natives of Siberia who own the reindeer, knowing nothing of the use of money, an assortment of goods for the purpose of barter for the reindeer was procured from the funds so generously contributed by benevolent people.

"The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury issued instructions to Capt. Healy to furnish me every possible facility for the purchase and transportation of reindeer from Siberia to Alaska. The Honorable Secretary of State secured from the Russian Government instructions to their officers on the Siberian coast also to render what assistance they could, and on May 25, 1891, I again took passage on the revenue cutter Bear, Capt. Healy in command, for the coast of Siberia.

66

The proposition to introduce domestic reindeer into Alaska had excited wide-spread and general interest. In the public discussions which arose with regard to the scheme, a sentiment was found in some circles that it was impracticable; that on account of the superstitions of the natives they would be unwilling to sell their stock alive; further, that the nature of the reindeer was such that he would not bear ship transportation, and also that, even if they could be purchased and safely transported, the native dogs on the Alaskan coast would destroy or the natives kill them for food. This feeling, which was held by many intelligent men, was asserted so strongly and positively that it was thought best the first season to make haste slowly, and instead of purchasing a large number of reindeer, to possibly die on shipboard or perhaps to be destroyed by the Alaskan dogs (thus at the very outset prejudicing the scheme), it was deemed wiser and safer to buy only a few. Therefore, in the time available from other educational duties during the season of 1891, I again carefully reviewed the ground and secured all possible additional information with regard to the reindeer, and, while delaying the actual establishment of a herd until another season, refuted the correctness of the objections that the natives will not sell and the deer will not bear transportation by actually buying and transporting them.

66

ence.

The work was so new and untried that many things could only be found out by actual experiThe wild deer-men of Siberia are a very superstitious people, and need to be approached with great wisdom and tact. If a man should sell us deer and the following winter an epidemic break out in his herd, or some calamity befall his family, the shamans would make him believe that his misfortune was all due to the sale of the deer. The Siberian deer-men are a non-progressive people. They have lived for ages outside of the activities and progress of the world. As the fathers did, so continue to do their children. Now, they have never before been asked to sell their deer; it is a new thing to them, and they do not know what to make of it. They were suspicious of our designs. Another difficulty arises from the fact that they can not understand what we want with the reindeer. They have no knowledge of such a motive as doing good to others without pay. As a rule, the men with the largest herds, who can best afford to sell, are inland and difficult to reach. Then business selfishness comes in. The introduction of the reindeer on the American side may to some extent injuriously affect their trade in deerskins. From time immemorial they have been accustomed to take their skins to Alaska and exchange them for oil. To establish herds in Alaska will, they fear, ruin this business. Another difficulty experienced was the impossibility of securing a competent interpreter. A few of the natives of the Siberian coast have spent one or

more seasons on a whaler, and thus picked up a very little English. And upon this class we have been dependent in the past.

"However, notwithstanding all these difficulties and delays, Capt. Healy, with the Bear, coasted from 1,200 to 1,500 miles, calling at the various villages and holding conferences with the leading reindeer owners on the Siberian coast. Arrange ments were made for the purchase of animals the following season. Then, to answer the question whether reindeer could be purchased and transported alive, I bought 16 head, kept them on shipboard for some three weeks, passing through a gale so severe that the ship had to lie to, and finally landed them in good condition at Amaknak island, in the harbor of Unalaska.

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Upon my return to Washington city in the fall of 1891 the question was again urged upon the attention of Congress, and on the 17th of December, 1891, Hon. H. M. Teller introduced a bill (S. 1109) appropriating $15,000, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for the purpose of introducing and maintaining in the Territory of Alaska reindeer for domestic purposes. This bill was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, Hon. Algernon S. Paddock, chairman. The committee took favorable action, and the bill was passed by the Senate on May 23, 1892. On the following day it was reported to the House of Representatives and referred to the Committee on Appropriations. A similar bill (H. R. 7764) was introduced into the House of Representatives by Hon. A. C. Durborow and referred to the Committee on Agriculture. On April 15 Hon. S. B. Alexander, of North Carolina, reported the bill to the House of Representatives with the approval of the Committee on Agriculture. The bill was placed on the calendar, but failed to pass the House.

