12. Hereafter no remittances shall be made for annates or for any other purpose to the court of Rome, the vice-legation at Avignon, or to the nunciature at Lucerne. The clergy of the diocese shall apply to their bishops in regard to the filling of benefices and dispensations, the which shall be granted gratis without regard to reservations, expectancies and papal months, all the churches of France enjoying the same freedom.

13. The rights of deport, of cotte-morte, depouilles, vacat, droits censaux, Peter's pence, and other dues of the same kind, under whatever denomination, established in favor of bishops, archdeacons, archpresbyters, chapters, and regular congregations which formerly exercised priestly functions [cures primitifs], are abolished, but appropriate provision shall be made for those benefices of archdeacons and archpresbyters which are not sufficiently endowed.

14. Pluralities shall not be permitted hereafter in cases where the revenue from the benefice or benefices held shall exceed the sum of three thousand livres. Nor shall any individual be allowed to enjoy several pensions from benefices, or a pension and a benefice, if the revenue which he already enjoys from such sources exceeds the same sum of three thousand livres.

15. The National Assembly shall consider, in conjunction with the King, the report which is to be submitted to it relating to pensions, favors and salaries, with a view to suppressing all such as are not deserved and reducing those which shall prove excessive; and the amount shall be fixed which the King may in the future disburse for this purpose.

16. The National Assembly decrees that a medal shall be struck in memory of the recent grave and important deliberations for the welfare of France, and that a Te Deum shall be chanted in gratitude in all the parishes and the churches of France.

17. The National Assembly solemnly proclaims the King, Louis XVI, the Restorer of French Liberty.

18. The National Assembly shall present itself in a body before the King, in order to submit to him the decrees which have just been passed, to tender to him the tokens of its most respectful gratitude and to pray him to permit the Te Deum

to be chanted in his chapel, and to be present himself at this service.

19. The National Assembly shall consider, immediately after the constitution, the drawing up of the laws necessary for the development of the principles which it has laid down in the present decree. The latter shall be transmitted without delay by the deputies to all the provinces, together with the decree of the tenth of this month, in order that it may be printed, published, announced from the parish pulpits, and posted up wherever it shall be deemed necessary.

5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

This is the most famous document connected with the early stages of the Revolution. Until recently it has been regarded as an outgrowth of the doctrinaire ideas of the pre-revolutionary thinkers, especially of Rousseau. It should be studied, however, in the light of recent investigations into its origin and character. These investigations show (1) that the idea of formulating such a declaration was taken from the bills of rights attached to American state constitutions and (2) that in general each of its provisions is aimed at some great existing abuse.

REFERENCES. Jellinek, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; James Harvey Robinson, Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 653-662; Aulard, Revolution Francaise, 39-48.

[This was subsequently incorporated in the Constitution of 1791. See No. 15.]

6. Documents upon the Constituent Assembly and the Church.

These documents show both the general attitude of the Con stituent Assembly towards religion and the revolution which it sought to effect in the position of the Gallican Church. Careful attention to the phraseology of the documents will reveal much concerning the ideas upon which the Assembly proceeded.

REFERENCES. Sloane, French Revolution and Religious Reform, Chs. V-VIII; Gardiner, French Revolution, 67-69; Stephens, French Revolution, I, Ch. x; Debidour, L'Eglise et de l'Etat, Part I, Chs. 1 and 11; Mathews, French Revolution, 161-163.

A. Decree upon the Church Lands. November 2, 1789, Duvergier, Lois, I, 54-55.

The National Assembly decrees, Ist, All the ecclesiastical estates are at the disposal of the nation, on condition of pro

viding in a suitable manner for the expenses of worship, the maintenance of its ministers, and the relief of the poor, under the supervision and following the directions of the provinces; 2d, that in the provisions to be made, in order to provide for the maintenance of the ministers of religion, there can be assured for the endowment of each curé not less than twelve hundred livres per annum, not including the dwelling and the gardens attached.

до B. Decree upon Monastic Vozy. February 13, 1789. Duvergier, Lois, I, 100.

I. The constitutional law of the kingdom shall no longer recognize solemn monastic vows of persons of either sex; in consequence, the orders and congregations living according to rule are and shall remain suppressed in France, without there being any similar ones allowed in the future.

