himself and for his successors in favor of the Cisalpine Republic all rights and titles depending upon such rights, which His Majesty might assert over the territories in Italy which he possessed before the war and which, according to the terms of Article 8 of the Treaty of Campo Formio, now form a part of the Cisalpine Republic which shall hold them in full sovereign and proprietary right together with all the territorial possessions dependent upon them.

13. His Majesty the Emperor and King confirms both in his own name and in the name of the German Empire the sanction already given by the Treaty of Campo Formio to the union of the former Imperial Fiefs to the Ligurian Republic and renounces all claims and titles resulting from these claims upon the said fiefs.

63. Treaty of Amiens.

March 27, 1802. Hansard, Parliamentary History, XXXVI, 558-563.

As the result of this treaty France was left at peace with all Europe, for the first time in ten years. The peace, however, lasted only fifteen months. A careful study of the document, with due attention to the situation of Europe at the time, should do much to show why the war was so soon renewed. Both the omissions of the document and the vague character of some of its provisions call for attention.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, I. 236-238 (Popular ed., 159-160); Fournier, Napoleon, 214-220; Rose, Napoleon, I, Ch. XIV: Sloane, Napoleon, II, 135-136, 167-169; Lanfrey, Napoleon, II, 129-148, 187-189; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, IX, 60-62.

His majesty the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the first consul of the French Republic, in the name of the French people, being animated with an equal desire to put an end to the calamities of war, have laid the foundation of peace in the preliminary articles signed at London the 1st of October, 1801 (ninth Vendémiaire, year ten); .

I. There shall be peace, friendship and good understand

ing, between his majesty the king of the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, his heirs and successors, on the one part; and the French republic, his majesty the king of Spain, his heirs and successors, and the Batavian republic, on the other part.

3. His Britannic majesty restores to the French republic and her allies, namely, his Catholic majesty and the Batavian republic, all the possessions and colonies which belonged to them respectively, and which had been occupied or conquered by the British forces in the course of the war, with the exception of the island of Trinidad, and the Dutch possessions in the island of Ceylon.

4. His Catholic majesty cedes and guarantees, in full right and sovereignty, to his Britannic majesty, the island of Trinidad.

5. The Batavian republic cedes and guarantees, in full right and sovereignty, to his Britannic majesty, all the possessions and establishments in the island of Ceylon, which belonged before the war to the republic of the United Provinces, or to their East India company.

6. The Cape of Good Hope remains in full sovereignty to the Batavian republic, as it was before the war.

7. The territories and possessions of her most faithful majesty [of Portugal] are maintained in their integrity, such as they were previous to the commencement of the war. . .

8. The territories, possessions and rights of the Ottoman Porte, are hereby maintained in their integrity, such as they were previous to the war.

9. The republic of the Seven Islands is hereby acknowledged.

IO. The islands of Malta, Gozo, and Comino, shall be restored to the order of St. John of Jerusalem, and shall be held by it upon the same conditions on which the order held them previous to the war, and under the following stipulations:

4th. The forces of his Britannic majesty shall evacuate the island and its dependencies within three months after the exchange of ratifications, or sooner if it can be done. At that period the island shall be delivered up to the order in

the state in which it now is, provided that the grand master, or commissioners fully empowered, according to the statutes of the order, be upon the island to receive possession, and that the force to be furnished by his Sicilian majesty, as hereafter stipulated, be arrived there.

18. The branch of the House of Nassau, which was established in the republic, formerly called the republic of the United Provinces, and now the Batavian republic, having suffered losses there, as well in private property as in consequence of the change of constitution adopted in that country, an adequate compensation shall be procured for the said branch of the House of Nassau for the said losses.

19. The present definitive treaty of peace is declared common to the Sublime Ottoman Porte, the ally of His Britannic Majesty and the Sublime Porte shall be invited to transmit its act of accession thereto in the shortest delay possible.

