sessed of such Estate, being within the Commonwealth, either by will, or under the intestate laws thereof, or any part of such Estate or Estates, or interest therein, transferred by deed, grant, bargain or sale, made or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment after the death of his grantor or bargainor, to any person or persons or to bodies politic or corporate, in trust or otherwise, other than to or for the use of father, mother, husband, wife, children and lineal descendants born in lawful wedlock, shall be and they are hereby made subject to a tax or duty of five dollars on every hundred dollars if in clear value of such Estate or Estates and at the same rate for any less amount to be paid to the use of the Commonwealth. Provided that no Estate which may be valued at a less sum than two hundred and fifty dollars, shall be subject to the duty or tax. By clear value is meant after deductions for debts, funeral expenses and cost of settling the Estate. The tax itself, however, is not included in cost of settlements."

The amount of the collateral inheritance tax collected in Pennsylvania in 1900 was $1,167,666, while the amount in 1901 aggregated $1,232,082.

New York. The collateral and inheritance tax in New York was created by chapter 483, Acts of 1885, being amended in 1892, 1896, and 1897. The Act taxes all gifts, legacies, and collateral inheritances "other than to or for the use of father, mother, husband, wife, children, brother, and sister, and lineal descendants born in lawful wedlock, and the wife or widow of a son, and the husband of a daughter, and the societies, corporations, and institutions now exempt by law from taxation. The tax imposed is at the rate of five per cent on bequests of $500 or over, except in certain cases when the rate becomes one per cent upon the clear market value of bequeathed property." The collateral inheritance tax of the State of New York aggregated during the year ending September 30, 1900, $4,334,803, the amount for the year 1901 being $4,457,338. Of this, the gross collateral or five per cent tax was $3,070,586, while the succession or one per cent tax was $1,386,752.

Massachusetts. The collateral legacy and succession tax in Massachusetts was levied under chapter 425, Acts of 1891. The property and persons subjected to the tax may be defined in a general manner by quoting Section 1.

"All property within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, and any interest therein, whether belonging to inhabitants of the Commonwealth or not, and whether tangible or intangible, which shall pass by will or by the laws of the Commonwealth regulating intestate succession, or by deed, grant, sale or gift, made or intended to take effect in possession or enjoy. ment after the death of the grantor, to any person in trust or otherwise, other than to or for the use of the father, mother, husband, wife, lineal descendant, brother, sister, adopted child, the lineal descendant of any adopted child, the wife or widow of a son, or the husband of the daughter of a decedent, or to or for charitable, educational or religious societies or insti tutions, the property of which is exempt by law from taxation, shall be subject to a tax of five per centum of its value, for the use of the Commonwealth; and all administrators, executors and trustees, and any such grantee, under a conveyance made during the grantor's life, shall be liable for all such taxes, with lawful interest as hereinafter provided, until the same have been paid as hereinafter directed: provided, however, that no estate shall be subject to the provisions of this act unless the value of the same, after

the payment of all debts, shall exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars."

Since its passage, the Act has been subjected to amendatory legislation. The amount of the tax in 1900 was $397,940, the interest thereon being $6,460. In 1901, the legacy tax aggregated $506,093, the interest being $8,044. In 1902, the tax amounted to $427,753, and the interest to $5,957.

Recent Legal Decisions,

The Supreme Court of Louisiana beld, in the recent case of Potts vs. Shreveport Belt Railway Company, that it is not of itself contributory negligence to engage in a dangerous occupation; that where a person is employed in the presence of a known danger, in order to constitute contributory negligence it must be shown that he voluntarily and unnecessarily exposed himself to the danger; that a company maintaining electrical wires over which a high voltage of electricity is conveyed, rendering them highly dangerous, is under the duty of using the necessary care and pru. dence to prevent injury at places where others might have the right to go; that it must see to it that its wires are perfectly insulated and kept so, or else it must provide adequate guard wires or other sufficient safety appliances as means of protection against the dangerous wires; that the fact that frequent inspections of the line were made to ascertain the conditions of the wires and to remedy defective insulation does not relieve the company of liability; that, if the span wire had become dangerously charged with the electric current, the company's inspection should have been thorough enough to have detected it, and that it was the company's business to know the dangerous defects in or along its lines, and knowing, to safeguard the same.- - Bradstreet's, Feb. 14, 1903.