2. All the persons of either sex living in the monasteries and religious houses may leave them by making their declaration before the municipality of the place, and there shall immediately be provision made for their existence by a suitable pension. There shall also be houses set aside to which the religious who do not wish to profit by the provision of the present [article] shall be required to retire. Moreover, there shall be no change for the present in respect to the houses charged with public education and the establishments of charity and any that have until now taken part in these matters.

3. The religious shall be able to remain in the houses in which they are at present, excepting those described in the article which requires the religious to unite several houses into

one.

C. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. July 12, 1790. Duvergier, Lois, I, 242-248. Translation, James Harvey Robinson, University of Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints.

The National Assembly, after having heard the report of the Ecclesiastical Committee, has decreed and does decree the following as constitutional articles:

TITLE I.

I. Each department shall form a single diocese, and each diocese shall have the same extent and the same limits as the department.

2. The seat of the bishoprics of the eighty-three departments of the kingdom shall be established as follows: That of the Department of the Lower Seine at Rouen; that of the Department of Calvados at Bayeux. . . . [The names of the remaining episcopal sees are here omitted.]

All other bishoprics in the eighty-three departments of the kingdom, which are not included by name in the present article are, and forever shall be, abolished.

The kingdom shall be divided into ten metropolitan districts, of which the sees shall be situated at Rouen, Rheims, Besançon, Rennes, Paris, Bourges, Bordeaux. Toulouse, Aix and Lyons. These archbishoprics shall have the following denominations: That of Rouen shall be called the Archbishopric of the Coast of the Channel. . . . [The remaining names of the archbishoprics are here omitted.]

3. [This article enumerates the departments included in each archbishopric.]

4. No church or parish of France nor any French citizen may acknowledge upon any occasion or upon any pretext whatscever, the authority of an ordinary bishop or of an archbishop whose see shall be under the supremacy of a foreign power, nor that of their representatives residing in France or elsewhere; without prejudice, however, to the unity of the faith and the intercourse which shall be maintained with the Visible Head of the Universal Church, as hereafter provided.

5. After the bishop of a diocese shall have rendered his decision in his synod upon the matters lying within his competence an appeal may be carried to the archbishop, who shall give his decision in the metropolitan synod.

6. A new arrangement and division of all the parishes of the kingdom shall be undertaken immediately in concert with the Bishop and the District Administration. The number and extent of the parishes shall be determined according to rules which shall be laid down.

7. The cathedral church of each diocese shall be restored to its primitive condition and be hereafter at once the church of the parish and of the diocese. This shall be accomplished by the suppression of parishes and by the redistribution of dwellings which it may be deemed necessary to include in the new parish.

[Articles 8 to 13, here omitted, regulate the organization of the cathedral church and provide for one seminary in each diocese.]

14. The vicars of the cathedral churches, the superior vicar and directing vicars of the seminary shall form the regular and permanent Council of the Bishop, who shall perform no official act which concerns the government of the diocese or of the seminary until he has consulted them. The bishop may, however, in the course of his visits issue such provisional ordinances as may be necessary.

15. There shall be but a single parish in all cities and towns having not more than 6,000 inhabitants. The other parishes shall be abolished or absorbed into that of the Episcopal church.

16. In cities having a population of more than 6,000 inhabitants à parish may include a greater number of parishioners, and as many parishes shall be perpetuated as the needs of the people and localities shall require.

17. The administrative assemblies, in concert with the bishop of the diocese, shall indicate to the next legislative assembly, the country and subordinate urban parishes which ought to be contracted or enlarged, established or abolished, and shall indicate farther the limits of the parishes as the needs of the people, the dignity of religion and the various localities shall require.

20. All titles and offices other than those mentioned in the present constitution, dignites, canonries, prebends, half-prebends, chapels, chaplainships, both in cathedral and collegiate churches, all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships, both regular and in commendam, for either sex, as well as all other benefices and prestimonies in general, of whatever kind or denomination, are from the day of this decree extinguished and abolished and shall never be re-established in any form.

TITLE II.

1. Beginning with the day of publication of the present decree there shall be but one mode of choosing bishops and parish priests, namely that of election.