hundred thousand there are at least three municipal administrations.

In these communes the division of the municipalities is made in such a manner that the population of the district of each does not exceed fifty thousand persons and is not less than thirty thousand.

The municipality of each district is composed of seven members.

184. There is, in the communes which are divided into several municipalities, a central bureau for the subjects considered indivisible by the Legislative Body.

This bureau is composed of three members appointed by the department administration and confirmed by the executive

power.

185. The members of every municipal administration are appointed for two years and renewed each year by half or the part nearest a half, and by the larger and the smaller fraction alternately.

186. The department administrators and the members of the municipal administrations can be re-elected once without an interval.

187. Any citizen who has been elected department administrator or member of a municipal administration twice in succession and who has discharged the duties in virtue of both elections cannot be elected again until after an interval of two years.

188. In case a department or municipal administration should lose one or several of its members by death, resignation, or otherwise, the remaining administrators in filling the places can add to themselves temporary administrators who act in that capacity until the following elections.

189. The department and municipal administrators cannot alter the acts of the Legislative Body nor those of the Executive Directory, nor suspend the execution of them.

They cannot meddle with matters belonging to the judicial body.

190. The administrators are particularly charged with the apportionment of the direct taxes and with surveillance over the monies accruing from the public revenues in their territory.

The Legislative Body determines the regulations and the method of their functions upon these subjects as well as upon other parts of the internal administration.

191. The Executive Directory appoints over each department and municipal administration a commissioner whom it recalls when it deems expedient.

This commissioner watches over and requires the execution of the laws.

192. The commissioner for each local administration shall be taken from among the citizens domiciled for a year past in the department where that administration is established.

He must be at least twenty-five years of age.

193. The municipal administrations are subordinate to the department administrations and these to the ministers.

In consequence, the ministers can annul, each on his part, the acts of the department administrations, and these the acts of the municipal administrations, when these acts are contrary to the laws or the orders of the higher authorities.

194. The ministers can also suspend the department administrations which have contravened the laws or the orders of the higher authorities, and the department administrators have the same right with respect to the members of the municipal administrations.

195. No suspension or annulment becomes definitive without the formal confirmation of the Executive Directory.

196. The Directory can also annul directly the acts of department or municipal administrations.

It can also suspend or dismiss directly when it thinks necessary either the department or the canton administrators and send them before the tribunals of the department when there is occasion.

197. Every order providing for the annulment of acts, suspension, or dismissal of an administrator must include a statement of the reasons.

198. When five members of a department administration are dismissed the Executive Directory provides for their replacement until the following election; but it can choose their substitutes only from among the former administrators of the same department.

199. The administrations, whether department or canton, can correspond among themselves only upon the matters as

signed to them by the law and not upon the general interests of the Republic.

200.

Every administration shall annually render an account of its management,

The reports rendered by the department administrations are to be printed.

201. All the acts of the administrative bodies are made public by the deposit of the register wherein they are recorded, which is open to all persons under the administration,

This register is closed every six months and is deposited only from the day that it has been closed.

The Legislative Body can postpone, according to circumstances, the day fixed for this deposit.

TITLE VIII. JUDICIAL POWER.

General Provisions.

202. The judicial functions cannot be exercised by the Legislative Body nor by the executive power.

203. The judges cannot interfere in the exercise of the legislative power nor make any regulation.

They cannot stop or suspend the execution of any law nor cite before them the administrators on account of their functions.

204. No one can be deprived of the judges that the law assigns to him by any commission nor by other authorities than those which are fixed by a prior law.

205. Justice is rendered gratuitously.

206. The judges cannot be dismissed except for legally pronounced forfeiture, nor suspended except by an accepted accusation.

207. The ancestor and the descendant in the direct line, brothers, uncle and nephew, cousins of the first degree, and those related by marriage in these various degrees, cannot be at the same time members of the same tribunal.

208. The sittings of the tribunals are public; the judges deliberate in secret; the judgments are pronounced orally; they include a statement of reasons and in them is set forth the terms of the law applied.

209. No citizen, unless he is fully thirty years of age, can be elected judge of a department tribunal, or justice of the peace, or assessor of a justice of the peace, or judge of a tri

bunal of commerce, or member of the tribunal of cassation, or juror, or commissioner of the Executive Directory before the tribunals.

Of Civil Justice.

210. The right to have differences passed upon by arbitrators chosen by the parties cannot be impaired.

211. The decision of these arbitrators is without appeal and without recourse in cassation, unless the parties have expressly reserved it.

212. There are in each district fixed by law a justice of the peace and his assessors.

They are all elected for two years and can be immediately and indefinitely re-elected.

213. The law determines the matters over which the justices of the peace and the assessors have jurisdiction in the last resort.

It assigns to them the others over which they pronounce judgment subject to appeal.

214. There are special tribunals for land and maritime commerce; the law fixes the places where it is permissible to establish them.

Their power to pronounce judgment in the last resort cannot be extended beyond the value of five hundred myriagrams of wheat (a hundred and two quintals, twenty-two pounds).

215. Cases of which the trial belongs neither to the justices of the peace nor to the tribunals of commerce, either in the last resort or subject to appeal, are brought directly before the justice of the peace and his assessors in order to be conciliated.

If the justice of the peace cannot conciliate them, he sends them before the civil tribunal.

216. There is one civil tribunal per department.

Each civil tribunal is composed of twenty judges at least, one commissioner and one substitute appointed and removable by the Executive Directory, and one recorder.

The election of all the members of a tribunal takes place every five years.

The judges can be re-elected.

217. At the time of the election of the judges five substitutes are selected, three of whom are taken from among the

citizens residing in the commune where the tribunal sits.

218. The civil tribunal pronounces in the last resort, in the cases determined by law, upon appeals from judgments, either of the justices of the peace, or of the arbitrators, or of the tribunals of commerce.

219. The appeal from the judgments pronounced by the civil tribunal goes to the civil tribunal of one of the three nearest departments, as is determined by law.

220. The civil tribunal is divided into sections.

A section with less than five judges cannot pronounce judgment.

221. The assembled judges in each tribunal select among themselves by secret ballot the president of each section.

Of Correctional and Criminal Justice.

222. No one can be seized except in order to be brought before the officer of police; and no one can be put under arrest or detained except in virtue of a warrant of arrest from the officers of police or from the Executive Directory, in the case of article 145, or an order of arrest either from a tribunal or the foreman of the jury of accusation, or of a decree of accusation from the Legislative Body in the case where it has authority to pronounce, or of a judicial judgment of condemnation to prison or correctional detention.

223. In order that the warrant which orders the arrest may be executed, it is necessary:

Ist. That it set forth formally the cause for the arrest and the law in conformity with which it is ordered;

2d. That it has been made known to the one who is the subject of it and that he has been left a copy thereof.

224. Every person seized and brought before the officer of police shall be examined immediately or within a day at the latest.

225. If the examination discloses that there is no matter for inculpation against him, he shall be put at liberty at once; or, if there is occasion to send him to jail, he shall be brought there within the shortest period possible, which in any case shall not exceed three days.

226. No arrested person can be detained, if he gives sufficient bail, in any of the cases where the law permits him to remain free under bail.