"On the 2d of May, 1892, I started for my third summer's work on the coast of Siberia and arctic Alaska in the United States revenue cutter Bear, Capt. M. A. Healy commanding, and, upon the 29th of June following, selected in the northeast corner of Port Clarence (the nearest good harbor to Bering Straits on the American side) a suitable location for the establishment of an industrial school, the principal industry of which is the management and propagation of domestic reindeer. The institution is named the Teller Reindeer station. During the summer of 1892 I made five visits to Siberia, purchasing and transporting to Port Clarence 171 head of reindeer. I al-o superintended the erection of a large building for the offices and residence of the superintendent of the station, Mr. Miner W. Bruce, of Nebraska.

"Returning to Washington in the early winter, agitation was at once commenced before Congre resulting in an appropriation by the Fifty-second Congress, second session (March 3, 1893), of $6.000, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for the purpose of introducing and maintaining in the Territory of Alaska reindeer for domestic purposes.' The management of this fund was wisely laid upon the Commissioner of Education and was made a part of the school system of Alaska.

"At the expiration of his year's service Mr. Bruce resigned, and Mr. W. T. Lopp, of Indiana. was appointed superintendent.

"Siberian herders were employed at the begin ning of the enterprise, not because they were con sidered the best, but because they were near by and were the only ones that could be had at the time. It was realized from the first that if the Alaskan Eskimo were to be taught the breeding and care of the reindeer, it was important that

they should have the benefit of the most intelligent instructors and of the best methods that were in use. By universal consent it is admitted that the Lapps of northern Europe, because of their superior intelligence (nearly all of them being able to read and write and some of them being acquainted with several languages), are much superior to the Samoyedes deer-men of northern Europe and Asia and the barbarous deer-men of northeastern Siberia. Intelligence applied to the raising of reindeer, just as to any other industry, produces the best results.

"Therefore, when in 1893 it was ascertained that the herd at Port Clarence had safely passed its first winter (thus assuring its permanence), I at once set about securing herders from Lapland. There being no public funds available to meet the expense of sending an agent to Norway in order to secure skilled Lapp herders, I had recourse again to the private benefactions of friends of the enterprise, and $1,000 was contributed.

"Mr. William A. Kjellmann, of Madison, Wis., was selected as superintendent of the Teller Reindeer Station and sent to Lapland for herders. He sailed from New York city Feb. 21, and landed upon his return May 12, 1894, having with him 7 men, their wives and children, making 16 souls in all. This was the first colony of Lapps ever brought to the United States. They reached the Teller Reindeer Station safely on July 29, having traveled over 12,500 miles. Upon reaching the station Mr. Kjellmann took charge, relieving Mr. W. T. Lopp, who desired to return to the mission work at Cape Prince of Wales."

From these small and careful beginnings is growing up what promises to be one of the great industries of this great and resourceful district. The original purpose in 1890, to provide a new and more permanent food supply for the half-famishing Eskimo, has not been lost sight of. The Eskimos are a hardy and a docile race, their children learn readily in the schools, and they are to be a great factor in the development of the land. In the meantime," the discovery of large and valuable gold deposits upon the streams of arctic and subarctic Alaska has made the introduction of reindeer a necessity for the, white man as well as the Eskimo. Previous to the discovery of gold there was nothing to attract the white settler to that desolate region, but with the knowledge of valuable gold deposits thousands will there make their homes, and towns and villages are already springing into existence. But that vast region, with its perpetual frozen subsoil, is without agricultural resources. Groceries, breadstuffs, etc., must be procured from the outside. Steamers upon the Yukon can bring food to the mouths of the gold-bearing streams, but the mines are often many miles up these unnavigable streams. Already great difficulty is experienced in securing sufficient food by dog-train transportation and the packing of the natives. The miners need reindeer transportation.