In the case of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company . Mounce's Adm'r, recently decided by the Kentucky Court of Appeals, it appeared that the appellee's intestate was a night switchman in the appellant's yards, whose duty it was to transfer cars from one track to another under orders from the yardmaster, and that one night, while engaged in this duty, he switched a car on to the wrong track, and that car collided with some others standing on that track, causing the death of the switchman. In this action, brought to recover damages for the death, it was alleged that the injury resulted from some stationary switch lights being out, causing the deceased to switch the cars on the wrong track, it being the duty of the appellant to keep such lights burning. The trial court instructed the jury that it was the duty of the company to have the lights in reasonably good order and condition to show the location of the switch, and that if it failed to do so the appellee was entitled to recover. The appellate court, however, held that this instruction was erroneous, and that while it was the duty of the employer to use ordinary care in providing for the use of the employee safe machinery and premises in safe condition, he was not an insurer, and that it was the duty of the deceased to look and find that the points of the switch rail were in proper position before giving the signal to the engineer to move, and this he could easily have done by the light of a lantern he carried. — Bradstreet's, Feb. 21, 1903.

A locomotive engineer is not a laborer within the meaning of a statute exempting the wages of a laborer from seizure, according to the decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana in the case of The I. X. L. Grocery Co. vs. Land. - Bradstreet's, March 14, 1903.

Railway Employes in the United States. The total number of men employed on the railways of the United States for the year ending June 30, 1901, was 1,071,169, this being an increase of 53,516 over the preceding year. Of the total number, 127,141 were employed in and about stations; 209,043 as trainmen; 272,983 as trackmen; 47,576 as switchmen, flagmen, and watchmen; 26,606 as telegraph operators and dispatchers, and 34,778 as clerks in the general offices. The average daily compensation of these railway employés for the year 1901 was as follows: General officers, $10.97; other officers, $5.56; enginemen, $3.78; conductors, $3.17; machinists, $2.32; general office clerks, $2.19; firemen, $2 16; carpenters, $2.06; other trainmen, $2; telegraph operators and dispatchers, $1.98; employés - account floating equipment - $1.97; station agents, $1.77; other shopmen, $1.75; switchmen, flagmen, and watchmen, $1.74; section foremen, $1.71; laborers, $1.69.

The number of persons killed during the year covered by the report was 8,455, and the number injured 53,339. The number of deaths of employés during 1901 was 2,675 against 2,550 for the previous year. The number of injuries was 41,142 as against 39,643 in 1900. The number of passengers killed dur ing the year was 282 as compared with 249 in 1900. The number of passengers injured was 4,988 as against 4,128.

The number of employés, trainmen, and passengers on railways in the United States for one killed and for one injured was as follows: Employés, 400 to each one killed and 26 to one injured; trainmen, 136 to one killed and 13 to one injured; passengers, 2,153,469 to one killed and 121,748 to one injured. - Statistics of Railways in the United States. Interstate Commerce Commission, 1901.

Imports and Exports of Merchandise, United States - - 1902.

According to the report on Commerce and Finance of the United States, the total value of imports and merchandise into this country for the year ending December 31, 1902, was $969,320,953, the total value of exports being $1,360,701,935.

Immigration into the United States, 1902.

The immigrants who arrived in the United States during the calendar year 1902 numbered 739,289; of these, 527,301 were males and 211,988 were females. The largest number of emigrants from any one country was 201,266 from Italy; 185,659 from Austria-Hungary, 123,882 from Russia, 39,020 from Sweden, 32,736 from the German Empire, and 31,406 from Ireland. The number arriving at the port of Boston during the year was 53,279.- Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance. December, 1902.

Work of Women in France.

Of the total population of 38,517,375 in France, 18,467,338 are engaged in gainful occupations, and of these 6,382,658 are women, not considering the housekeepers, of whom there are 7,728,854. Women are found in every occupation, the largest numbers being 2,754,593 in agriculture, 1,888,947 in manufactures, 737,941 in domestic service, and 571,079 in commerce; among the remainder there are 138,460 in the liberal professions and 120,000 in religious work. Except in domestic service, there are fewer women than men in each occupation and their compensation ranges from one-third to two-thirds as much as men receive for equivalent work. Women rarely hold positions of

high responsibility and take very little part in trade unions. Le travail des femmes en France, Mlle. Schirmacher. Le Musée Social, May, 1902, Paris.

