[Here follow the names of eighty-nine deputies.]

F. Proclamation by Louis-Philippe. Moniteur, August 2, 1830.

Inhabitants of Paris,

August 1, 1830.

The Deputies of France, at this moment assembled in Paris, have expressed to me a desire that I should proceed into this capital in order to exercise here the functions of Lieutenant-Genera! of the Kingdom.

I have not hesitated to come to share your dangers, to place myself in the midst of your heroic population, and to use all my endeavors to preserve you from the calamities of civil war and of anarchy.

In re-entering the city of Paris, I bear with pride the glorious colors which you have resumed and which I have myself for a long time borne.

The Chambers are about to convene and will deliberate upon the means to assure the reign of the laws and the maintenance of the rights of the nation.

The Charter shall henceforth be a reality.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE D'ORLEANS. G. Abdication of Charles X. August 2, 1830. Duvergier, Lois, XXX, 87-88.

My cousin, I am too profoundly pained at the evils which afflict or which may threaten my people not to have sought a method of preventing them. I have, therefore, taken the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux.

The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew.

You will have, therefore, in your capacity of LieutenantGeneral of the kingdom, to cause to be proclaimed the accession of Henry V to the crown. You will in addition take all the measures which concern you in order to regulate the forms of the Government during the minority of the new King. Here I confine myself to making known these arrangements; it is indeed a method to still escape evils.

You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will make known to me as soon as possible the

proclamation by which my grandson will be recognized under the name of Henry V.

I charge Lieutenant-General Viscount de Foissac-Latour to bring this letter to you. He has orders to come to an understanding with you about the arrangements to be taken in favor of the persons who have accompanied me, as well as about suitable arrangements for what concerns me and the remainder of my family.

We shall regulate afterwards the other measures which are the consequence of the change of reign.

I renew to you, my cousin, the assurance of the sentiments with which I am your affectionate cousin,

Signed, CHARLES, LOUIS-ANTOINE.

H. Declaration of the Chamber of Deputies. August 7, 1830. Duvergier, Lois, XXX, 93-101.

The Chamber of Deputies, taking into consideration the imperative necessity which results from the events of July 26, 27, 28, 29 and the days following and the general situation in which France is placed in consequence of the violation of the Constitutional Charter;

Considering besides that, in consequence of that violation and of the heroic resistance of the citizens of Paris, His Majesty Charles X, His Royal Highness Louis-Antoine, Dauphin, and all the members of the elder branch of the royal house have at this moment left French territory;

Declares that the throne is vacant in fact and in right, and that it is indispensable to provide therefor.

The Chamber of Deputies declares secondly that,

In accordance with the wish and in the interest of the French people, the preamble of the Constitutional Charter is suppressed, as wounding the national dignity, in appearing to grant to Frenchmen the rights which essentially belong to them, and that the following articles of the same Charter must be suppressed or modified in the manner which is about to be indicated.

[These changes may be ascertained by comparison of Nos. 97 and 109.]

Special Provisions.

All the nominations and new creations of peers made during the reign of Charles X are declared null and void. Article 27 of the Charter shall be subjected to a new examination in the session of 1831.

The Chamber of Deputies declares thirdly,

That it is necessary to provide successively, by separate laws and within the shortest possible space, for the objects which follow:

Ist. The use of the jury for offences of the press and for political offences;

2d. The responsibility of ministers and other agents of authority;

3d. The re-election of deputies promoted to salaried public offices;

4th. The annual vote of the army contingent;

5th. The organization of the National Guard, with the participation of the National Guards in the choice of their officers;

6th. Provisions which assure in a legal manner the status of army and navy officers of every grade;

7th. Departmental and municipal institutions founded upon an elective system;

8th. Public instruction and liberty of education;;

9th. The abolition of the double vote and the fixing of the electoral and eligibility conditions;

10th. To declare that all the laws and ordinances, in whatever they contain contrary to the provisions adopted for the reform of the Charter, are and shall remain annulled and abrogated.

On condition of the acceptance of these provisions and propositions, the Chamber of Deputies declares finally that the universal and pressing interest of the French people calls to the throne His Royal Highness Louis-Philippe d'Orleans, Duke of Orleans, Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and his descendants in perpetuity, from male to male, by order of primogeniture to the perpetual exclusion of women and their descendants.

In consequence, His Royal Highness Louis-Philippe d'Or

leans shall be invited to accept and to swear to the clauses and engagements above set forth, the observation of the Constitutional Charter and the modifications indicated, and after having done it before the assembled Chambers, to take the title of King of the French.

Resolved at the palace of the Chamber of Deputies, August 7, 1830.

105. Constitution of 1830.

August 14, 1830.

Duvergier, Lois, XXX, 110-114.

This constitution should be carefully compared with the Constitutional Charter of 1814 (No. 93) of which it is a revision. The difference in the theories upon which the two documents are based calls for particular notice.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, II, 379-381 (Popular ed., 618-619); Andrews, Modern Europe, I, 277-279; Seignobos, Europe Since 1814, 132-134; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, X, 290-291.

Louis-Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting.

We have ordered and do order that the Constitutional Charter of 1814, such as it has been amended by the two Chambers on August 7th and accepted by us on the 9th, shall be again published in the following terms:

PUBLIC LAW OF THE FRENCH.

I. Frenchmen are equal before the law, whatever may be their titles and ranks.

2. They contribute, without distinction, in proportion to their fortunes, towards the expenses of the State.

3.

They are all equally admissible to civil and military employments.

4. Their personal property is likewise guaranteed; no one can be prosecuted or arrested save in the cases provided by law and in the form which it prescribes.

5. Everyone may profess his religion with equal freedom and shall obtain for his worship the same protection.

6. The ministers of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman

religion, professed by the majority of the French, and those. of the other Christian sects, receive stipends from the State. 7. Frenchmen have the right to publish and to have printed their opinions, while conforming with the laws. The censorship can never be re-established.

8. All property is inviolable, without any exception for that which is called national, the law making no distinction between them.

9. The State can require the sacrifice of a property on account of a legally established public interest, but with a previous indemnity.

IO. All investigations of opinions and votes given prior to the restoration are forbidden: the same oblivion is required from the tribunals and from citizens.

II.

The conscription is abolished. The method of recruiting for the army and navy is determined by the law.

Forms of the Government of the King.

12. The person of the King is inviolable and sacred. His ministers are responsible. To the King alone belongs the executive power.

13. The King is the supreme head of the State; he commands the land and sea forces, declares war, makes treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appoints to all places of public administration, and makes the necessary rules and ordinances for the execution of the laws, without the power ever to suspend the laws themselves or to dispense with their execution.

Moreover, no foreign troops can be admitted into the service of the State except in virtue of a law.

14.

The legislative power is exercised collectively by the King, the Chamber of Peers, and the Chamber of Deputies. 15. The proposal of laws belongs to the King, the Chamber of Peers, and the Chamber of Deputies.

Nevertheless every taxation law must be first voted by the Chamber of Deputies.

16. Every law shall be freely discussed and woted by the majority of each of the two chambers.

17. If a project of law has been rejected by one of the three powers, it cannot be presented again in the same session.