"The company is to be divided into Files of the room of the man or horse made deficient, for ten in a File. The file is to be distinguished a just cause well approved of.”—Instructions into a Leader, a Bringer-up, two Middle-men, for Musters and Arms, 1631.-RusHWORTH, and three between the Leader and his Middle- part 2, vol. 2, appendix, p. 138.

Alliances.

"ALLIANCES," said Sir Benjamin Rudyard,

man, and three between the Bringer-up and his Middle-man. When the Companies come together, they are to be exercised ten in depth (as the proportion best fitted to receive all charges, and perform all executions.) But in cases of necessity in service, and for exercise, it will be requisite to reduce them into five in file; and then those two Middle-men become Bringers-up, and then have a kind of charge over those three between the Leader and the Bringer-up, and trusted."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 381.

"do serve well to make up a present breach, or mutually to strengthen those states who have the same ends. But politic bodies have no natural affections; they are guided by particular interest; and beyond that are not to be

Laud.

"AMONGST the Papists there is one acknowl

will be of great use in preparing and exercising of the soldiers in the practise of their arms and order. For it is not intended that the whole Companies should be drawn together to be exercised. But that upon Sundays after even-edged supreme Pope; supreme in honour, order, ing prayer and upon holy days (as it hath been formerly used for the Bow) the Leader, Bringerup, or Middle-men should exercise together with the whole file, or such a part as dwells most convenient for him. And further that once in a month or six weeks, the Captain, Lieutenant, or Ancient may (with the knowledge of the Deputy Lieutenant that dwells next him) upon a holy day exercise a squadron of his company, or the whole, as shall seem good to the Deputy Lieu

"A SPECIAL care and order must be taken that all those that find a man to serve on horseback, whether they find the horse or the man, or both, must not change the horse or man, at their pleasure for so it would be every day to practise a new man, or a new horse, and the exercise be made vain. But they must take into consideration, that the man and horse designed to the service of the King, hath (by the intention of the law) been dedicated so to the interest of the King, as they must always be in readiness at the call of the King's officers, and may not be changed without the knowledge and consent of the Captain, or Deputy Lieutenant next adjoining, or by warrant of the Lord LieuAnd this with this only limitation, that another sufficient man or horse be supplied in

tenant.

and in power, from whose judgement there is no appeal. I confess, Mr. Chairman, I cannot altogether match a Pope with a Pope (yet one of the ancient titles of our English Primate was, Alterius Orbis Papa), but thus far I can go, ex ore suo-it is in print; he pleads fair for a Patriarchate; and for such a one whose judgement he (beforehand) professeth ought to be final—and then I am sure it ought to be unerring. Put these together, and you shall find that the final determination of a Patriarch will want very little of a Pope-and then we may say

mutato nomine de te Fabula narratur.

He pleads Popeship under the name of a Patriarch; and I much fear lest the end and top of his patriarchal plea, may be as that of Cardinal Pole his predecessor, who would have two heads, one Caput Regale, another Caput Sacerdotale; a proud parallel, to set up the Mitre as high as the Crown. But herein I shall be free and clear; if one there must be (be it a Pope, be it a Patriarch), this I resolve upon for my own choice, procul à Jove, procul à fulmine: I had rather serve one as far off as Tiber, than to have him come so near as the Thames. A Pope at Rome will do me less hurt than a Patriarch may do at Lambeth."-Sir Edward Dering.-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 55.

Rigby against Mercy.-1640.

"MR. SPEAKER, it hath been objected unto us that in judgement we should think of mercy; and be ye merciful as your Heavenly Father is merciful.' Now God Almighty grant that we may be so; and that our hearts and judgements may be truly rectified to know truly what is mercy: I say, to know what is mercy, for there is the point, Mr. Speaker, I have heard of foolish pity: foolish pity! Do we not all know the effects of it? And I have met with this epithet to mercy, crudelis misericordia: and in some kind I think there may be a cruel mercy. I am sure that the Spirit of God said, Be not

pityful in judgement; nay it saith, Be not pityful monstrance, I presently imagined that like of the Poor in judgement; if not of the Poor, faithful counsellors, we should hold up a glass then à latiori, not of the Rich; there's the unto his Majesty: I thought to represent unto emphasis."-Mr. Rigby, 1640.-RUSHWORTH, the King the wicked counsels of pernicious part 3, vol. 1, p. 129. counsellors; the restless turbulency of practical Papists; the treachery of false Judges; the bold innovations and some superstition brought in by some pragmatical Bishops and the rotten part of the clergy. I did not dream that we should remonstrate downward, tell stories to the People, and talk of the King as of a third person. The use and end of such Remonstrance I understand not: at least I hope I do not."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 425.

Irish Soldiers for Spain.-1641.

Dering, for an Endowed and Learned
Clergy.

1641. As for sending the Irish into Spain, truly, Sir, I have been long of opinion, that it was never fit to suffer the Irish to be promiscuously made soldiers abroad, because it may make them abler to trouble the State when they come home; their intelligence and practise with the Princes whom they shall serve may prove dangerous to that kingdom of Ireland. Besides it will be exceedingly prejudicial to us, and to our religion, if the Spaniard should prevail against the Portuguese. It were better for us "It is, I dare say, the unanimous wish, the he should be broken into lesser pieces-his concurrent sense of this whole house, to go such power shivered. If the King of Portugal had a way as may best settle and secure an able, desired the Irish soldiers, I should rather have learned, and fully sufficient ministry among us. given my vote for him than for the King of This ability, this sufficiency, must be of two Spain, because it would keep the balance more several sorts. It is one thing to be able to even. Spain hath had too much of our assist- preach and to fill the pulpit well; it is another ance and connivance heretofore. I am sure it ability to confute the perverse adversaries of lost us the Palatinate. Now that it is come to truth, and to stand in that breach. The first our turn to advise, I hope we shall not do other of these gives you the wholesome food of sound men's faults over again."-Sir Benjamin Rud-doctrine; the other maintains it for you, and yard. RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 382.

Dering against the Remonstrance. "THIS Remonstrance," said Sir Edward Dering, "is now in progress upon its last foot in this house. I must give a vote unto it, one way or other. My conscience bids me not to dare to be affirmative. So sings the bird in my breast; and I do cheerfully believe the tune to be good.

defends it from such harpies as would devour, or else pollute it. Both of these are supremely necessary for us and for our religion. Both are of divine institution. The holy apostle requireth both, both apakahɛiv and ¿λéɣxew; first to preach, that he be able with sound doctrine to exhort; and then kaì toùç úvtikéyovtaç éhéyxei, and to convince the gainsayers, for saith he, there are many deceivers whose mouths must be stopt.

"Now, Sir, to my purpose: These double abilities, these several sufficiencies, may per"This Remonstrance whensoever it passeth haps sometimes meet together in one and the will make such an impression, and leave such a same man; but seldom, very seldom, so seldom, character behind, both of his Majesty, the People, that you scarce can find a very few among thouthe Parliament, and of this present Church and sands rightly qualified in both. Nor is this so State, as no time shall ever eat it out while much the infelicity of our, or any times, as it is histories are written, and men have eyes to read generally the incapacity of man, who cannot them.-Mr. Speaker, this Remonstrance is in easily raise himself up to double excellencies. some kind greater and more extensive than an Knowledge in religion doth extend itself into so act of Parliament: That reacheth only to Eng-large, so vast a sphere, that many for haste do land and Wales; but in this the three kingdoms cut across the diameter and find weight enough will be your immediate supervisors; and the greatest part of Christendom will quickly borrow the glass to see our deformities therein.

"To what end do we decline thus to them that look not for it? Wherefore is this descension from a Parliament to a People? They look not up for this so extraordinary courtesy. The better sort think best of us and why are we told that the people are expectant for a declaration? I did never look for it of my predecessors in this place, nor shall do from my successore. I do here profess that I do not know any one soul in all that county for which I have the honour to serve, who looks for this at your hands.

"Mr. Speaker, when I first heard of a Re

in half their work: very few do or can travel the whole circle round.-The reason is evident. For whilst one man doth chiefly intend the pulpit exercise, he is thereby disabled for polemic discourses; and whilst another indulgeth to himself the faculty of his pen, he thereby renders himself the weaker for the pulpit.-Now, Sir, such a way, such a temper of Church government and of Church revenue I must wish, as may best secure unto us both; both for preaching to us at home, and for convincing such as are abroad. Let us be always sure of some Champions in our Israel, such as may be ready and able to fight the Lord's battle against the Philistines of Rome, the Socinians of the North, the Arminians and Semi-Pelagians of the West,

and generally against Heretics and Atheists everywhere. God increase the number of his labourers within his vineyard, such as may plentifully and powerfully preach faith and good life among us. But never let us want some of these Watchmen also about our Israel, such as may from the everlasting Hills (so the Scriptures are called) watch for us and descry the common enemy, which way soever he shall approach. Let us maintain both pen and pulpit. Let no Ammonite persuade the Gileadite to fool out his right eye; unless we be willing to make a league with destruction, and to wink at ruin whilst it comes upon us."-Sir Edward Dering, 10th Nov. 1641.-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 427.

