65. The right of petition is secured to all citizens. Every petition is individual. These petitions can be addressed either to the Government or to the two Chambers: but these last also must be entitled: To his Majesty the Emperor. They shall be presented to the Chambers under the guarantee of a member who recommends the petition. They are read publicly; and if the Chamber takes them into consideration, they are brought to the Emperor by the President.

66. No place nor any part of the territory can be declared in a state of siege, except in the case of invasion on the part of a foreign force, or of civil troubles.

In the first case, the declaration is made by an act of the Government.

In the second case, it can be made only by a law.

Yet, the case occurring, if the Chambers are not assembled, the act of the Government declaring the state of siege must be converted into a proposal for a law within the first fifteen days of the meeting of the Chambers.

67. The French people declare that, in the delegation which it has made and which it makes of its powers, it has not intended and does not intend to give the right to propose the re-establishment of the Bourbons or of any prince of that family upon the throne, even in the case of the extinction of the imperial dynasty, nor the right to re-establish either the ancient feudal nobility, or the feudal and seignioral rights, or the tithes, or any privileged and ruling worship, or the power to bring any attack upon the irrevocability of the sale of the national domains; it especially forbids to the Government, the Chambers and the citizens any proposition of this kind.

[The tables mentioned in articles 31 and 33 are omitted. These tables regulated the apportionment of the deputies.]

350.

99. Treaty of Paris.

November 20, 1815. Herstlet, Map of Europe by Treaty, 342

This treaty contains the terms imposed upon France by the Allies at the end of the Hundred Days. By comparing it with the

treaty of the previous year (No. 91) a large part of what that episode cost France can be ascertained.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, II, 60-63 (Popular ed.. 406-408); Andrews, Modern Europe, I, 111-113; Seignobos, Europe Since 1814, 113-114; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, IX, 930-931.

In the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity.

The Allied Powers having by their united efforts, and by the success of their arms, preserved France and Europe from the convulsions with which they were menaced by the late enterprise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and by the revolutionary system reproduced in France, to promote its success; participating at present with His Most Christian Majesty in the desire to consolidate, by maintaining inviolate the Royal authority, and by restoring the operation of the Constitutional Charter, the order of things which had been happily reestablished in France, as also in the object of restoring between France and her neighbours those relations of reciprocal confidence and good will which the fatal effects of the Revolution and of the system of Conquest had for so long a time disturbed: persuaded, at the same time, that this last object can only be obtained by an arrangement framed to secure to the Allies proper indemnities for the past and solid guarantees for the future, they have, in concert with His Majesty the King of France, taken into consideration the means of giving effect to this arrangement; and being satisfied that the indemnity due to the Allied Powers cannot be either. entirely territorial or entirely pecuniary, without prejudice to France in one or other of her essential interests, and that it would be more fit to combine both the modes, in order to avoid the inconvenience which would result, were either resorted to separately, their Imperial and Royal Majesties have adopted this basis for their present transactions; and agreeing alike as to the necessity of retaining for a fixed time in the Frontier Provinces of France, a certain number of allied troops, they have determined to combine their different arrangements, founded upon these bases, in a Definitive Treaty.

I. The frontiers of France shall be the same as they were in the year 1790, save and except the modifications on one

side and on the other, which are detailed in the present Article.

[This line is indicated in the maps facing p. 350 of Herstlet, Map of Europe by Treaty.]

4. The pecuniary part of the indemnity to be furnished by France to the Allied Powers is fixed at the sum of 700,000,000 Francs.

5. The state of uneasiness and fermentation, which after so many violent convulsions, and particularly after the last catastrophe, France must still experience, notwithstanding the paternal intentions of her King, and the advantages secured to every class of his subjects by the Constitutional Charter, requiring for the security of the neighbouring States, certain measures of precaution and of temporary guarantee, it has been judged indispensable to occupy, during a fixed time, by a corps of Allied Troops certain military positions along the frontiers of France, under the express reserve, that such occupation shall in no way prejudice the Sovereignty of His Most Christian Majesty, nor the state of possession, such as it is recognized and confirmed by the present Treaty. The number of these troops shall not exceed 150,000 men. As the maintenance of the army destined for this service is to be provided by France, a Special Convention shall regulate everything which may relate to that object. The utmost extent of the duration of this military occupation is fixed at 5 years. It may terminate before that period if, at the end of 3 years, the Allied Sovereigns, after having, in concert with His Majesty the King of France, maturely examined their material situation and interests, and the progress which shall have been made in France in the reestablishment of order and tranquility, shall agree to acknowledge that the motives which led them to that measure have ceased to exist. But whatever may be the result of this deliberation, all the Fortresses and Positions occupied by the Allied troops shall, at the expiration of 5 years, be evacuated withcut further delay, and given up to His Most Christian Majesty, or to his heirs and successors.

II. The Treaty of Paris of the 30th of May, 1814, and

the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of the 9th of June, 1815, are confirmed, and shall be maintained in all such of their enactments which shall not have been modified by the Articles of the present Treaty.

375.

100. Treaty of Alliance against France.

November 20, 1815. Herstlet, Map of Europe by Treaty, 372

This secret treaty was signed at Paris on the same day as the treaty of peace with France (No. 99). It shows what Europe still feared from France and the measures which the Allies believed to be necessary in order to avert that danger. It is also important in connection with that concert of Powers later known as the Holy Alliance. Its relationship towards the Holy Alliance treaty of September 26, 1815, and the actual alliance should receive careful attention.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, II, 63-66 (Popular ed., 408-411); Andrews, Modern Europe, I, 117-121; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, X, 65-68.

In the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. The purpose of the alliance concluded at Vienna the 25th day of March, 1815, having been happily attained by the reestablishment in France of the order of things which the last criminal attempt of Napoleon Bonaparte had momentarily subverted; Their Majesties the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, the Emperor of all the Russias, and the King of Prussia, considering that the repose of Europe is essentially interwoven with the confirmation of the order of things founded on the maintenance of the Royal Authority and of the Constitutional Charter, and wishing to employ all their means to prevent the general Tranquility (the object of the wishes of mankind and the constant end of their efforts), from being again disturbed; desirous moreover to draw closer the ties which unite them for the common interests of their people, have resolved to give to the principles solemnly laid down in the Treaties of Chaumont of the 1st March, 1814, and of Vienna of the 25th of March, 1815, the applica

tion the most analogous to the present state of affairs, and to fix beforehand by a solemn Treaty the principles which they propose to follow, in order to guarantee Europe from dangere by which she may still be menaced;

I. The High Contracting Parties reciprocally promise to maintain, in its force and vigour, the Treaty signed this day with His Most Christian Majesty, and to see that the stipulations of the said Treaty, as well as those of the Particular Conventions which have reference thereto, shall be strictly and faithfully executed in their fullest extent.

2. The High Contracting Parties, having engaged in the war which has just terminated for the purpose of maintaining inviolably the Arrangements settled at Paris last year, for the safety and interest of Europe, have judged it advisable to renew the said Engagements by the present Act, and to confirm them as mutually obligatory, subject to the modifications contained in the Treaty signed this day with the Plenipotentiaries of His Most Christian Majesty, and particularly those by which Napoleon Bonaparte and his family in pursuance of the Treaty of the 11th of April, 1814, have been forever excluded from Supreme Power in France, which exclusion the Contracting Powers bind themselves, by the present Act, to maintain in full vigour, and, should it be necessary, with the whole of their forces. And as the same Revolutionary Principles which upheld the last criminal usurpation, might again, under other forms, convulse France, and thereby endanger the repose of other States; under these circumstances, the High Contracting Parties solemnly admitting it to be their duty to redouble their watchfulness for the tranquility and interests of their people, engage, in case so unfortunate an event should again occur, to concert among themselves, and with His Most Christian Majesty, the measures which they may judge necessary to be pursued for the safety of their respective States, and for the general Tranquility of Europe.

3. The High Contracting Parties, in agreeing with His Most Christian Majesty that a line of Military Positions in France should be occupied by a corps of Allied Troops during a certain number of years, had in view to secure, as far as lay in their power, the effect of the stipulations contained in