History of Employers' Liability Law in France.

Legislation, in France, concerning responsibility for accidents to workingmen in the discharge of their duties, had its beginning in a bill presented to the Chamber of Deputies May 29, 1880. On April 9, 1898, a law was adopted which entered fully into the details of the matter and has been the basis of all subsequent legislation. Since 1898, five laws have been passed: The law of May 24, 1899, extending the functions of the National Accident Insurance Fund, created by the law of July 11, 1868, so as to cover all the risks provided for in the law of April 9, 1898; the law of June 29, 1899, making it possible at any time before June 29, 1900, to cancel accident insurance policies held to cover indemnities allowed by article 1 of the law of April 9, 1898; the law of June 30, 1899, adding accidents resulting from the use of certain machines in agriculture to the list of those covered by the law of April 9, 1898; the law of April 13, 1900, providing for the payment of notaries or officials for executing papers required by the law of April 9, 1898; and the law of March 22, 1902.

The law of March 22, 1902, modifies eight articles of the law of April 9, 1898; it extends the liability of employers; requires more detailed report of accidents; increases the delay allowed in reporting an accident to one year from its occurrence; establishes five days as the maximum time allowed for presenting the medical certificate after the accident has been reported; provides that, in case a special medical examination shall be ordered by the justice of the peace or the court, the examining physician shall not be the one who attended the case, nor one regularly employed by the insurance company concerned; this law is made applicable to cases cited in the law of June 30, 1899. De la responsabilité en matière d'accidents du travail.― Maurice Bellom, Paris, 1902

Payment of Employes in Switzerland. On June 26, 1902, a federal law was adopted in Switzerland requiring employers in industries gov. erned by the law of March 23, 1877, to pay employés in legal tender and at least once in two weeks, unless by special agreement between employer and employés payment is made every month; no more than the proportional wages for one week shall be withheld by the employer on any pay day; wages for piece work shall be determined by special agreement, but payment shall be made not later than on the first regular pay day following the completion of the work. Fines may be imposed only in accordance with regulations approved by the authorities and must not exceed one. half the daily wage of the person fined; the money obtained from fines shall be used in the interests of the employés, especially in maintaining relief funds. Infringement of this law shall be punishable by a fine varying from five to 500 francs ($1 to $100). — Revue du Travail, August, 1902. Brussels, Belgium.

Labor Office, Italy.

A bill presented before the Chamber of Deputies of Italy, in June, 1901, provided for the creation of a Labor Office. On June 29, 1902, a law was passed creating the proposed office and providing that it should publish information concerning labor and capital and the condition of workingmen in the king.

dom and in the foreign countries to which Italians emigrate; also statistics of strikes and labor legislation. The Law also created a Superior Labor Coun. cil of 48 members to act as an advisory board for the Labor Office. - Revue du Travail, September, 1902, Brussels, Belgium.

Women and Children in Industry in
Italy.

A bill to regulate the employment of women and children was brought before the Italian Chamber of Deputies early in 1901, and, with some modifications, became a law on June 19, 1902, to take effect within six months of the date of promulgation. The Law forbids the employment of children under 12 years of age in manufacturing establishments and mines and quarries; it forbids night work for boys under 15 and all women, by night work being understood work between 8 P.M. and 6 A.M. from October 1 to March 31, and between 9 P.M. and 5 A.M. from April 1 to September 30. Revue du Travail, September, 1902, Brussels, Belgium.

Children at Work in Germany.

The following statement as to the employment of children in Germany in home industries has been given to the Bureau through the courtesy of Mr. Simon W. Hanauer, Deputy Consul General at Frankfort:

