
Benbow, admiral; Carthagena, 408
Bentinck, lord Wm.; India; 310
Berenger, Butt, lord Cochrane, and

others; trial, 594
Berengera, queen of Richard I., 494
Berenthobaldus, 25

Beresford, lord, Albuera, 15
Beresford, lord J.; suicide, 566
Berkeley cause, trial of the, 593
Berkeley, lord; New Jersey, 2
Berkeley, hon. C.; duel, 204
Bermudas, Juan, 73
Bern, abbot of Cluny, 148
Bernadotte, king of Sweden, 191,

570

Bernard, sir Thomas, 97
Berri, duke and duchess de, 251
Berry, lieut.; trial, 593
Bertie, lady Georgina C., 364
Berwick, duke of, 342
Berwick, duke of; Almanza, 18
Berwick, duke of; Newry, 417
Bewick; wood-engraving, 642
Bessus, assassin of Darius, 449
Bessy Bell and Mary Gray, 74
Best; captain; duel, 203
Betterton; the drama, 200
Betty, master; theatres, 580
Bevern, prince; Breslau, 91
Bezaleel; sculpture, 536
Biela; his comet, 154

Big Sam; P. of Wales's porter, 267
Bird, the boy; trial, 595
Bishop, the murderer, 102

| Black, Dr.; duel, 204
Black, Dr.; magnesia, 375
Blackstone, on tithes, 585
Blaeu, Wm.; printing-press, 484
Blair, Dr., rhetoric, 506
Blake, admiral; Algiers, 17; Do-
ver Straits, 408; Portland isle,
474; Santa Cruz, 528

Baschi, Matthew; Capuchins, 116 Blakesley, Rob.; trial of, 596

Blanchard, madame; balloon, 241 Brenn, capt.; ship Hibernia, 294

Blanchard, madame, 52
Blandy, Miss; her trial, 592
Bleddyn ab Cynvyn; Wales, 621
Bligh, captain v. Mr. Wellesley
Pole; trial, 595
Bligh, captain; mutiny of the ship
Bounty, 87

Bligh, Mr.; murdered, 593
Blomfield, bishop; geology, 263
Blood; his conspiracy, 81, 162
Blood, Mr. Clare; murdered, 595
Blucher, marshal, 323, 352
Blundell, lieut.; duel; killed, 204
Boadicea, queen,
Boardman, capt.; duel; killed, 203
Boccaccio, 82

94

Boddington trial; crim. con., 593
BOOTIA, Sovereigns of, 82
Boeticher; Dresden China, 200
Bogle v. Lawson, printer of The
Times, 596

Bohemia, king of; "Ich Dien," 304
BOHEMIA, Kings of, 83
Bohemia, John, duke of, 175
Boiroimhe, Bryan, king, 147, 287
Bolam, Mr.; tried for murder, 595
Boldero, captain; duel, 204
Boleslans I. of Poland, 462, 488
Boleslaus II. of Poland, 462
Boleslaus III. of Poland, 463
Boleslaus IV. of Poland, 463
Bolingbroke, lord; deism, 187
Bolivar, Colombia, 153
Bolton, Mathew, 77
Bonar, Mr. and Mrs., 594
Bonavisa, Anthony; distaff, 195
Booth, Mr.; theatres, 581
Borde, Andrew; called the "Merry-
Andrew," 390

Boreham family; murdered, 593
Borelli; mechanics, 10, 388
Borowlaski, count; dwarf, 206
Borringdon, lady; crim. con., 514
Boscawen, admiral, 593
BOSPHORUS, Kings of, 86
Boswell, sir Alexander; duel, 204
Bothwell, earl of; Scotland, 214,
533

Bottle Conspirators, Ireland, 594
Bouchet, Anthony, 305
Bouillé, marquis de, 230
Boulton and Watt; coinage, 151
Bourbon, Anthony de, 87
Bourbon, duke of; duel, 203
Bourbon family restored,

and

afterwards banished France,
251

Bourgainville; circumnavigation,

142

Bourgeois, sir Francis, 204
Bourignon, Antoinette, 88
Bourmont, marshal; Algiers, 17
Bourrienne, M., 251

Bowes, Miss, of Durham, 565
Boyd, capt.; duel; murdered, 203
Boydel, alderman, 88, 97

Boyle, earl of Orrery; Orrery, 432
Boyle, hon. Robert, 452, 518

Brabant, duke of; merchants, 9
Bradley, admiral; trial, 594

Braham, Mr.; theatres, 580

Brennus, prince of Britain, 93
Brent, Foulke de, 161
Brereton, colonel; Bristol, 94
Brewster, Mr.; kaleidoscope, 330
Bric, Mr.; duel; killed, 204
Bridport, lord, 409

Brienne, Mons. de, 424
Bright, Mr.; corpulency, 169
Brindley, Mr.; tunnels, &c., 93, 600
Briscoe, Mr.; antarctic, 26
Bristol, mayor of; trial, 595
BRITAIN, Kings of; see Britain, 94
Britton, T., sinall-coal man, 613
Broke, captain; the Shannon fri-
gate, 133

Brougham, lord; lord-chancellor,
128; queen's trial, 306
Brown, gen.; battle of Prague,
479

