per thousand, while the number of colored employees averaged around seventeen per thousand, in spite of the fact that the death rate among the colored people was higher. The cost of operating all the hospitals, sick camps, and dispensaries of the Sanitary Department amounted to $739,000 in 1912, at an average cost of $1.22 per day in the hospitals and forty-seven cents in the sick camps.

The Sanitary Department not only looked after the physical health of the people, but after their spiritual health as well. The churches were under its jurisdiction and it carried some fifteen ministers of the gospel on its pay rolls. It also took care of the cemeteries and conducted the undertaking and embalming business required for the canal army.

Looking over the history of sanitation on the Canal Zone, it must be pronounced a wonderful record. Any careful analysis of the figures of expenditures of the Sanitary Department must show that the work was expensive, that it cost perhaps more, result for result, than sanitation anywhere else in the world. But that does not detract from the fact that it

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was successful, and that it was worth far more to the United States than its cost. Carrying with it that degree of publicity that enabled it to arrest the attention of the world, it ever will stand out as the creating force of a world-wide movement in the direction of better sanitation. And in that way it has done more for the health movement that is sweeping over the world than any other single agency in the history of

man.

The success of the American army surgeon has been universal, whether his work is at Panama, in Porto Rico, in the Philippines, or at home. There is glory enough for them all, and if the successful work at Panama serves to awaken the American people to a knowledge of the fact that they have medical triumphs to be proud of wherever the American army surgeon has gone, its benefits will extend far beyond the limits of the Canal Zone.

The experience in sanitation at Panama in its application to the quarantine of the world's trade routes is graphically presented in a later chapter in this volume by Dr. Rupert Blue, Surgeon-General of the United States Public Health Service.