An official investigation, instituted in 1898, showed that at that time there were in the German Empire 8,334,919 children upon whom school attendance was obligatory. Of this number, 544,283, or 6.53 per cent, were employed in industrial work at their homes. Of all the German states, Saxony shows the highest percentage, 22.8, of such school visiting children employed at home in manufacturing branches, such as toys, pearl buttons, combs and brushes, mouth organs, in weav. ing and spinning, knitting and embroidering, and on articles of passementerie (covered buttons, braids, cords, and tassels). Besides these children, many others not of school age, below six years, are employed on industrial house work. When the manufacturer or exporter has pressing orders, children of tender age are kept hard at work from early morning until late at night, often breaking down from utter exhaustion, their food being poor and insufficient in most cases, and their abodes wanting in air and sanitary requirements. The pay for this juvenile work is miserable. In Saxony, often not exceeding one pfennig (less than 14 cent) per hour. In the large manufacturing cities, the pay is better, thus the average weekly earnings of boys amounted to 1,55 mark (37 cents) and of girls 1.22 mark (29 cents). In the city of Chemnitz, the lowest earnings of small boys out of school age is 42 pfennig (10 cents) per week, making six pfennig per diem, as these children work seven days in the week. The German government has prepared and submitted to the National legislature a new act relating to the labor of children. This act contains the stipulation that children may not be kept industrially employed between the hours of 8 P.M. and 8 A.M. The employment of children in the manufacture of unsuitable and dangerous work is also forbidden by the new bill.

Trusts in Germany.

The Prussian Government has lately taken steps to investigate the trusts and syndicates located in the Kingdom, and a circular has been sent to the presidents of the various gubernatorial districts, asking the names and memberships of trusts located in the several dis

tricts, the nature and value of the production, the reasons for forming the trusts, their objects, the regu lation of price and output and division of spheres of operation, their statutes; what agreements have been made with other trusts; what effect their formation has had on other trusts and industries, on the cost of production, and on prices; how the sale is regulated; how export prices compare with those asked in the home markets; if export premiums are granted; if the dividends, value of stock, etc., of the various companies forming the trusts have increased or not; what methods are employed to fight the competition of concerns outside of the trusts; what contracts are made with customers; the influence of the trusts on wages of workmen and on trade unions.- Consul W. Schumann, of Mainz, March 25, 1902.

Population of the City of Berlin. On Dec. 1, 1900, the date of the most recent census, the city of Berlin had a population of 1,888,848, an increase of 211,544 (12.61 per cent) over the population on Dec. 2, 1895. Of the total for 1900, there were 903,041 (47.81 per cent) males and 985,807 (52.19 per cent) females. - Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin, 1899 and 1900. Berlin, 1902.

Sick Benefit Associations in Austria. In 1900, 2,948 funds providing sick benefits were in operation in Austria. Of these, 2,939, from which reports were received, paid benefits to 2,496,284 persons (540,777 women). The total income of the associations amounted to 47,159,430 K ($9,431,885), 44,161,044 K ($8,832,209) being contributed by employers and employés, one-third by the former and two-thirds by the latter. During the year 40,013,178 K ($8,002,636) were disbursed in sick benefits, the average period for which benefits were paid being 17 days and the average amount of benefits per day 1.71 K ($0.34). Sociale Rundschau, July, 1902. Vienna. Sick Benefit Associations in Denmark. Sick benefit associations receive official recognition in Denmark under the law of April 12, 1892, by which, without affecting private associations directly, it was made possible for any sick benefit association, upon compliance with certain conditions, to receive aid from the government. The Law recognizes as a sick benefit association any union of persons for mutual aid in case of sickness. In order to receive recognition, an association must have 50 members except in parishes of less than 800 population where an association having 30 members may be recognized. Any person over 15 years of age who has complied with all conditions enumerated in the law is eligible for membership, but no person can hold membership in more than one association. Free medical attendance is provided for the members and for their children under 15 years of age, also a daily benefit for members, the amount being determined either by the average daily wage of all the members or the average daily wage of the member in question; this benefit shall be not more than two-thirds of the average wage nor less than 40 öre (11 cents) a day. Benefits shall be paid for only 13 weeks in 12 consecutive months and no member shall receive benefits for more than 60 weeks in three successive years. Control of recognized associations and fulfilment of their obligations rests with an inspector appointed by the government.

In 1893, 457 associations with 116,763 members were recognized, and paid benefits amounting to 878,790 Kr. ($237,273). The average time of sickness was 6.2 days for men and 5.5 days for women. At the close

of 1900, there were 1,104 recognized associations with membership of 302,098. The average time of sickness fell to 5.6 days for men and 5.1 days for women. The income of all associations amounted to 3,032,715 Kr. ($818,833) in 1900, 27.5 per cent being government aid, and the sum of 2,853,951 Kr. ($770,567) was paid out. Sociale Rundschau, May, 1902, Vienna.

