established associations known under the name of the Friends of the Constitution, which are corporations infinitely more dangerous than the former ones; they deliberate upon all the concerns of the government, exercise a power so preponderant that all the bodies, not even excepting the National Assembly itself, do nothing except by their order. The King does not think that it would be possible to preserve such a government; the more they see approaching the end of the labors of the Assembly, the more wise men lose of their confidence in it. The new regulations, instead of applying balm to the wounds. on the contrary aggravate the discontent; the thousand newspapers and calumniating pamphlets, which are only the echoes of the clubs, perpetuate the disorder and the Assembly has never dared to remedy it; they tend only to a government metaphysical and impossible in the execution.

Frenchmen, is it this that you designed in sending your representatives? Do you desire that the despotism of the clubs should replace the monarchy under which the kingdom has prospered during fourteen hundred years? The love of Frenchmen for their King is reckoned among their virtues. I have had too many touching tokens of it to be able to forget it: the King would not offer the accompanying picture except to trace for his faithful subjects the spirit of the factious. The persons hired for the triumph of M. Necker did not make a show of pronouncing the name of the King; at that time they pursued the Archbishop of Paris; a courier of the King was stopped, searched, and the letters which he bore were broken open; during this time the Assembly seemed to insult the King; he was determined to carry to Paris words of peace; during his journey any cry of Vive le Roi was prevented from being heard. A proposal was even made to carry him off and to put the Queen in a convent, and this proposal was at the momenɩ applauded.

On the night of the 4th to the 5th [of October], when it was proposed to the Assembly to go to hold its sitting with the King, it replied that to transfer itself there was beneath its dignity; from that moment the scenes of horror were renewed. On the arrival of the King at Paris, an innocent person was massacred almost under his eyes in the very garden of the Tuileries; all those who have spoken against religion and the

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throne have received triumphal honors. At the federation of the 14th of July, the National Assembly declared that the King was its head; that was to assert that it could, in consequence, appoint another; his family was put in a place apart from himself; nevertheless it was then that he passed the most pleasant moments of his sojourn at Paris.

Afterwards when on account of religion, Mesdames [the King's aunts] wished to repair to Rome, this was opposed, despite the Declaration of Rights; they advanced to Bellevue and afterwards to Arnay-le-Duc where the command of the Assembly was required in order to permit them to proceed, those of the King having been treated with contempt. On the occasion of the riot which the factious incited at Vincennes, the persons who united under the King out of love for him were maltreated, and audacity was pushed even to the breaking before the King of the arms of those who made themselves his guardians. Upon recovering from his illness he was disposed to go to St. Cloud; he was stopped from paying the respect which one owes to the religion of his fathers; the club of the Cordeliers even denounced him as a breaker of the law; in vain M. de la Fayette did what he could to protect his departure; the faithful servants who surrounded him were torn away by violence and he was returned to his prison. Afterwards he was obliged to order the sending away of his clergy, to approve the letter of the ministry to the foreign powers, and to go to the mass of the new cure of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois. In consequence of all these considerations and the impossibility of preventing the evil, in which the King is, it is natural that he should have sought to place himself in safety.

Frenchmen, and you who may be called inhabitants of the good city of Paris, distrust the suggestion of the factious, return to your King, he will always be your friend, when your holy religion shall be respected, when the government shall be laid upon a firm footing, and liberty established upon an enduring foundation,

Paris, June 20, 1791.

Signed,

LOUIS.

P. S.-The King forbids his ministers signing any order in his name, until they have received further orders, and enjoins

upon the keeper of the seals to send the seal to him when it shall be required on his part.

B. Decree for the Maintenance of Public Order. June 21, 1791. Duvergier, Lois, III, 52.

The National Assembly declares to the citizens of Paris and to all the inhabitants of the empire, that the same firmness which it has exhibited in the midst of all the difficulties that have attended its labors will control its deliberations upon the occasion of the carrying away of the King and the royal family. It notifies all citizens that the maintenance of the constitution and the safety of the empire have never more imperatively demanded good order and public tranquility; that the National Assembly has taken the most energetic measures to follow the traces of those who have made themselves guilty of carrying away the King and the royal family; that, without interrupting its sittings, it will employ every means in order that the public interest may not suffer from that event; that all citizens ought to rely entirely upon it for the arrangements which the safety of the empire may demand; and that everything which may excite trouble, alarm individuals, or menace property, would be all the more culpable since thereby liberty and the constitution might be compromised.