Browne, American gen., 137, 248
Browne, Hannah, murdered, 595
Browne, Robert; Brownists, 98
Brownrigg, Eliz.; her trial, 592
Brownrigg, general; Candy, 113
Bruce, the Traveller, 98
Bruce, David; Nevill's Cross, 414
Bruce, Edward, 35, 205, 817
Bruce, Robert; battle of Bannock-

Cabot, Sebastian, 21, 118, 416
Cabral, Alvarez de; Brazil, 90
Cabrera, Carlist general, 553
Cade, Jack; London, 106, 362
Cadmus; the alphabet, 19
Cadogan, capt.; duel, 208
Cadwallader, 94, 95, 621
Cadwgan, prince of Wales, 521
Cæcilius Isidorus, 548
Cæsar, Julius, 216, 451, 654
Cæsar, Octavius, 385, 452
Cæsarea, St., of Arles, 177
Cailan, bishop of Down, 199
Calcraft, Mr.; theatres, 581
Calder, sir Robert; Ferrol, 409
Calepini; dictionaries, 193
Calhoun, Mr.; temp. soc., 577
Caligula; Rome, 513
Calippus, 108

burn, 55; of Durham, 206
Bruce, Michael, esq., 345
Brucher, Antonio; coinage, 151
Brudenell, lord v. Wathen, 595
Brunel; Thames-tunnel, 579
Bruno, of Cologne, 120
Brunswick, duke of; killed, 493
Brunswick, duke of; deposed, 98
Brunswick, family of, 98
Brunt, Davidson, Thistlewood,
Ings, and Tidd, 123
Brutus, Lucius Junius, 163
Brutus and Cassius; Philippi, 452 Calvin, John; Calvinism, 109
Bryan Boiroimhe, 147, 287
Buchan, captain, 422
Buckingham, duke of; cabal, 105
Buckingham, duke of; duel, 204
Buckingham, Stafford, duke of,
364

Callicratus; calligraphy, 109
Callimachus; architecture, 1
Callinicus; the Greek fire, 278
Callisthenes, 372

Calonne; notables of France, 424
Calverly, Hugh; pressed to death

Buckingham, Villiers, duke of;
minister, 6; dress, 201; "mur-
dered, 222

Buckingham, marquess of, 365
Bufalmaco; caricatures, 117
Bularchus; colours in pictures,

454

Bunn, Mr. Alfred; theatres, 580
Buonaparte, Napoleon. See Na-
poleon.

Buonaparte, Jerome, abdicates, 2
Buonaparte, Joseph, 2; Madrid,

373; Naples, 405; Sicily, 544;
Spain, 553

Buonaparte, Louis; Holland, 296
Burbage, James; plays, 200, 460
Burdett, sir Francis; duel, 203;
arrested, 223; the riot, 508;
his trial, 594
Burdock, Mary Ann, 595
Burdon, Mr., murdered, 596
Burgoyne, gen.; Saratoga, 529
Bulkeley, bishop; Bangor, 53
Burke, Edmund, 329

Brahé, Tycho; artificial globe, 270 Burke, the murderer, 102

Brandenburgh family, 89
Brandreth, the Luddite, 191
Brandt, count, 654
Brandt; cobalt, 149; phosphorus,

452

Brekespeare, Nicholas; pope, 466
Bremer, sir Gordon; China, 135
Brendon, St. Clonfert, 147

Burleigh, lord, his ministry, 6
Burns, Robert, 534

Burr, colonel; duel, 208
Bury, Richard de; libraries, 351
Bute, earl of; his ministry, 7
Butler, sir Toby; Limerick, 353
Butt, Mr.; trial for libel, 594
Button, sir Thomas; voyages, 422

482

Calvert and Co.; brewers, 473

Cambacérès; the directory, 173
Cambyses; Egypt, 194
Camden; lord chancellor, 45, 128
Camden, earl; ld. lieutenant, 365
Camden, lord; ministry, 509
Camelford, lord; duel; killed, 203
Campbell, lord, 45
Campbell, major; trial, 593
Canic, St.; bishop of Ossory, 432
Canning, rt. hon. George; minis-

ter, 7; duel, 203; 223, 336
Canton; his phosphorus, 453
Canute, king of England, 224
Capet family of France, 115, 253
Capo d'Istria, count, 104, 278
CAPPADOCIA, Kings of, 116
Car, the King; Asia Minor, 47
Caracalla; murdered, 514
Caractacus, of Britain, 94, 543
Caraffa, bishop; Theatines, 579
Caranus; Macedon, 371
Carausius, in Britain, 94
Cardigan, lord; 204, 596
Cardigan, lord, and captain Rey-
nolds, 595

Carleton, sir Guy: U. States, 606
Carlisle, atheist, 594, 595
Carlos, Don; Spain, 67, 292, 554
Caroline, queen of George II., 496;
parks, 410

Caroline, queen of George IV., 89,

188, 496

Carpenter, general; Preston, 482
Carpus; mercury, 390

Carstairs, rev. William, 584
Carteret; circumnavigator, 142
Carteret, lord; minister, 7
CARTHAGE, Rulers of, 119 120
| Carthage, St., 855