Family Expenses of Danish Working

men.

In 50 families in Denmark, averaging 5.22 members, the average yearly income was 434.69 Kr. ($117.37), and average yearly expenditure, 431.23 Kr. ($116.43). Of this amount, 208.56 Kr. ($56.31), or 48.36 per cent, was spent for food; 51.02 Kr. ($13.77), or 11.83 per cent, for clothing; 57.34 Kr. ($15.48), or 13.29 per cent, for rent; 19.09 Kr. ($5.15), or 4.43 per cent, for heating and lighting; 26.90 Kr. ($7.26), or 6.24 per cent, for medical attendance, education, periodicals, etc.; 4.60 Kr. ($1.24), or 1.07 per cent, for taxes; 2.70 Kr. ($0.73), or 0.63 per cent, for tools; 17.51 Kr. ($4.73), or 4.06 per cent, for recreation; and 43.51 Kr. ($11.75), or 10.09 per cent, for various other expenses. Consommation de familles d'ouvriers danois — Marcus Rubin. - Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique - Rome, 1902.

Trade Schools in Vienna.

During the school year 1900-01, the Trade School Commission of Vienna maintained 166 schools with 35,446 pupils and 1,151 instructors, at an expense of 696,249 K ($139,250). These schools provided ele. mentary courses for boys and girls over 14 years of age who had not completed the regular work in free day schools; also, advanced trade and industrial courses for apprentices. In all departments 25,723 pupils or 72.6 per cent of the number enrolled completed the courses entered upon.- Sociale Rundschau, July, 1902. Vienna.

Industrial Accidents in Belgium. During the first eight months of 1902, 1,456 industrial accidents were reported in Belgium, the injured being 1,174 men (80,63 per cent), 104 women (7.14 per cent), and 178 minors (12.23 per cent). In 231 cases (15.87 per cent), the accidents resulted in permanent disability and in 32 cases (2.20 per cent) in death. The largest number of accidents in one month occurred in July when there were 228. Of these, three (1.32 per cent) were fatal and 47 (20.61 per cent) caused permanent disability; 188 (82.46 per cent) of the persons injured were men, 11 (4.82 per cent) women, and 29 (12.72 per cent) minors. - Revue du Travail, 1902. Brussels, Belgium.

Strikes in France.

Of 497 strikes, involving 106,603 strikers, which were reported in France during 1902, 330 resulted from unsatisfactory wages, 19 from demand for change in hours of labor, and 148 from other causes. Including a few strikes begun in 1901, 437 strikes were ended during the year, 95 of these resulting in success for the employés, 196 in failure, and 146 in compromise. The largest number occurring in a single month was 107, which were reported in April and involved 26,941 strikers. - Bulletins de l'Office du Travail. Paris, 1902. General Strike of Miners in France. On July 31, 1902, the Mining Company of the Loire, followed by all other mining companies of the district, notified employés that the premium of nine per cent on their wages, which had been granted on Jan. 6, 1900,

as a result of their last strike, would be reduced to three per cent, beginning Aug. 16, 1902. The District Federation of Miners attempted negotiations with the companies, but succeeded only in obtaining a promise that the premium should not be reduced below three per cent. On Sept. 24, a congress of miners' unions was held to consider the situation, and on the 27th it was voted that a general strike be ordered, to take place on Oct. 9. About 500 miners had struck, on their own initiative, on Sept. 24, and had refused to obey the order of the congress that they return to work; on Oct. 6, 32,000 were on strike, and by Oct. 19 the strike had become general in 11 departments, 111,266 miners and 51 companies being affected. About 5,000 coal handlers employed at the docks in Dunkerque, Calais, and Marseille struck on Oct. 21, but were persuaded by their unions to return to work on the 25th. By Dec. 5, work had been resumed in all the mines, the strike having resulted in a compromise, by which the miners were guaranteed a premium of five per cent from Jan. 1, 1903, to Jan. 1, 1904, the companies to notify employés, at least two weeks before the latter date, of their intentions with regard to the premium for the following year. Bulletins de l'Office du Travail. Puris, Nov. and Dec., 1902.

Strikes and Lockouts in Germany in 1901.