Origin of the term Roundheads.

ing of the Border in Charles the Second's reign, "was then much troubled with Bedlamers. One was tried before his Lordship, for killing another of his own trade, whom he surprized asleep, and with his great staff knocked on the head; and then bragged that he had given him a sark full of sere benes, that is a shirt full of sore bones. He would not plead to the country, because there were Horsecopers amongst them, till the press was ready; and then he pleaded, and was at last hanged. They were a great nuisance in the country, frightening the people in their houses, and taking what they listed; so that a small matter with the countryman would do such a fellow's business."-Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 271.

one in his turn, with his short cloak and other equipage, came up cheek by joul, and talked with my Lord Judge. His Lordship was very well pleased with their discourse; for they were great antiquarians in their own bounds."ROGER NORTH, Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 272.

HERE his Lordship saw the true image of a border country [between Newcastle and Hex"DEC. 27th, 1641.-There was a great and ham]. The tenants of the several manors are unusual concourse of people at and about West- bound to guard the judges through their preminster, many of them crying out No Bishops! cinct and out of it they would not go, no, not no Bishops! And the Bishop of Lincoln com- an inch, to save the souls of them. They were ing along with the Earl of Dover toward the a comical sort of people, riding upon negs, as House of Peers, observing a youth to cry out they call their small horses, with long beards, against the Bishops, the rest of the citizens cloaks, and long broad swords, with basket hilts, being silent, stept from the Earl of Dover, and hanging in broad belts, that their legs and laid hands on him; whereupon the citizens with-swords almost touched the ground: and every held the youth from him, and about one hundred of them coming about his Lordship hemmed him in, so that he could not stir, and then all of them with a loud voice cried out No Bishops! and so let his Lordship the Bishop go. But there being three or four gentlemen walking near, one of them named David Hide, a Reformado in the late army against the Scots, and now appointed to go in some command into Ireland, began to bustle, and said he would cut the throats of those round-headed dogs that bawled against Bishops (which passionate expression of his, as far as I could ever learn, was the first minting of that term or compellation of Roundheads, which afterwards grew so general), and saying so, drew his sword, and desired the other gentlemen to second him: but they refusing, he was apprehended by the citizens, and brought before the House of Commons, and committed, and afterwards cashiered from all employment into Ireland."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 463.

Abuses in Law.

"For it is impossible," says ROGER NORTH, "but in process of time, as well from the nature of things changing, as corruption of agents, abuses will grow up; for which reason, the law must be kept as a garden, with frequent digging, weeding, turning, &c. That which in one age was convenient, and perhaps necessary, in another becomes an intolerable nuisance.". Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 209.

The Border in Charles the Second's Reign.
"THIS Country," says ROGER NORTH, speak-

Conspiracy against the Gentry in Cumberland.

"IN Cumberland the people had joined in a sort of confederacy to undermine the estates of the gentry, by pretending a tenant right; which there is a customary estate, not unlike our copyholds; and the verdict was sure for the tenant's right, whatever the case was. The gentlemen finding that all was going, resolved to put a stop to it, by serving on common juries. I could not but wonder to see pantaloons and shoulder-knots crowding among the common clowns, but this account was a satisfaction." ROGER NORTH, Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 273.

Clergy in Craven during the Rebellion.