"Again, the development of the mines and the growth of settlements upon streams hundreds of miles apart necessitates some method of speedy travel. A dog team on a long journey will make on an average from 15 to 25 miles a day, and in some sections can not make the trip at all, because they can not carry with them a sufficient supply of food for the dogs, and can procure none in the country through which they travel. To facilitate and render possible frequent and speedy communication between these isolated settlements and growing centers of American civilization, where the ordinary roads of the States have no existence and can not be maintained except at an

"The introduction of reindeer is opening up a vast commercial industry. Lapland, with 400,000 reindeer, supplies the grocery stores of northern Europe with smoked reindeer hams, 10 cents per pound; smoked tongues, at 10 cents each; dried hides, at $1.25 to $1.75 each; tanned hides, $2 to $3 each, and 23,000 carcasses to the butcher shops, in addition to what is consumed by the Lapps themselves. Fresh reindeer meat is considered a great delicacy. Russia exports it frozen, in carloads, to Germany. The Norwegian Preserving Company use large quantities of it for canning. The tanned skins (soft and with a beautiful yellow color) have a ready sale for military pantaloons, gloves, bookbinding, covering of chairs and sofas, bed pillows, etc. The hair is in great demand for the filling of life-saving apparatus (buoys, etc.), as it possesses a wonderful degree of buoyancy. The best existing glue is made of reindeer horns. On the same basis Alaska, with its capacity for 9,200,000 head of reindeer, can supply the markets of America with 500,000 carcasses of venison annually, together with tons of delicious hams and tongues, and the finest of leather."

There has been some opposition to the experiment, brought about in part by the failure to carry supplies to the Klondike in the winter of 1897-'98. The purchase of several hundred deer in Lapland and their shipment across the Atlantic and the continent, and by steamship again from Seattle to Haines mission, and the dying of a large percentage of them at that point before and after their transfer from the War Department to the Department of the Interior, has very little bearing upon the work as it is being carried out in northern and western Alaska.

At the very time that the cry of starvation was raised in the newspapers concerning the miners on the Klondike, another cry went up that a large number of whalers at Point Barrow were caught in the ice, and unless they got relief, many would starve to death before spring. Accordingly, the revenue cutter Bear was outfitted and sent off to give relief. She landed a party of three officersLieuts. Jarvis and Berthoff and Dr. Call. Un

der conditions that try men's souls, they made their way from the spot where they were landed at Cape Vancouver, a long distance south of the Yukon river, around the margin of the coast, till they came to the missionary reindeer station at Port Clarence. Here Mr. W. T. Lopp and the native Eskimo Antisarlook, at the earnest entreaty of Lieut. Jarvis, turned over their herds of reindeer to him, amounting in all to 437 animals; and the natives not only parted with their animals, but volunteered to go with Lieut. Jarvis to drive them to Point Barrow. After several fearful weeks they reached that station and gave immediate relief to those hungry men and kept them alive until the ice-pack broke up. About 100 of these animals had to be slaughtered. The food that they afforded kept 200 men alive. The annual appropriations for the work have been as follow: 1894, $6,000; 1895, $7,500; 1896, $7,500; 1897, $12,000; 1898, $12,500; 1899, $12,500; 1900, $25,000; 1901, $25,000.

The following table shows the annual increase, together with the number of deer imported since 1892:

only 29 deer were imported from Siberia during the summer was due to two causes-first, that the Bear was able to make but one visit to that coast during the season, on account of the additional service imposed upon it by the rush of miners and others to Cape Nome; and second, that a great epidemic of la grippe, measles, and pneumonia swept the whole region and affected nearly the whole population, and although the Bear cruised hundreds of miles along the coast of Siberia, calling at the various camps of the reindeer men, it was unable to secure but the small number given above.