It orders that the citizens of Paris hold themselves in readiness to act for the maintenance of public order and the defence of the fatherland, in accordance with the orders which will be given them in conformity with the decrees of the National Assembly.

It orders the department administrators and the municipal officers to cause the present decree to be promulgated immediately and to look with care to the public tranquility.

C. First Decree for Giving Effect to the Measures of the Assembly. June 21, 1791. Duvergier, Lois, III, 52.

The National Assembly decrees provisionally and until it shall be otherwise ordered that the decrees rendered by it shall be carried into effect by the present ministers, and that the Minister of Justice is commanded to affix the seal of the State to them, unless there is need of the sanction or the acceptance of the King.

D. Second Decree for Giving Effect to the Measures of the Assembly. June 22, 1791. Duvergier, Lois, III, 53.

The National Assembly decrees as follows:

I. The decrees of the National Assembly already rendered which may not have been sanctioned or accepted by the King, as well as the decrees to be rendered which cannot be sanctioned or accepted, by reason of the absence of the King, shall nevertheless bear the name and have within the entire extent of the kingdom the force of laws, and the customary formula shall continue to be employed for them.

2. The Minister of Justice is commanded to affix the seal of the State, unless there should be need of the sanction or the acceptance of the King, and to sign the drafts of the decrees which must be deposited in the national archives and in those of the chancellery, as well as the copies of the laws which must be sent to the tribunals and administrative bodies.

3. The ministers are authorised to meet in order to formulate and sign collectively proclamations and other acts of the same nature.

E. Decree upon the Oath of Allegiance. June 22, 1791. Duvergier, Lois, III, 55.

The National Assembly decrees as follows:

I. That the oath ordered on June 11 and 13, the present month, shall be taken in the following form:

"I swear to employ the arms placed in my hands for the defence of the fatherland and to maintain against all its enemies within and without the constitution decreed by the National Assembly; to perish rather than to suffer the invasion of French territory by foreign troops, and to obey only the orders which shall be given in consequence of the decrees of the National Assembly."

2. That commissioners, taken from within the body of the Assembly, shall be sent into the frontier departments in order to receive there the above-mentioned oath, a record of which shall be drawn up, and to concert there with the administrative bodies and the commanders of the troops the measures which they think suitable for the maintenance of public order and the

security of the State, and to make for that purpose all the necessary requisitions.

F. Decree concerning the King. June 25, 1791. Duvergier, Lois, III, 64.

I. As soon as the King shall have arrived at the chateau of the Tuileries he shall temporarily be given a guard, which, under the orders of the commanding general of the Parisian National Guard, shall look after his security and shall be responsible for his person.

5. Until it shall have been otherwise ordered, the decree rendered on the 21st of this month, which ordered the Minister of Justice to affix the seal of the State to the decrees of the National Assembly, unless there should be need of the sanction or the acceptance of the King, shall continue to be carried out in all of its provisions.

6. The ministers, the director of the Public Treasury, until the entrance into office of the commissioners of the National Treasury, the commissioner of the King for the extraordinary and liquidation fund are likewise authorised provisionally to continue to perform, each in his own department and under his responsibility, the functions of the executive power.

G. The Protest of the Right. June 29, 1791. Buchez and Roux, Histoire Parlementaire, X, 433-437.

The decrees of the National Assembly have united in it the whole royal power: the seal of the State has been deposited upon its table; its decrees are rendered executory without having need of sanction; it gives direct orders to all the agents of the executive power; it causes to be taken in its name oaths in which Frenchmen do not even find the name of their king; commissioners who have received their commission from it alone travel over the provinces in order to receive the oaths which it requires and to give orders to the army: thus at the moment in which the inviolability of the sacred person of the monarch has been annihilated, the monarchy has been de