of the boarding schools, institutions, colleges and lycees; 2d. that of the officers of the academies and of the officers of the University; 3d, the promotion list of the members of the instructional corps who shall have merited it by their services. He shall cause these lists to be published at the opening of the academic year.

56. He can transfer from one academy to another the regents and principals of the colleges maintained by the communes, as well as the functionaries and the professors of the lycees, upon taking the opinion of three members of the council.

57. He shall have the authority to impose arrests, reprimand, censure, the change and suspension of functions (article 47) upon members of the University who shall have been delinquent enough in their duties to incur these penalties.

60. He shall give to the different schools the regulations for discipline, which shall be discussed by the council of the University.

61. He shall convoke and preside over this council, and he shall appoint its members, as well as those of the academic councils, as shall be provided in the following titles.

TITLE IX. OF THE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY.

Of the Formation of the Council.

69. The council of the University shall be composed of thirty members.

70. Ten of these members, of whom six shall be chosen from among the inspectors and four from among the rectors, shall be councillors for life or titular councillors of the University. They shall be commissioned by us.

The ordinary councillors, to the number of twenty, shall be taken from among the inspectors, the deans and professors of the faculties, and the head-masters of the lycees.

71. Every year the grand master shall make up the list of the twenty ordinary councillors, who shall complete the council for the year.

75. The council shall be divided for work into five sections:

The first shall occupy itself with the condition and the improvement of the studies;

The second with the administration and the police of the schools;

The third with their accounts;

The fourth with litigious matters;

And the fifth with affairs of the seal of the University. Each section shall examine the matters which shall be sent to it by the grand master, and shall make report thereof to the council, which shall deliberate thereon.

Of the Prerogatives of the Council.

76. The grand master shall propose for the discussion of the council all the projects for regulations and rules which may be made for the schools of different degrees.

77. All questions relative to the police, the accounting and the general administration of the faculties, the lycees, and the colleges shall be decided by the council, which shall fix the budgets of these schools upon the report of the treasurer of the University.

78. It shall pass judgment upon the accusations of the superiors and the complaints of the subordinates.

79. It alone can impose upon the members of the University the penalties for reformation or removal (article 47) after investigation and examination of the offences which shall involve condemnation to these penalties.

80. The council shall admit or reject the works which shall have been or ought to be put into the hands of the pupils or placed in the libraries of the lycees or colleges; it shall examine the new works which shall be proposed for the instruction of the same schools.

81. It shall hear the report of the inspectors upon return from their missions.

82. The litigious matters relative to the general administration of the academies and their schools, and in particular those which shall concern the members of the University in relation to their functions, shall be carried to the council of the University. The decisions, taken by majority of the votes and after an exhaustive discussion, shall be executed by the grand master. Nevertheless, in this he can have recourse

to our Council of State against the decisions upon the report of our minister of the interior.

83. In conformity with the proposal of the grand master and upon the presentation of our minister of the interior, a commission of the council of the University can be admitted to our Council of State in order to solicit the reform of the regulations and the decisions interpretative of the law.

84. The minutes of the meetings of the council of the University shall be sent each month to our minister of the interior: the members of the council may cause to be inserted in these minutes the motives for their opinions, when they differ from the opinion adopted by the council.

TITLE XI. OF THE INSPECTORS OF THE UNIVERSITY AND OF THE INSPECTORS OF THE ACADEMIES.

90. The general inspectors of the University shall be appointed by the grand master, and taken from among the officers of the University; their number shall be at least twenty and cannot exceed thirty.

91. They shall be divided into five orders, as are the faculties; they shall not belong to any academy in particular; they shall visit them in turns and upon the order of the grand master, in order to ascertain the condition of the studies and of the discipline in the faculties, the lycees, and the colleges, to make certain the accuracy and the talents of the professors, regents and masters of study, to examine the scholars, and lastly, to supervise their administration and accounts.

TITLE XII. OF THE RECTORS OF THE ACADEMIES.

94. Each academy shall be governed by a rector under the immediate orders of the grand master, who shall appoint him for five years, and shall choose him from among the officers of the academies.

97. They [the rectors] shall cause the deans of the faculties, head-masters of the lycees, and principals of the colleges to give accounts to them of the condition of these establishments; and they shall direct their administration, especially in relation to the severity of the discipline and economy in the expenses.

98. They shall cause to be inspected and looked after by the individual inspectors of academies, the schools, and especially the colleges, institutions, and boarding schools, and they themselves shall make visits as often as it is possible for them.

TITLE XIII. OF THE REGULATIONS TO BE GIVEN TO THE LYCEES, COLLEGES, INSTITUTIONS, BOARDING SCHOOLS

AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS.

101. For the future, and after the complete organization of the University, the head-masters and critics of the lycees, the principals and regents of the colleges, as well as the masters of study of these schools, shall be bound to celibacy and to the life in common.

The professors of the lycees can be married and, in that case, they shall dwell outside of the lycee. The celibate professors can dwell therein, and take advantage of the life in

common.

104. There shall be nothing printed and published to announce the studies, the discipline, the boarding conditions, or upon the exercises of the pupils in the schools, unless the different programs have been submitted to the rectors and councils of the academies and approval has been obtained for them.

105. Upon the proposal of the rectors and the advice of the inspectors, and after an information made by the academic councils, the grand master, after having consulted with the council of the University, can cause the closing of the institutions and schools in which there shall have been discovered serious abuses and principles contrary to those which the University professes.

107. Measures shall be taken by the University in order that the art of instructing in reading, writing, and the first principles of arithmetic in the primary schools shall henceforth not be exercised except by masters sufficiently enlightened to impart readily and accurately these fundamental acquirements necessary for all men.

108. For that purpose there shall be established under the care of each academy, and within the precincts of the colleges or the lycees, one or several normal classes, for the purpose of training masters for the primary schools. The most suitable methods for improving the art of teaching reading, writing, and cyphering shall be set forth there.

TITLE XVI. OF THE COSTUMES.

128. The common costume for all the members of the University shall be the black coat with a palm embroidered in blue silk upon the left part of the breast.

129. The regents and professors shall give their lectures in black tamine robes. Over the robe and upon the left shoulder shall be placed the shoulder knot, which shall vary in color according to the faculties, and in braiding only according to the grades.

TITLE XIX. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

143. The Imperial University and its grand master, charged exclusively by us with the care of education and public instruction in all the Empire, shall aim without respite to improve the instruction of all sorts, and to favor the composition of classical works; they shall particularly take care that the instruction of the sciences shall always be upon the level of acquired knowledge and that the spirit of system shall never arrest their progress.

144 and last. We reserve to ourselves to recognize and reward in a particular manner the great services which may be rendered by the members of the University for the instruction of our peoples; and also to reform, and that by decrees taken in our council, every decision, rule, or act emanating from the council of the University or the grand master, whenever we shall deem it useful for the good of the State.

66. Documents upon the Consulate for Life.

The first four of these documents show how the ten years' consulate was transformed into a life consulate. The enumeration of reasons in document B also shows something of the popular estimate put upon Napoleon's achievements. Document E was in fact a new constitution, being often called the Constitution of the Year