"ONE circumstance in the ecclesiastical history of Craven," says DR. WHITAKER, "deserves to be remembered. There never was a period when the consciences of ecclesiastics were more harassed by impositions than in the civil wars of the last [the 17th] century; yet such was the flexibility of principle displayed by the incumbents of this Deanery, under all their trials, that not a name in the whole number appears in the catologue of sufferers exhibited on the two opposite sides by Calamy and Walker. The surplice or the gown; the Liturgy or

Tyranny of the Sequestrators.-1650. "GOOD MR. GRAHAM,

"This Monday the tenants are very sad,

For

Directory; Episcopal, Presbyterian, or Congre-[ gational government; a King, a Commonwealth, or an Usurper; all these changes, and all the contradictory engagements which were imposed, were deemed trifling inconveniences in compar- for they cannot procure this £150 to pay on ison of the loss of a benefice. A century before, Wednesday next, at York; they are gone_to from the time of the Six Articles to the final other places to try what they can do. establishment of Protestantism under Queen God's sake send some speedy stop from GoldElizabeth, I have reason to think that the smiths' Hall to the Committee at York, for they predecessors of these men were no less in- are so very fierce that they will strain every terested and compliant."-History of Craven, third day, till they have the £800 and the use; p. 7. and as they order the matter, every straining comes to twenty pound with charges and fees. And soon as you get any stop, send it by the very next post, for we send every Monday to Cave, to see for some relief from you. The Doctor writ to you last night, what ill case my Lord's estate in. If my Lord's fine be not paid, there is no mercy with these men; though Plaxton is gone to-day to Sir Henry Chamley and Mr. Stockdale, to procure the Committee to give some time, till we hear from Goldsmiths' Hall, and to get their hands, that the money that is paid here may be allowed above as part of payment: if we get any such note for this £150, you shall be sure to have it next post after.

Few Beggars.-1381.

In the Compotus of Sallay for the year 1381, the item Pauperibus et Mendicantibus is "five shillings and three pence, less than a thousandth part of the income of the House."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 52. Not that charity was wanting at Sallay, but that paupers and mendicants were few.

Tenantry in the Sixteenth Century. In enquiring "into the particular causes of that influence which, independently on the genThe Sequestrators came on Thurseral submission of the times to titles and station, day last, and they and their soldiers lay here the great nobles of the 16th century continued till Monday. I never saw so great distraction to possess over their vassals," DR. WHITAKER in house and town in my life: little rest taken says "much attention to the policy of the Cliffords in the management of their estates enables me to pronounce that the first and principal of these causes was low rents and short leases. Their pecuniary receipts were trifling. They did not require in specie more than an eighth part even of what was then the value of their farms: the remainder they were contented to forego, partly for personal service, and partly for that servile homage which a mixed sense of obligation and dependance will always produce.

by any but children, neither night nor day. The soldiers came into the house to carry Doctor prisoner to London, because he would not be bound to pay £300 in two days; and threatened to sequester him too; which they had done if he had not had his discharge to shew out of Goldsmith's Hall. All the tenants are so frightened that they will keep their rents in their hands to loose their own cattle when they are strained: which way then can I set meat before my Lord's children? The 7th of June Mr. Lane threatens to be here again, the very next post after my Lady is come. Honour should be pleased to send orders to Mr. Cary to pay that fourscore and 17 pound, or else the straining will come to twenty pound charges, as this hath done, and make the tenants stark mad. The bearer being in haste, I can say no more, but that I am your very loving friend,

Her

S. BALL.

"Besides, a farmhold was then an estate in a family. If the tenants were dutiful and submissive, their leases were renewed of course: if otherwise, they were turned out, not, as at present, to a lucrative trade, or a tenement equally profitable on some neighbouring estate, but to the certain prospect of poverty and utter destitution. The tenantry of the present day neither enjoy the same advantages by retaining, nor suffer the same distress from quitting their "Why doth nobody go to Colonel Mathy tenements. A landlord, though the word has Alured? The Sequestrators say they will let something of a feudal sound, is now considered out all the deer out of the park when the first merely as a dealer in land; and the occupier at of June is past; for then, they say, half the esrack-rent, when he has made his half-yearly tate is confiscate and they will enter on it. So payment, thinks himself as good as the owner.' "if we have no order from you on next Friday, -History of Craven, p. 75.

"THE consequence of the extreme lowness of rents was, that the landlords were poor and domineering, the tenants obliged and obsequious. It was also undoubtedly a principal inducement with the lords to retain such vast tracts of land in demesne."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 76-7.

May the 27, 1650.

what will become of us on Saturday ?"WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 303.