At nearly all of the herds many of the herders were sick, a number had died, and the people were in a discouraged and despondent condition, so that men could not be found to drive up and catch the deer and the owners were unwilling to sell.

This epidemic extended the whole length of the Aleutian Islands, along both the American and Asiatic shores of Bering Sea, to Cape Prince of Wales and into the arctic, along the Siberian coast beyond Cape Serdze Kamen, and up the

Of the 3,323 deer in Alaska in 1900, 644 were still in the possession of the Government, 1,184 belonged to the 6 mission stations, and 1,495 to 20 Eskimo apprentices. From 1892 to 1900, 997 reindeer were purchased in Siberia, and from these 3,342 fawns have been born in Alaska. In addition to the annual increase in numbers, Dr. Jack son emphatically states in his report that the fawns born in Alaska greatly excel in quality those born either in Lapland or Siberia. The reindeer are developing into larger and stronger animals than the Siberian deer, from which they came. The following shows the number, distribution, and ownership of the various herds in 1900: Point Barrow: Presbyterian Mission, 100; Ojello (Eskimo), 37; total, 137. Point Hope: Electoona (Eskimo), 50; Ahlook, 50; total, 100. Cape Prince of Wales: American Missionary Association, 526; Eskimos, 460; total, 986. Teller Reindeer Station: Government, 221; Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 100; Tautook, 75; SeKeoglook, 75; Tatpan, 64; Dunnak, 50; estate of Wocksock, 75; total, 660. Cape Douglas: Mary Antisarlook, 400. Gambell, St. Lawrence island: Presbyterian Mission, 70. Golofnin Bay: Swedish Evangelical Mission, 147; Episcopal Mission, 69; Okitkon, 49; Constantine, 12; Toptok, 13; total, 290. Eaton Reindeer Station: Government, 423; Episcopal Mission, 80; Moses (Yukon native), 65; Martin Jacobsen (Eskimo), 20; total, 588. St. James Mission (Episcopal), 92. Total, 3,323.

Of the 63 herders and their families, making an aggregate of 113 Norwegians, Finns, and Laplanders brought out in 1898 in connection with the reindeer enterprise, 3 men have died; 12 men and their families, aggregating 24 people, have returned to Lapland, leaving 86 of the party still in this country. Of these 86, from 17 to 20 have made for tunes in the gold-mines since the expiration of their term of service with the Government. That

American side to Point Hope; also on the Lower Yukon river.

Reindeer Mail Service.-During the summer of 1899 the Second Assistant Postmaster-General gave to Mr. William A. Kjellmann, superintendent of reindeer in Alaska, as subcontractor, the carrying of the mail on route 78110. This route called for three round trips during the winter of 1899 and 1900 between St. Michael, Eaton, Golofnin, and Kotzebue, the latter place being north of the arctic circle. The Eaton station is on the direct winter route between Dawson, the Yukon valley, and Nome, and its station post-office is the distributing point for the mails going north to Kotzebue, south to St. Michael, west to Golofnin, Nome, Teller, and Cape Prince of Wales, and east to Yukon valley, Dawson, and the States. Mr. Kjellmann, being required to return to the States on account of sickness, gave the work into the hands of Mr. David Johnsen Elliott. Mr. Elliott employed Johan Peter Johannesen, a Lapp, as mail-carrier. The service was successfully performed with reindeer, each round trip being 1,240 miles through a wilderness without a road.

Early in the year the Post-Office Department concluded to give Nome a semimonthly service, and the contract was given Mr. William A. Kjellmann. Mr. Kjellmann being sick and in the States, instructions were sent to Dr. F. H. Gambell to take charge and see that the mail was sent through without delay. These instructions reached Eaton in February, 1900, and on the 1st of March the reindeer started from Eaton with the mail for Nome. Mr. S. Newman Sherzer was released from his duties as assistant superintendent at the station and appointed manager of the reindeer mail service to Nome. Five consecutive successful trips were made, four of them with reindeer and sleds. The five trips completed the winter contract. The round trips, a distance of 480

miles through a country without a road or trail, were made as follow: First trip, fourteen days; second trip, thirteen days; third trip, eleven and one-half days; fourth trip, eleven and one-half days; and fifth trip, fifteen days. The actual traveling time was from one to two days less than the foregoing figures, as a rest of twenty-four to thirty hours was taken at Nome and a shorter rest at Golofnin each way.

As the instructions for carrying the mail came suddenly and unexpectedly, there was no opportunity for preparing the route for relays of reindeer, but the same deer made the round trip.

At the request of Mr. N. V. Hendricks, subcontractor, on the route between Weare via Eaton and St. Michael, Superintendent Gambell furnished his mail-carriers with reindeer, pack-saddles, and sleds between St. Michael, Eaton, and Nulato, a distance of 180 to 200 miles each way. The above routes aggregated between 6,000 and 7,000 miles that were successfully covered by the reindeer. The superintendent, in closing this part of his report, says: "Our success in carrying the mail was due to three conditions: First, the capability of the deer; second, the close attention given to the work by Mr. Sherzer; and, third, the expertness of the driver, Nils Klemetsen."

A contract was made with Superintendent Gambell for carrying the mail with reindeer during the winter of 1900-1901 between Eaton and Kotzebue, a distance of approximately 250 miles. The contract calls for two round trips during the winter.

There being an unusual number of prospectors in the country during the winter of 1899-1900, Mr. Lopp established a reindeer express between the mining-camps at York and Nome. As far as the deer were concerned the line was a success; but there being an insufficient amount of patronage to make it profitable, the line was discontinued after two round trips.

The deer were also used to a limited extent in the carrying of freight.

One of the most important events in the year's work was the placing of the first herd on St. Lawrence island, which Dr. Jackson thus graphically describes in his report:

"It had been in the plans of the department for two or three years to stock this large and important island with a herd of reindeer, but it had not been convenient to do so until the present season. Reaching the village, we met an unexpected difficulty. The people were so discouraged by the large number of deaths that they had lost all hope and ambition, and did not care whether they secured the reindeer or not, although in several preceding seasons when we visited them they had been begging and urging that deer should be placed upon their island. The temporary discouragement was so great that none could be found who were willing to become herders. Under the circumstances, nothing could be done but abandon the project of placing deer upon the island and return the deer to Teller Reindeer Station. During the night, however, some of the younger men of the village who had been off hunting returned, and finding that I had decided to take the deer away, they called a meeting of the more progressive men of the village and came to me with their earnest remonstrances against not landing the deer. When I informed them that it was a question of finding a number of young men who were willing to become apprentices and learn to manage deer, they at once offered their own sons. Consequently, on the afternoon of the 30th, 29 reindeer were landed on the island to the eastward of the village."

VOL. XLI.-2 A

ANGLICAN CHURCHES. General Statistics.-The voluntary offerings of the Church of England for the year ended Easter, 1900, as tabulated and published in The Times, London, by Canon Burnside, the honorary editor of the Official Year-Book of the Church of England, were as follow:

I. Funds contributed to central and diocesan societies and institutions: 1, Home missions, £599,406 148. 10d.; 2, foreign missions, £831,093 148. 9d.; 3, educational work, £132,752 98. 9d.; 4, the clergy (educational and charitable assistance), £180,515 48. 8d.; 5, philanthropic work, £522,829 88. 8d.; total, £2,266,597 128. 8d.

II. Funds locally raised and locally administered: 1, For the parochial clergy, £822,878 0s. 2d.; 2, for elementary education, £1,119,760 118. 3d.; 3, for general parochial purposes, £3,561,756 118.; total, £5,504,395 28. 5d. The total voluntary contributions thus amount to £7,770,992 158. Id.