During 1901, 1,071 strikes were begun in Germany, and 1,056, affecting 55,262 strikers, were brought to a settlement; of the latter number, 499 were caused by demands for increase in wages, 146 by demands for decrease in hours, and 411 by other causes. Of the strikes terminated, 200 were successful (97 relating to wages, 55 to hours, and 48 to other causes), 285 were com. promised (161 relating to wages, 72 to hours, and 52 to other causes), and 571 failed (241 relating to wages, 19 to hours, and 311 to other causes). The greatest number of strikes in a single industry, being 382 or 35.67 per cent of the total number, occurred in the building trades; and 491 strikes or 45.9 per cent of the total were inaugurated in the spring. There were also 38 lockouts during 1901; in 16 of these, the employés were successful, in 11 they failed, and eight lockouts were compromised, three being unsettled at the close of the year. Streiks und Aussperrungen im Jahre 1901. Berlin, 1902.

Strikes and Lockouts in the Netherlands in 1901.

During 1901, 115 strikes, involving 4,182 strikers and 192 establishments, occurred in the Netherlands, of which 84 were caused by disputes regarding wages, three by unsatisfactory hours of labor, five by trade union questions, 15 by demand for reinstatement of discharged employés, and eight by other causes. The strikers succeeded in 39 cases; failed in 33; compromised in 17; three cases were undecided and in 23 the results were unknown. Two strikes lasted less than one day; 15, one but less than two days; 25, two days but less than one week; in 39 strikes the duration was not given, and the remaining 34 varied in duration from eight days to 13 weeks. In seven lockouts, which occurred during the year, 361 employés were involved (353 men and eight women); in three cases employés were reinstated; in two cases their places were filled. - Werkstakingen en Uitsluitingen in Nederland, 1901. 'S-Gravenhage, 1902.

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Incorporation of Trade Organizations in Roumania.

The law of March 5, 1902, rendered incorporation of trade organizations, in Roumania, obligatory, pro

vided a majority of the artisans in any commune having 50 artisans desired incorporation. Only manual labor is affected by the Law.

The corporation cannot engage in ordinary business, and its by-laws must be approved by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Every artisan in the commune, whether master, journeyman, or apprentice, becomes, under the Law, part of the corporation. Each corporation appoints an arbitration committee to settle difficulties among artisans, and no case which comes within the jurisdiction of the committee may be presented before an ordinary court of justice until the committee has attempted adjustment; a system of fines aids in enforcing this law.

The Law provides for the granting of licenses to masters and journeymen. Any one wishing to engage in business on his own account and to employ apprentices and journeymen must hold a master's license, the qualifications being that he holds from a special school a diploma recognized by the Minister of Commerce as the equivalent of a master's license, proves that he has directed a shop for at least two years in the trade in which he asks for license, and passes an examination before a commission of three members, two of whom are named by the committee of corporation and one by the Minister of Commerce. A journeyman's license is granted to any person holding an apprentice's certificate, or its equivalent, who can prove that he has worked at least five years at his specialty and who passes an examination before the commission. Apprentices must be over 12 years old, except in cases authorized by the Chamber of Commerce, and over 14 years old for work which endangers the health or unduly taxes the strength of a child. The term of apprenticeship is three years, minimum, and five years maximum.-Le Musée Social. Paris, August, 1902.

Population of the United States.

The total population of the United States in 1900, according to the United States Census, was 76,303,387, distributed as follows: In States and organized territories, 75,568,686; Alaska, 63,592; Hawaii, 154,001; Indian Territory, 392,060; and Indian reservations, etc., 125,048. In 1900, there were 45 States and seven territories. All of the States are divided into counties except Louisiana, which is divided into parishes. Six

territories are divided as follows: Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma into counties; Alaska, districts; Hawaii, islands; and the Indian Territory, nations and reservations. The District of Columbia is not divided.

Average Persons to a Family.

The average number of persons to a family in Mas. sachusetts in 1865 was 4.7; in 1875, 4.6; 1880, 4.7; 1885, 4.6; 1890, 4.7; 1895, 4.6; and in 1900, 4.6. In the Census, all hotels, boarding houses, penal institutions, etc., are considered families. The private families in 1895 had an average of 4.5 persons and in 1900, 4.4. In the following table, the average number of persons to a family is shown for certain of the cities for 1880, 1890, 1895, and 1900: