articles 1 and 2 of the present Treaty, and uniformly disposed to adopt every salutary measure calculated to secure the tranquility of Europe by maintaining the order of things reestablished in France, they engage, in case the said body of troops should be attacked or menaced with an attack on the part of France, that the said Powers should be again obliged to place themselves on a war establishment against that Power, in order to maintain either of the said stipulations, or to secure and support the great interests to which they relate, each of the High Contracting Parties shall furnish, without delay, according to the stipulations of the Treaty of Chaumont, and especially in pursuance of articles 7 and 8 of that Treaty, its full contingent of 60,000 men, in addition to the forces left in France, or such part of the said contingent as the exigency of the case may require, should be put in motion.

4. If, unfortunately, the forces stipulated in the preceding Article should be found insufficient, the High Contracting Parties will concert together, without loss of time, as to the additional number of troops to be furnished by each for the support of the common cause; and they engage to employ, in case of need, the whole of their forces, in order to bring the War to a speedy and successful termination, reserving to themselves the right to prescribe, by common consent, such conditions of Peace as shall hold out to Europe a sufficient guarantee against the recurrence of a similar calamity.

5. The High Contracting Parties having agreed to the dispositions laid down in the preceding Articles, for the purpose of securing the effect of their engagements during the period of the temporary occupation, declare, moreover, that even after the expiration of this measure, the said engagements shall still remain in full force and vigour, for the purpose of carrying into effect such measures as may be deemed necessary for the maintenance of the stipulations contained in articles 1 and 2 of the present Act.

6. To facilitate and to secure the execution of the present Treaty, and to consolidate the connections which at the present moment so closely unite the Four Sovereigns for the happiness of the world, the High Contracting Parties have agreed to renew their Meetings at fixed periods, either under the immediate auspices of the Sovereigns themselves, or by their re

spective Ministers, for the purpose of consulting upon their common interests, and for the consideration of the measures which at each of those periods shall be considered the most salutary for the repose and prosperity of Nations, and for the maintenance of the Peace of Europe.

101. Press Laws and Ordinances of the Restoration.

The Constitutional Charter contained only general provisions upon the press and the election of deputies. Both matters, therefore, had to be regulated by ordinances or laws, and the political battles of the period 1815-1830 centered largely about these measures. With each pronounced change of general policy there was usually some alteration of the measures regulating one or both matters. For this reason these documents upon the press illustrate the gencral tendency of the policy pursued during the period. Document D was promulgated after the Chamber of Peers had rejected a project of law more restrictive than document C.

REFERENCES. Seignobos, Europe Since 1814, 120-125, passim; Andrews, Modern Europe, I, 150-166, passim; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, X, 107-109, 111, 115, 131-133.

A. Law upon the Press. June 9, 1819. Duvergier, Lois, XXII, 165-166.

I. The proprietors or editors of any newspaper or periodical work, devoted in whole or in part to news or political matters, and appearing either on a fixed day or in parts, or irregularly, but more than once per month, shall be required,

Ist. To make a declaration setting forth the name of at least one proprietor or responsible editor, his residence and the duly authorised printing office at which the newspaper or periodical work must be printed;

2d. To furnish a money deposit which shall be, in the departments of the Seine, Seine-et-Oise and Seine-et-Marne, ten thousand francs of yearly income for daily newspapers, and five thousand francs of yearly income for newspapers or periodical works appearing at less frequent intervals;

And in the other departments, the money deposit for daily newspapers shall be two thousand five hundred francs of yearly income in cities of fifty thousand souls and upwards; of fifteen hundred francs of yearly income in the cities below

[fifty thousand], and of half these yearly incomes for newspapers or periodical works which appear at less frequent intervals.

2. The responsibility of the authors or editors named in the declaration shall extend to all the articles inserted in the newspaper or periodical work, without prejudice to the mutual responsibility of the authors or writers of the said articles.

5. At the moment of the publication of each sheet or part of the newspaper or periodical writing, a copy thereof, signed by a proprietor or responsible editor, shall be sent to the prefecture in the head-towns of the departments, to the subprefecture in those of the district, and in the others, to the maire.

This formality shall not delay nor suspend the dispatching or distribution of the newspaper or periodical work.

6. Whoever shall publish a newspaper or periodical work without complying with the conditions prescribed by articles 1, 4 and 5 of the present law shall be punished correctionally with an imprisonment of from one month to six months and a fine of from two hundred francs to twelve hundred francs. 7. The editors of any newspaper or periodical work shall not render an account of the secret sessions of the Chambers, ror of one of them, without their authorisation.

9.

The proprietors or responsible editors of a newspaper or periodical work, or the authors or writers of articles printed in the said newspaper or work, accused of crimes or offences for act of publication, shall be prosecuted and tried in the forms and according to the distinctions prescribed with respect to all other publications.

B. Law upon the Press. March 31, 1820. Duvergier, Lois, XXII, 409-410.

I. The free publication of newspapers and periodical works devoted in whole or in part to news and to political matters,

and appearing either at a fixed day or irregularly and by parts, is temporarily suspended until the term hereinafter fixed.

2. None of the said newspapers and periodical works can be published except with the authorisation of the King.

However, the actually existing newspapers and periodical works shall continue to appear, upon conforming with the provisions of the present law.

3. The authorisation required by the preceding article can be accorded only to those which shall prove that they have conformed with the conditions prescribed in article 1 of the law of June 9, 1819.

4. Before the publication of any sheet or part, the manuscript must be submitted, by the proprietor or responsible editor, to a prior examination.

5. Any proprietor or responsible editor who may have caused to be printed a sheet or a part of a newspaper or periodical work without having communicated it to the censor before printing, or who may have inserted in one of the said sheets or parts an article not communicated or not approved, shall be punished correctionally by an imprisonment of from one month to six months, and by a fine ot from two hundred francs to twelve hundred francs, without prejudice to the prcs. ecutions to which the contents of these sheets, parts and articles may give occasion.

6. When a proprietor or responsible editor shall be prosecuted in virtue of the preceding article the Government can pronounce the suspension of the newspaper or periodical work until the judicial decision.

7. Upon inspection of the judgment of condemnation, the Government can prolong for a term which shall not exceed six months, the suspension of the said newspaper or periodical work. In case of repetition it can pronounce definitively the suppression thereof.

8. No printed, engraved or lithographic design can be published, exposed, distributed or put on sale, without the prior authorisation of the Government.

Those who may contravene this provision shall be punished with the penalties provided in article 5 of the present law.

9.

The provisions of the laws of May 17, May 26, and

June 9, 1819, in which there is no alteration by the above articles shall continue to be executed.

10. The present law of right shall cease to have its effect at the end of the session of 1820.

C.

Law upon the Press.

Lois, XXIII, 478-480.

March 17, 1822. Duvergier,

I. No newspaper or periodical work, devoted in whole or in part to news or to political matters, and appearing either regularly and at fixed day, or by parts and irregularly, can be established and published without the authorisation of the King.

This provision is not applicable to the newspapers and periodical works existing January 1, 1822.

2. The first copy of each sheet or part of periodical works and newspapers, at the very instant of its issue from the press, shall be dispatched to and deposited at the office of the procureur of the King of the place of printing. This remittance shall take the place of that which was prescribed by article 5 of the law of June 9, 1819.

3. In the case in which the spirit of a newspaper or periodical work, resulting from a succession of articles, may be of a nature to constitute an attack upon the public peace, the respect due to the religion of the State or other religions legally recognized in France, the authority of the King, the stability of the constitutional institutions, the inviolability of the sales of the national lands and the tranquil possession of these properties, the royal courts in the jurisdiction of which they shall be established, in solemn audience of two chambers and after having heard the procureur-general and the parties, shall be able to pronounce the suspension of the newspaper or periodical work during a time which cannot exceed one month for the first time and three months for the second. After these two suspensions, in case of new repetition, definitive suppression can be ordered.

4. If, in the interval of the sessions of the Chambers, grave circumstances should render momentarily insufficient the established measures of guarantee and repression, the laws of March 31, 1820, and of July 26, 1821, can be immediately put into operation again, in virtue of an ordinance of the King