Dress in Elizabeth's Reign. "The ordinary habit of a nobleman, at that time [Elizabeth's reign] consisted of a doublet and hose, a cloak, or sometimes a long, sometimes a short gown, with sleeves. It must be

28

DR. WHITAKER-DODD-SIR HENRY SLINGSBY.

remembered that the gown was originally a ish their crimes by such a defection, Deism or common, not a professional habit only; but that Atheism may obtain an establishment, and the as state and gravity yielded to convenience in Thirty-Nine Articles be jostled out by the Alordinary dress, it was exchanged for a short coran."-DODD's Church History of England, cloak, which, about the reign of Charles II., vol. 1, p. 97. gave way in its turn to the coat, as that is nothing more than the ancient sleeved doublet prolonged. In the meantime ecclesiastics, and other members of the learned professions, whose habits varying little at first from the common Iress of the times, had those little distinctions fixed by canons and statutes, persevered in the ase of their old costume; in consequence of which they retain the gown, under various modifications, to the present day.

"The same observation may be made with respect to the hood, which however ill adapted to common use, was the ancient covering for the head in ordinary clothing. The different orders of monks, the different degrees in the Universities, only varied the cut or the material of the hood for distinction's sake. But, for common use, the hood was supplanted by the round citizen's cap, yet retained by the yeomen of the guard, such as is seen, though much conracted, and of meaner materials, in the engravngs to the old editions of Fox's Martyrs. This was succeeded by the hat, which, I think, first became general in Queen Elizabeth's time, nearly of the shape of the modern round hat, though turned up on one side."-WHITAKER's History of Craven, p. 325.

"Ir will be remarked, that in a nobleman's wardrobe at that time [Elizabeth's] every thing was shewy and costly; velvet, sattin, sarcenet, gold lace and fur. At the same time it is curious to observe how many articles are described as old and far worn. A wardrobe at that time lasted for life, or more; for I am persuaded that many articles here enumerated, had belonged to the first Earl. How much more rational is a plain broad-cloth suit, frequently renewed, and accompanied with daily changes of very fine linen, &c., in which alone a nobleman now differs from a tradesman."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 325.

Dodd's Argument against the Subjection of our Clergy to a Lay Head.

"Tis certain that in practice the Clergy of England are not allowed to enjoy any independent power or jurisdiction, either temporal or spiritual. So that from the whole it appears to me that though the See of Rome is a loser by this Act of Parliament [the Act of Supremacy] the Protestant Clergy have gained nothing by it. They have only changed masters; and instead of paying obedience to those of their own character, have put themselves entirely under the power of the laity; and, considering the uncertainty of human affairs, and the revolutions that kingdoms and civil governments are subject to, their creed may ring the changes of the state; and if Providence is disposed to pun

In

Queen of Bohemia's Second Husband. "WILLIAM CRAVEN was born at Appletrewick, in the parish of Burnsall [in Craven], of poor parents, who are said to have consigned him to a common carrier for his conveyance to London, where he entered into the service of a mercer or draper. In that situation nothing more is known of his history, till by diligence and frugality, the old virtues of a citizen, he had raised himself to wealth and honour. 1607 he is described by Camden as equestri dignitate, et senator Londinensis. In 1611 he was chosen Lord Mayor. In him the commercial spirit of the family ended as it had begun. William Craven his eldest son, having been trained in the armies of Gustavus Adolphus and William Prince of Orange, became one of the most distinguished soldiers of his time. He was in the number of those gallant Englishmen who served the unfortunate King of Bohemia from a spirit of romantic attachment to his beautiful consort; and his services are generally supposed to have been privately rewarded with the hand of that Princess, after her return in widowhood to her native country.

"Thus was the son of a Wharfdale peasant matched with the sister of Charles I. He was created Baron of Hamstead Marshall 2 Charles I., and Earl Craven 16 Charles II."-WHITAKER's History of Craven, p. 437-8.

Sir John Hotham.

SIR HENRY SLINGSBY says, "I have often heard my Lord of Cumberland say, that he [Hotham] would be often talking to him many years before, when we were happy in knowing nothing, and secure in believing never to find the effects of it here, that if he had Hull he would bring all Yorkshire under contribution. But it seems my Lord of Newcastle knew how to work upon his distemper when he once found his pulse. But I rather think it was his son's journey, and disagreeing with my Lord Fairfax, that made him weary of being of one side, and more easily drawn to hearken to reason. He was one that was not easily drawn to believe as another doth, or hold an opinion for the author's sake, not out of judgment, but faction; for what he held was clearly his own, which made him but one half the Parliament's; he was mainly for the liberty of the subject, and privilege of Parliament; but not at all for their new opinions in Church Government."

Baxter against the Quaker Assertion that there

was no true Church before George Fox. "Is not that man," says BAXTER, "either an