The statement was regarded as comparing most favorably with that of the previous year, and as showing that up to the date of closing the accounts the claims of church work had more than held their own under the strain of the various national calls for generous assistance in other directions. A total increase was shown of £306,558, two-thirds of which belonged to the funds contributed to central and diocesan institutions, and one-third to the fund administered locally; but the increase in the former was the more marked, because those funds amount to £2,250,000, while the local funds come to £5,500,000. An examination of the figures in detail will show that the following interests advanced in the year under review, roughly, to the extent of the sums given in round numbers: Home missions, £50,000; foreign missions, £58,000; educational work, £13,000; philanthropic work (including a sum of £189,757 for nursing institutions, convalescent homes, and cottage hospitals), £94,000; the maintenance of parochial clergy, £24,000; and general parochial purposes, £139,000. Regret is expressed by the editor of the Year-Book that the two items in which a decrease is shown are the societies for assisting the poorer clergy and their families, £13,000, and the funds contributed for elementary education, £57,000; also that no way has been found to estimate the support given yearly by Church people to the Bible Society and other interdenominational agencies.

The average income of the English beneficed clergy, as returned in the Official Year-Book, is £249 per benefice. The lowest average is in the diocese of Sodor and Man, £249. The highest is in the diocese of London, £420; the next highest in that of Liverpool, £341; and the next in that of Manchester, £357. The funds for the augmentation of benefices would amount to about £3 each if they were equally distributed.

By a parliamentary return made early in the year, it is shown that the total price of the advowsons sold under the Lord Chancellor's augmentation act from the time it came into operation, Aug. 15, 1892, to Dec. 6, 1900, was £234,859. The money has nearly all been invested with the ecclesiastical commissioners, but is under the control of the Lord Chancellor. The funds may be used to augment the income of benefices in the gift of the Lord Chancellor up to £400 a year. Since August, 1892, £2,086 had been distributed to 14 benefices in grants made to meet equivalent grants. A balance of £2,867 remained as yet unappropriated.

The total income of the Episcopal Church in Ireland for 1900 was £525,458. The investments in securities amounted to £7,627,424.

The Church Missionary Society. The annual meeting of the Church Missionary Society was held in London, May 30, Sir John Kennaway, Bart., M. P., presiding. The report showed that the total receipts of the society from all sources had been £350,492. The ordinary and appropriated contributions had produced together the largest amount on record, excluding centenary funds, the sum being £313,000, or £9,000 more than in the previous year. The appropriated contributions had increased so rapidly that, after using £82,000 against the expenditure of the past year, £52,000 remained in hand, applicable to the current and future years. The centenary funds amounted altogether to £212,000, and enabled the committee to increase the society's working capital to £100,000, to wipe off the remaining mortgage on the Church Missionary House, and to add a new building to the Children's Home, as well as to cover a large part of the additional outlay in the missions caused by the increased number of missionaries in the past four years. The actual expenditure of the year had been £369,330, while the sums available for meeting it were so far deficient as to leave an adverse balance of £42,883. This had been partly met by applying £10,000 out of centenary funds and a sum of £21,000, known as the Butterly fund, whereby it had been reduced to £11,883. The society had in the mission fields 558 stations, 9,156 workers, including 1,176 European missionaries (excluding medical missionaries), 84 medical missionaries, 7,896 native Christian workers, with 76,370 communicants and 281,584 native Christian adherents; while 19,083 persons had been baptized during the year. The society maintained 2,337 schools and seminaries, which had been attended during the year by 104,755 pupils and seminarists. In connection with the medical work, 11,887 in-patients and 747,839 out-patients had been treated. In China the mission had been spared the loss of European lives, and a few of the missionaries had been allowed to remain at their posts; while at stations from which the missionaries had been temporarily withdrawn, the work had been regularly carried on by Chinese clergy and teachers. In reference to the outbreaks of 1900 in China, the report said that "the Chinese nation, as a whole, no more deserves the hard words often spoken of it than do the missionaries. Not only are the people as a rule friendly, but even the officials have repeatedly shown kindness and courtesy to the foreigners, whose high motives they perfectly understand, particularly to the ladies. Few missionaries in the disturbed districts would have escaped the cruel fate decreed by the Empress-Dowager if several of the viceroys and mandarins had not risked their own heads to protect them." The number of Chinese converts had been considerable, including 627 baptized at the Fuh-Kien mission alone. In India the nascent churches were being led on to self-support, self-government, and self-extension. There was, however, a marked revival in the zeal of the devotees of the old religion, and the weaknesses of native Christians were at times the sorrow of the missionaries. At Khartoum the committee was anxiously awaiting the removal of the prohibition of missionary work. The number of new missionaries, especially of women, showed some falling off. Though clergy were wanted at home, yet, in comparison with the majority of mission stations, the most undermanned parish in England had a plethora of workers.

The report of medical work showed that during the year the number of beds in hospitals had increased from 1,484 to 1,613; of in-patients, from

11,400 to 11,887; and of out-patients, from 630,000 to 753,000. A medical training-house for ladies had been opened at Bermondsey. The income of the auxiliary had risen from £10,600 to 12,930, besides £2,737 brought forward and £3,797 from the Centenary fund. The expenditure had been £17,962, but the debt balance was only £484.

The General Committee of this society, at their meeting on July 9, resolved, in view of the somewhat embarrassed financial condition of the society, to make a scrupulous inquiry, and see whether the present income could be in any way better applied, and also to organize new endeavors to reach the untouched resources of Christian England.

The "Propagation Society."-The gross income of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel from all sources had been £178,396, showing an excess of £42,000 over the total of the previous year; but the regular collections, subscriptions, and donations had fallen off by about £1,200. The bulk of the gross increase was constituted of special subscriptions for sufferer by famine in India and for the South African Church, and for the Bicentenary fund. Twenty six offers had been received from men willing to work abroad, and 5 clergymen and 14 laymen had been accepted; while in the foreign field 45 clergymen, many of whom had been educated in the society's local colleges, had been placed on the list of missionaries.

The society had 761 ordained missionaries, including 12 bishops, 183 of whom were Asiaties or Africans; about 2,900 lay teachers, 3,200 students in its colleges, and 38,000 children in its schools in Asia and Africa.

A meeting for young people held in connection with the bicentenary of the society, March 9, was addressed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Rev. Roland Allen, of China, and the Bishopdesignate of London.

At a meeting held in the Guildhall, London. Feb. 12, in celebration of the bicentenary of this society, the lord mayor presided, attending in state, and spoke of the extent of the work of the society. The Archbishop of Canterbury called attention to the agency of missionary enterprise in spreading religion and advancing civilization and commerce, and urged the duty of Englishmen to support it liberally. Lord Hugh Cecil, M. P.. referred to the dangers, unknown to it in its early times, with which it was now beset, through efforts to make it the tool of political ambition. Resolutions were passed, recognizing "with devout and humble thankfulness to Almighty God the measure of success which had been vouchsafed to the labors of the society, and invoking the divine blessing to continue the work, in which the society had been instrumental, in bringing about the spiritual federation of the Anglican communion throughout his Majesty's dominions.

At the closing meeting of the bicentenary celebration, held at Exeter Hall in June, the primate presiding, it was reported that the society had failed to raise the whole of the proposed amount of £250,000. Up to the present time only a little more than £50,000 had been paid into the fund. Of this sum, £30,000 were being devoted to South Africa. The closing sermons of the celebration were preached in St. Paul's Ca thedral by the Archbishop of Canterbury and Canon Newbolt, and in Westminster Abbey by Dr. Alexander, Primate of Ireland.

Other Missionary Societies.-The Woman's Mission Association for the Promotion of Female Education in the Missions of the Society for