64. Documents upon Napoleon and the Reorganization of Religion.

At the beginning of the Consulate the religious institutions of France were in a state of hopeless confusion. These documents show the general character of the reorganization effected by Napoleon. Document A is the compact between France and the Papacy which still controls the position of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The two dates ascribed to it represent those of its signature by the French and papal envoys and of its promulgation in France. Document B was purely a French legislative act; the consent of the Pope was neither asked nor given. Document D did for the two recognized Protestant sects what the other documents did for the Roman Catholic Church. In 1808 a similar arrangement was made for the Jews.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, I, 260-265 (Popular ed., 175-178); Fournier, Napoleon, II, 211-213; Rose, Napoleon, I, 249262; Lanfrey, Napoleon, II, 153-173; Wells. American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1895, 469-485; Aulard, Revolution Francaise, Part IV, Ch. III; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Gencrale, IX, 255-273; Debidour, L'Eglise et l'Etat, Part I, Ch. VI.

A. The Concordat.

September 10, 1801-April 8, 1802

(23 Fructidor, Year IX-18 Germinal, Year X). Duvergier, Lois, XIII, 89-91.

The First Consul of the French Republic and His Holiness the Sovereign Pontiff Pius VII have appointed as their respective plenipotentiaries: . . .

Who, after the exchange of their respective full powers, have arranged the following convention:

CONVENTION BETWEEN THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT AND

HIS HOLINESS PIUS VII.

The Government of the French Republic recognizes that the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion is the religion of the great majority of French citizens.

His Holiness likewise recognizes that this same religion has derived and in this moment again expects the greatest benefit and grandeur from the establishment of the Catholic worship in France and from the personal profession of it which the Consuls of the Republic make.

In consequence, after this mutual recognition, as well for the benefit of religion as for the maintenance of internal tranquality, they have agreed as follows:

1. The Catholic, Apostolic and Roman religion shall be freely exercised in France: its worship shall be public, and in conformity with the police regulations which the Government shall deem necessary for the public tranquility.

2. A new circumscription of the French dioceses shall be made by the Holy See in concert with the Government.

3. His Holiness shall declare to the titular French bishops that he with firm confidence expects from them, for the benefit of peace and unity, every sort of sacrifice, even that of their sees.

After this exhortation, if they should refuse this sacrifice required for the welfare of the Church (a refusal which His Holiness, nevertheless, does not expect), provision shall be made for the government of the bishoprics of the new circumscription by new titularies in the following manner:

4. The First Consul of the Republic shall make appointments, within the three months which shall follow the publication of the bull of His Holiness, to the archbishoprics and bishoprics of the new circumscription. His Holiness shall

confer the canonical institution, following the forms established in relation to France before the change of Government. 5. The nominations to the bishoprics which shall be vacant in the future shall likewise be made by the First Consul, and the canonical institution shall be given by the Holy See, in conformity with the preceding article.

6. Before entering upon their functions, the bishops shall take directly, at the hands of the First Consul, the oath of fidelity which was in use before the change of Government, expressed in the following terms:

"I swear and promise to God, upon the Holy Scriptures, to remain in obedience and fidelity to the Government established by the constitution of the French Republic. I also promise not to have any intercourse, nor to assist by any counsel, nor to support any league, either within or without, which is inimical to the public tranquility; and if, within my diocese or elsewhere, I learn that anything to the prejudice of the State is being contrived, I will make it known to the Government."

7. The ecclesiastics of the second rank shall take the same oath at the hands of the civil authorities designated by the Government.

8. The following form of prayer shall be repeated at the end of divine service in all the Catholic churches of France: Domine, salvam fac Rempublicam; Domine, salvos fac Consul

es.

9. The bishops shall make a new circumscription of the parishes of their dioceses, which shall have effect only after the consent of the Government.

10. The bishops shall appoint the cures.

II. The bishops can have a chapter in their cathedrals and a seminary for their dioceses, without the Government being under obligation to endow them.

12. All the metropolitan, cathedral, parochial and other non-alienated churches needed for worship shall be again placed at the disposal of the bishops.

13. His Holiness, in the interest of peace and the happy re-establishment of the Catholic religion, declares that neither he nor his successors will disturb in any manner the purchasers of the alienated ecclesiastical estates, and that, in